This paper presents the comparison of extraction methods between maceration extraction (ME) and ultrasonic assisted extarction (UAE) to the bioactive compounds yield (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epigallocatechin and rutin) of Labisia pumila. A grinded dried plant material with size ranging 246.58μm to 257.72μm was performed throughout this work. The gallic acid, protoctechuic acid, epigallocatechin and rutin qualification and quantification were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled photodiode array (UPLC-PDA). Exact match between the residence time from the plant extract and external standard was found indicating a presence of these four targeted bioactive compounds. It was found that UAE method has the highest extraction yield; gallic acid (0.0293 mg GA/g DW), protocatechuic acid (0.0081 mg PCA/g DW), epigallocatechin (0.0057 mg EGC/g DW) and rutin (0.0038 mg Rutin/g DW) compared to ME. The findings in this work may serve as a useful guide to obtain a highest extraction yield of these four targeted bioactive compounds from L. pumila.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a common neurodevelopmental condition encountered by pediatricians. The condition may present itself in many different kinds of classification. In many cases, the cause of CP may not be apparent. Cerebral Palsy is always showing many deficits such as mental retardation, speech and language and oral motor problems. This project inspired from Elisya, a nine-year-old kid that has CP since born and she have the communication problems since she cannot speak to express her opinions and desires. The main focus on this project is to help to improve the communication issues among CP children. In order to assist the people with CP, the assistive tool is required to help them to communicate or interact with people around them. Assistive technology includes equipment, devices and software solutions that increase functional capabilities of people with disabilities and improve the quality of their lives. There are several Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices for people with Cerebral Palsy that are not able to speak. One of the ways to make this happen is to implement the AAC technology with mobile technology by developing a mobile application named as Make Me Speak and React Native technology in order to build the cross platform for this application since the application should be run on IOS and Android platform so it’s easier for other people to bring it anywhere and use it at any time. It also involves CP centres and school to do experimental studies for this project. There are several studies shows that AAC technology can help in enhancing the speech and language development and in this project, the suggested mobile application should be friendly to our language and culture of our nation, Malaysia and the project is in line with the social innovation in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (RMK-11).
In the oil and gas industry, pipeline is the major transportation medium to deliver the products. According to [1] containment of pipeline loss to indicate that corrosion has been found to be the most predominant cause for failures of buried metal pipes. MIC has been identified as one of the major causes of underground pipeline corrosion failure and Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) are the main reason causing MIC, by accelerating corrosion rate. The objectives of this study is to study the SRB growth, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 7757 due to pH and determine the optimum value controlling the bacteria growth on the internal pipe of carbon steel grade API X70. The result shows that the optimum SRB growth is at range pH 5-5 to 6.5 and the exposure time of 7 to 14 days. At pH 6.5 the maximum corrosion rate is 1.056 mm/year. Corrosion phenomena on carbon steel in the study proven had influence by pH and time. From this result pitting corrosion strongly attack at carbon steel pipe. In the future project, it is recommended to study the effect of different pipe location for example the pipeline under seawater.
Cement production is a major environmental problem that causes the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This study attempts to sustainably use palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and eggshell powder (ESP) as partial replacements for Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete production. POFA and ESP are two wastes that need to be managed to reduce their detrimental environmental effects. As such compressive and slump tests were conducted on POFA-ESP-OPC concrete mixtures by replacing 10% of OPC with POFA-ESP. Two mediums of curing were used: tap water and river water. It was found that the compressive strength and slump resistance of these mixtures were within the ranges typically encountered in regular concrete mixtures indicating the viability of this procedure employed for structural applications.
Digit ratio has been investigated extensively and in certain studies has been shown to be predetermined as early as in the womb. Digit ratio is often associated with varied human performance in various aspects such as fertility, psychology, disease, and sports. It has been reported that athletes with higher testosterone levels excel over than those with low testosterone levels. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of low digit ratio with talented young footballers’ aerobic and anaerobic capacities. The study selected 29 subjects (N=29), comprising male students aged 10.41±0.57 (years) actively undergoing football training at the Kuala Lumpur Football Association (KLFA) Academy. Spearman’s Rho result indicates that low digit ratio is moderately correlated with aerobic capacity, which was tested by using One Mile Run test (MRW) with =0.406, p=0.029. Meanwhile, concerning the association between low digit ratio and anaerobic capacity through 50-meter sprint tests, the results deduced from Spearman’s Rho revealed that there is no significant correlation, with =-.128, p=0.509. In conclusion, these results may give further insights into the influence of digit ratio on energy capacities if the sample size is improved with a thorough methodology. Given a larger sample size and detailed research in future, digit ratio could be a good indicator in classifying athletes based on their dominant energy system capacity.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti sama ada terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dari segi persepsi atlet terhadap gaya tingkah laku jurulatih bola sepak sekolah yang digemari dengan gaya tingkah laku sebenar jurulatih bola sepak di Daerah Alor Gajah. Kajian ini melibatkan semua pemain, iaitu seramai 190 pemain bola sepak pasukan sekolah yang berumur di bawah umur 18 tahun yang telah menyertai Pertandingan Bola Sepak antara Zon Peringkat Daerah Alor Gajah. Instrumen Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) telah digunakan untuk mengumpul data. Soal selidik ini terdiri daripada 40 item yang telah diedarkan kepada pemain bola sepak. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa gaya tingkah laku kepimpinan yang paling digemari oleh atlet ialah gaya tingkah laku latihan dan arahan (min=3.29) dan gaya tingkah laku demokratik (min=3.20), manakala, dimensi tingkah laku autokratik adalah gaya tingkah laku yang paling tidak digemari (min=2.97). Gaya tingkah laku kepimpinan sebenar jurulatih ialah tingkah laku latihan dan arahan (min=4.49), diikuti dengan tingkah laku demokratik (4.40), maklum balas positif (min=4.40), sokongan sosial (min=4.35), dan tingkah laku autokratik (min=4.20). Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam semua dimensi tingkah laku jurulatih yang digemari dan sebenar kecuali tingkah laku autokratik. Nilai-t yang diperolehi adalah t (187) =3.18, p=0.002.
Carrying a backpack imposes stress on the back and lower limbs. In Reserve Officer Training Unit (ROTU), carrying a backpack is a requirement. It is included in the training drafted by the Malaysian Armed Forces. This study examined the effects of weight training on core strength, balance and jumping mechanics in 20 female ROTU cadets (Backpack group = 10, Control group = 10). Both groups underwent six weeks of physical training twice a week, performing a 2.4 km run, three sets of jumping jacks (20 reps each set) and three sets of squats (10 reps each set). During physical training, the Backpack group carried a military issue backpack with a total weight of 7 kg, while the Control group carried nothing. Four tests were conducted prior and after the training sessions which were, Modified Plank test to assess core strength; Balance Error Scoring System test to assess static balance; Star Excursion Balance test to assess dynamic balance and Drop Vertical Jump test to assess the jumping mechanics through the evaluation of Frontal Plane Projection Angle (FPPA) of the knee joint. There were no statistically significant differences in core strength (p-value = 0.353), static balance (p-value=0.458) and knee FPPA (p-value=0.681) when comparing between the two groups post-training. These results suggest that six weeks of training with a 7 kg-backpack does not have any major effects on the core strength, static and dynamic balance, and jumping mechanics of female ROTU cadets.
Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan pengubahsuaian raket badminton dalam prestasi kemahiran kanak-kanak. Saiz raket badminton yang digunakan oleh kanak-kanak telah dikecilkan bagi membolehkan mereka bermain mengikut ciri-ciri fizikal mereka. Seramai 40 orang kanak-kanak berusia antara 7 hingga 9 tahun, yang tidak mempunyai pengalaman dalam bermain badminton telah menyertai kajian ini. Kanak-kanak telah dibahagikan kepada dua buah kumpulan secara rawak iaitu kumpulan raket yang diubahsuai (RU) dan kumpulan raket piawai (RP). Kedua-dua buah kumpulan telah menjalani program latihan selama lima minggu, yang telah dikendalikan oleh seorang jurulatih yang berkelayakan. Prestasi pukulan hadapan peserta telah diukur dan dianalisis menggunakan ujian-t sampel bebas. Hasil ujian mendapati terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan terhadap penggunaan raket bersaiz piawai antara kumpulan RU dan kumpulan RP, t (38) = 2.51, p < .05. Manakala bagi penggunaan raket yang diubahsuai juga menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara kumpulan RU dan kumpulan RP, t (38) = 4.53, p < .05. Dapatan kajian turut mendapati bahawa kumpulan RU mempunyai prestasi pukulan hadapan yang lebih baik berbanding kumpulan RP apabila menggunakan raket yang diubahsuai dan raket piawai. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa kumpulan RU mempunyai proses pemindahan pembelajaran kemahiran yang lebih baik semasa menggunakan raket yang diubahsuai dan raket piawai berbanding kumpulan RP. Kesimpulannya, pengubahsuaian saiz raket dapat meningkatkan prestasi kemahiran di kalangan kanak-kanak dalam sukan badminton.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among obesity, physical activity level, physical fitness and academic performance among female secondary school students in Shah Alam. Two hundred and fourteen participants (age: 16 years, body height: 156.76 ± 5.65 cm, body mass 59.92 ± 13.35 kg, BMI: 24.41 ± 5.00 kg/m2) participated in this study. Students with a body mass index above 25 kg/m2 were classified as obese. Physical activity level was evaluated by using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while physical fitness was evaluated by the total score of four fitness components (cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility) measured by SEGAK used in Malaysia secondary schools. Academic performance was assessed by the Average School Grade (ASG) from the Form Three Assessment (PT3) results of the previous year. There was a negative significant relationship between obesity and physical activity level (r = -0.20, p < 0.05), obesity and physical fitness (r = -0.42, p < 0.05), obesity and academic performance (r = 0.49, p < 0.05), physical activity level and physical fitness (r = 0.54, p < 0.05), physical activity level and academic performance (r = -0.14, p < 0.05). and physical fitness and academic performance (r = -0.26, p < 0.05). These results suggested that obesity status, physical activity level and physical fitness could not only affect health status but also academic performance in secondary school students.
Modul latihan Mindfulness Acceptance Commitment-Physical (MAC-P) bertujuan meningkatkan prestasi latihan fizikal seperti dalam latihan aerobik. Kesahan muka dan kandungan bagi Modul MAC-P telah diterima pakar dengan peratus persetujuan antara 0.68 hingga 0.88. Manakala kebolehpercayaan modul berdasarkan nilai Cronbach Alpha adalah antara 0.65 hingga 0.94. Kesan MAC-P diuji ke atas prestasi daya tahan aerobik dalam ujian Bleep, efikasi kendiri fizikal dan kekuatan mental berbanding kaedah konvensional berasaskan Psychological Skill Training (PST). Reka bentuk kajian adalah Randomized Subjects Pretest-Postest Control Group. Subjek adalah pelajar semester satu program Sains Kejurulatihan UPSI, yang dibahagikan kepada kumpulan MAC-P (n = 21), PST (n = 21) dan kawalan (n = 21). Instrumen kajian adalah ujian Bleep, Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ), dan skala efikasi kendiri fizikal. Berdasarkan Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), terdapat kesan intervensi yang signifikan ke atas prestasi pasca VO2max, kekuatan mental, dan efikasi kendiri fizikal. Kumpulan MAC-P menunjukkan skor pasca VO2max dan efikasi kendiri fizikal yang lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan PST dan kawalan. Manakala kumpulan PST memperoleh skor pasca kekuatan mental lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan MAC-P dan kawalan. Kesimpulannya, MAC-P lebih memberi kesan terhadap prestasi aerobik berbanding PST. Pendekatan MAC-P berupaya menjadi alternatif selain PST ke arah peningkatan prestasi dalam latihan yang menguji daya tahan aerobik.
This study aims to assess the acceptance and effectiveness of an exercise board game in improving knowledge of physical activity among overweight and obese children. A quasi-experimental research design was carried out. This study was conducted among 68 overweight and obese children aged 7-11 years old from four primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. Children in the intervention group (n=34) played the exercise board game, while those in the control group (n=34) were given explanations using the Ministry of Heath Malaysia’s physical activity pyramid. Both groups were tested on their knowledge of physical activity using a pre-tested questionnaire before and after the study. The results showed a significant increase in the knowledge of physical activity among both the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the total scores before and after intervention were respectively: median (25th – 75th percentile), 8 .0 (6.0 - 9.0) and 8.0 (8.0 – 10.0), p=0.005. In the control group, the total scores before and after intervention were respectively: median (25th – 75th percentile), 9.0 (7.0 – 10.0) and 10.0 (8.8 – 10.0), p=0.005. Overall, the acceptance score of children on the exercise board game was high [7.0 (6.0 – 8.0)] from total score of 8.0. In conclusion, both groups improved their knowledge of physical activity after the intervention sessions. This study confirms the acceptance of the exercise board game among overweight and obese children in primary schools. Further research is needed to evaluate the attitudes and practices of children towards physical activity after playing the exercise board game.
The purpose of this study is to look at the effects of music during physical activities towards the mood of primary school children. The results of this study show a result that found a positive mood effect during physical education activities by incorporating music elements in teaching and teaching sessions. The study was conducted for two weeks. A week-long three Physical Education subject sessions per session take about 30 minutes. This study was conducted on primary school pupils in Seremban which involves
three (n = 3) schools, focusing on schools in rural areas only encompassing one hundred and eighty (n = 180) ie 90 pupils men and 90 girls. All nine-year study subjects were broken down into three groups ie control groups A, B, and C. The study was experimental. Group A follows the Three Year syllabus syllabus provided by the Curriculum Development Division of the Ministry of Education, which is applicable in primary schools in Malaysia. Group B runs free games that are not tied to curriculum syllabus and Group C similar
to group A also follow the same syllabus of the Year Three syllabus but during the lesson the pupils are played with the background of music in each learning session. The findings show that the C group absorbed by the music element shows the tendency of a better and positive mood compared to other groups. The results of this study also attract the children to participate in the Physical Education class more actively and give positive impact to the individual in terms of the development of their gross motor and is a fun subject and lead to the formation of a balanced, physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectuality.
Keywords: Mood, music, physical education, gross motor
Study site: Three primary schools (SK Mantin, SK Labu Batu 10, dan SK Desa Cempaka), Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Rowing has two stroke phases: the drive phase and recovery phase. The objective of our study was to evaluate the changes of drive to recovery ratio during rowing on a dynamic ergometer. Ten male national junior rowers participated in the study. Three-dimensional motion was recorded using nine infrared cameras. Rowing motions were captured in ten strokes for every 500m section of 2000m rowing time trial on a dynamic ergometer. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the duration of drive and recovery phases across 500m sections of 2000m time trial. The findings showed that there were no significant interactions between drive and recovery phases and distance covered. However, there was significant interaction between the duration of the recovery phase and distance covered. Participants were consistent in maintaining the duration of drive and recovery phase at 500m, 1000m, and 1500m; in the final 500m section, the rowers sprinted as fast as possible with high stroke rates. Drive to recovery ratio across 2000m dynamic ergometer rowing was 1:1. From the study, the strategy to minimise time to completion may be managed by adjusting the time spent during drive and recovery phases in each section of the 2000m time trial. Crew pairings can be conducted according to personal drive to recovery ratio to enhance rowing synchronisation.
Physically sedentary and overweight nurses appear to be less credible in inculcating healthy behaviour among patients. Shift-work has been shown to promote physical inactivity, whilst sedentarism strongly correlates with a high body mass index (BMI). We aim to determine the level of physical activity among hospital nurses of different work schedules, i.e. shift-work and day-work; and explore any associations between nurses’ demographic backgrounds, BMI, and work schedules with their physical activity level. This cross-sectional study design was employed. The self-administered Malaysian International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Long form (IPAQ-L) and a demographic survey sheet were provided to the eligible nurses. Bivariate and subsequent regression analyses were performed to determine their associations. A total of 1988 nurses from the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur were invited to participate in this study. There were 1504 (76%) returned responses, with 77% of responding nurses working shift. Based on the IPAQ-L, 87% of the nurses were deemed highly active, while another 11% were moderately active. Upon stratifying into shift-work and day-work, statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in the domains of ‘work’ (p = 0.016), ‘domestic chores’ (p = 0.038), and in intensity-specific ‘walking’ (p = 0.046) and ‘vigorous’ activities (p = 0.034). There were no differences among groups within categories of physical activities (p = 0.355). Regression analysis showed significant difference for ‘duration of daily vehicle travel’, with the day-workers reporting a longer adjusted travel time (76.50 minutes/day, p < 0.001). Working shift does not seem to harm an individual nurse’s overall measured physical activity, as evidenced by equivalent high values of physical activity engagement between both work schedules. Any differences within domains and intensities of physical activities may be attributed to the respective cohort characteristics.
To evaluate the effectiveness of core stability training and dynamic stretching on thoracolumbar range of motion (ROM), pain level and functional disability among chronic low back pain patients. Forty-three participants aged from 19-67 years old with the primary complaint of low back pain of more than 12 weeks’ duration were assigned to three groups: core stability (CS) (n=17), dynamic stretching (DS) (n=16) and control (n=12). All participants received regular thermotherapy and electrotherapy from the hospital rehabilitation unit. The CS group and DS groups were assigned with additional training, namely core stability training and dynamic stretching training programs for the respective groups. No additional training was given to the control group. The participants’ thoracolumbar range of motion (ROM), pain level and functional disability were tested over four different testing periods (pre, acute, ongoing, post). The current study shows both the CS group and DS group show significant improvement (p
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) caused by the presence of Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is a big concern in heavy industries. Pipeline infrastructure may experience severe metal loss due to corrosion induced by the species and can potentially lead to catastrophic failure. By studying SRB growth condition, important parameter can be controlled to prevent or slow down a corrosion process. This study discussed on the effect of pH value to the corrosion growth rate on API 5L X70 low carbon steel subjected to outer part of underground pipeline. In this research, the type of SRB that's been used is Postgate C of Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans. There are 80 numbers of samples prepared with various pH value and temperature, which each of the samples contains two coupon steel immersed in the medium together with SRB for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The process in determining weight loss is analyzed and the corrosion rate for each steel sample is identified by weight loss. The result is plotted and analyzed, the particular pH values and temperature affect the growth of SRB in the medium where the existence of SRB could accelerate the corrosion rate towards the steel surface of API X-70. The samples are exposed to SRB in days’ time. This experiment aims to determine the optimum temperature for SRB growth and demonstrate the corrosion rate simulation using One-Factor-at-A-Time method (OFAT) method. The consequences of SRB activity, it is shown that pitting corrosion produced on the surface of steel. In fact, the sulphur element is identified as one of the corrosion products due to SRB activity.
This paper is a review of the chemical and physical properties of coconut fiber in asphalt mixtures. Coconut fibers (CF) are natural fibers and also an agricultural waste, which is abundant after the extraction of juice and coconut fruit. Nowadays, CF has been studied for its potential use in the construction field to increase the strength of materials with its high tensile strength. Additionally, CF can also be one the materials in highway construction as it can improve the skid resistance of asphalt pavements. It was shown that CF treated with NaOH lowered the penetration value and increased the softening point of modified bitumen. Flow of bitumen also can be avoided at high mixing and compaction temperatures by adding 0.7% of CF.
Nowadays in construction development, the needs of construction materials that have a unique reinforced concrete design with good quality, reasonable market price, and easy installation techniques has been prioritized. Therefore, this study aimed to produce an alternative new construction material that can fulfill the requirements. The U-shaped composite spacer block (UCop) through the production of Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB) as a specimen block was produced from the wood waste of carpentry work combined with Shorea spp. (Seraya red and white) particle size approximately 0.4mm - 2.00 mm. Then it was mixed together with Portland cement by using a ratio 1:2.5. The mixture was then added with Ammonia Chloride (Al2SO4) and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) act as additives for this product. The physical and mechanical tests were conducted in this study. The results were showed that the thickness expansion was achieved an average of 1.79 %, which was passed the minimum requirement of MS934:1986 standards. However, the flexural strength did not meet the minimum standards. The poor mixing technique was attributed to the results. However, UCop still could contribute as an alternative solution in ease the concrete pouring process using a special binder, giving the spacer block any resistance to formwork of columns or beams is filled with concrete. The high-impact innovations of this product in construction such as it can help the process to be more efficient and to reduce construction costs, next indirectly preserve the nature.
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer and sexually transmitted infections. Cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy among the women worldwide. The primary tool for prevention of cervical cancer is through the HPV vaccination. Pre-clinical year medical students must have background knowledge about HPV vaccination as they become healthcare providers, who will play an important role in influencing patients’ decision to receive vaccination. If their knowledge on the HPV is low this will result in poor attitude towards its prevention. This study was aimed to determine the knowledge of HPV vaccine and cervical cancer as well as the acceptance of HPV vaccination among pre-clinical year medical students. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 83 pre-clinical year medical students in National Defence University of Malaysia (NDUM). A set of self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the respondents to gather the data. Although almost half of respondents (46.3%) did not know the exact indication for HPV vaccination Most of them perceived that HPV vaccine can protect against the cervical cancer (64.4%) and it is as important as Hepatitis B or Haemophilus influenzae vaccines in Malaysia (54.9%). Substantial proportion of the respondents (47.6%) disagreed that HPV vaccination will diminish the need for annual Pap smear testing. The findings of this study show that being a pre-clinical year student does not warrant good knowledge and prevention of HPV infection. There is a need to obtain more information about HPV vaccination effects on cervical cancer in their medical school teaching and from the social media.