Dyes are aromatic organic compound which have an affinity towards the substrate to which they are being applied to. The presence of dyes in wastewater samples is not safe for human even at low level. The presence of dyes in wastewater which are discharged from textile industry must be analysed. Hence, a precise, fast, accurate, simple and inexpensive analytical method with low detection limit is needed for the determination of dyes in wastewaters. The differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DPASV) technique using bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a working electrode and phosphate buffer at pH 4.2 as a supporting electrolyte has been proposed for Reactive Black 5 (RB5) determination. Several experimental voltammetric parameters were being optimized for obtaining a maximum response before analytical validation of the proposed technique being carried out. The optimum parameters were initial potential (Ei) = +0.3 V, end potential (Ef) = +1.0 V, scan rate (v) = 0.04 V/s, accumulation time (tacc) = 50 s, accumulation potential (Eacc) = 0.4 V and pulse amplitude = 0.075 V. The well-defined anodic peak appeared at 0.77972 V. The response was linear from 0.5 to 1.25 mg/L (R2=0.9986) with LOD of 0.050 mg/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) achieved were 0.08 %, 0.62 % and 0.50 %, respectively for three consecutive days. The % recovery range achieved was from 89.71 % to 111.15 %. It can be concluded that the proposed technique is precise, accurate, inexpensive, fast and has a potential to be an alternative analytical technique for RB5 analysis. The proposed method will in the future be tested for the amount of RB5 in the wastewater samples from textile industry.
MeSH terms: Carbon; Coloring Agents; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indicators and Reagents; Naphthalenesulfonates; Patient Discharge; Phosphates; Reference Standards; Textile Industry; Limit of Detection; Waste Water
Mild steel plays an essential part in many construction industries due to its low cost and excellent mechanical properties. However, the use of strong acid in pickling, construction, and oil refining processes adds to a serious corrosion problem for mild steel. Two Cu(II) dithiocarbamate (DTC) complexes were successfully synthesised, namely Cu(II) ethyl-benzyl DTC (Cu[EtBenzdtc]2) and Cu(II) butyl-methyl DTC (Cu[BuMedtc]2) complexes, by a condensation reaction and subsequently used to scrutinise the corrosion resistance activity towards mild steel in acidic media. The proposed structures of complexes were characterised by using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies. The melting point for Cu[EtBenzdtc]2 was found around 362–375°C, and 389–392°C for Cu[BuMedtc]2. The percentages of Cu(II) found in Cu[EtBenzdtc]2 and Cu[BuMedtc]2 were 7.6% and 7.5%, respectively. Both complexes were non-electrolyte based on the molar conductivity analysis. Their corrosion inhibition performances were tested by using a weight loss measurement. Cu[BuMedtc]2 showed a good result as a corrosion inhibitor compared to Cu[EtBenzdtc]2. The complexes showed good effectiveness in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) compared to hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. Furthermore, Cu[BuMedtc]2 showed a good result as a corrosion inhibitor compared to Cu[EtBenzdtc]2 with the highest percentage of corrosion inhibition recorded at 91.8%. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of corrosion inhibition shown by Cu[EtBenzdtc]2 was only 86.9%. The lowest corrosion rate shown for Cu[BuMedtc]2 was 8.1944×10-4 cm-1 h-1. Meanwhile, the Cu[EtBenzdtc]2 showed the lowest corrosion rate only at 1.3194×10-3 cm-1 h-1. This implies that Cu[BuMedtc]2 showed lower corrosion rate but higher inhibition efficiency compared to Cu[EtBenzdtc]2.
Lanthanide element in the methanation reaction gives an excellent catalytic performance at low reaction temperature. Praseodymium is one of lanthanide element and was chosen due to its properties which are thermally stable and provide excess of oxygen in the oxide lattice. Therefore, a catalyst of Ru/Mn/Pr (5:30:65)/Al2O3 (RMP, 5:30:65/Al2O3) was prepared via wetness impregnation method and the effect of calcination temperature on the catalyst performance was investigated using FTIR analysis. The RMP/Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 800 o C was chosen as an excel catalyst with CO2 conversion of 96.9% and CH4 formation of 45.1% at 350 o C reaction temperature. From the EDX mapping, it can be observed that the distribution of all element is homogeneous at 800 o C and 900 o C except Ru, O and Al at 1000 o C calcination temperature. The image from FESEM also shows the presence of some crystal shape on the catalyst surface. From the FTIR analysis, the peak stretching and bending mode of O-H bond decreased when the calcination temperature increased.
MeSH terms: Aluminum Oxide; Carbon Dioxide; Catalysis; Cold Temperature; Hot Temperature; Organic Chemicals; Oxides; Oxygen; Praseodymium; Temperature; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Lanthanoid Series Elements
The in vitro shoot proliferation of endemic Begonia pavonina in three culture conditions i.e semisolid medium (SM), liquid culture medium (LM) and in temporary immersion bioreactor system (RITA®) was analyzed in this study. To minimize contamination rates, seeds were surface sterilized and cultured on MS basal media. The clean raised shoots were then used as explants for inoculation onto the tested culture conditions. In this experiment, the explants were maintained in MS medium supplemented with 0.1mgL-1 BAP for shoot multiplication. After 4 weeks of incubation, higher regeneration rates were observed in TIM as compared to other medium conditions. The maximum shoot number was obtained from TIM system with a mean of 5.30 shoots per explant, followed by LM (2.47 shoots per explant) and SM (1.2 shoots per explant). Shoot hyperhydration was also lowest in a TIM system. Overall, TIM was shown to produce higher shoot multiplications combined with healthy morphological characteristics of plantlets. Shoot cultures from the all cultures were successfully rooted in vitro and acclimatized well in the greenhouse.
Malaysian construction firms have increasingly gained investment opportunities in foreign countries pushed by the competitive and saturated domestic market. However, the entry location decision involves complex factors to be considered by these firms prior to their international operations. Currently, based on a secondary data obtained from the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, there are twelve (12) firms that are actively operating in international markets. The main objective of this preliminary study is to develop an entry location assessment criteria (ELAC) model based on the performance of Malaysian construction firms in international markets. The ELAC formula was derived through a development of taxonomy criteria from previous studies. The construction firms’ performance was analyzed and ranked using a weightage score characterized under three (3) dimensions of country with the taxonomy criteria. First dimension involves entry location decision to countries in ASEAN, Non-ASEAN and both regions, while the second dimension involves entry location decision to ASEAN, Asia, Africa, United States of America and Europe while the third dimension involves entry location decision to countries categorized as Developing Countries (DLC); Least Developed Country (LDC); Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC); Developed Countries (DC); and Highly Developed Countries (HDC). The ELAC score shows that three (3) construction firms which are, Sapura Energy Berhad (66%), Gamuda Berhad (53%) and Sime Darby Berhad (50%) have sustained international operations in various locations by obtaining an ELAC score of more than 50% by venturing to ASEAN countries, developing countries and developed countries. Even though his study is limited to Malaysian construction firms, it provides significant information and contributes to the current knowledge in international market expansion. This ELAC model is useful especially for construction firms that are just beginning to explore foreign business opportunities or for the global players that are expanding geographically to new international markets.
MeSH terms: Africa; Asia; Developing Countries; Europe; Investments; Malaysia; United States; Developed Countries; Construction Industry
E-hailing apps Grab and Uber have become household names, particularly among urbanites over these five years. Overall the consumer response to e-hailing services in Malaysia has been positive, with The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) reporting that 80% of consumers prefer e-hailing over taxis. As such, many believe the availability of e-hailing services will help to boost demand, and raise property prices and rentals and help the tourism sector in locations where they are available. As the demand grows, and tourists around the globe keep rising, the means of communication plays a vital role. Hence, this article explores the Grab drivers’ needs in English language learning for the purpose of successful communication in working environment. The needs are categorised into three elements: needs of English language at workplace, problems in English language usage, and preferences in learning English. A case study was carried out among 50 Grab drivers in Kuala Lumpur. The analysis of responses to the needs in English language learning among Grab drivers is hoped to fashion English language course or the syllabus to the e- hailing drivers.
Recently, the development of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for application in carbon-based electrode of supercapacitor is increasing. The use of agricultural waste biomass as a precursor for the production of activated carbon become popular because it is economical, easily available and also beneficial in reducing waste disposal problem in agricultural industries. In this review, the biomass material for activated carbon using various activators is presented. The effects of activating methods which is physical and chemical activation on the properties of activated carbons are reviewed. Carbonaceous materials with high surface area, which is above 1000 m2g-1 and good porosity with total pore volume approximately 1.0 cm3g-1 promote fast ion-transport, making them an ideal choice to be used in supercapacitor. Previous study had shown that different types of activation method influence significantly on the properties of activated carbon produced. Producing a high porosity and high surface area of activated carbon are essentials to fabricate a high quality of supercapacitor. With proper treatment, it is found that many agriculture wastes have high potential and carry good properties as an electrode in supercapacitor.
Pencemaran air di Tasik Chini, Pahang kian meruncing akibat pembangunan sekitar yang tidak terkawal menyebabkan kemusnahan rantaian makanan sekaligus mengancam kelangsungan hidup komuniti asli. Justeru, kajian telah dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti faktor, impak dan keberkesanan strategi dengan menggunapakai Teori Pengambilalihan. Selain itu, kajian ini dipilih untuk memenuhi kelompangan kajian terdahulu yang lebih menekankan kepentingan pengekalan biodiversiti flora dan fauna berbanding kajian terhadap kehidupan komuniti setempat. Maka, kajian deskritif tinjauan telah digunakan melalui kaedah pemerhatian, temu bual mendalam bersama empat orang informan, dianalisis secara transkripsi, triangulasi dan analisis kandungan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan faktor pencemaran air berpunca daripada pembinaan empangan air, projek pembangunan, aktiviti pembalakan, aktiviti perlombongan dan hakisan tanih. Sementara, pertanian komersial juga menjejaskan kegunaan domestik, hidupan akuatik terganggu, perubahan sifat air, kehilangan sumber pendapatan, dan tahap kesihatan terjejas. Oleh itu, cadangan memperluaskan program advokasi seperti pengawalan pembuangan sampah sarap, pematuhan Penilaian Impak Alam Sekitar (EIA), penglibatan pihak awam dan swasta, pemantauan kesihatan, kesedaran awam, dan melakukan penyelidikan lanjutan. Kajian mendapati dua buah syarikat China mengeksport bijih besi yang diperoleh sekitar Tasik Chini menggunakan permit AP (Eksport dan Import) dari negeri lain, bukannya Pahang. Meskipun syarikat tersebut tidak mempunyai lesen melombong tetapi mereka mempunyai segala kelengkapan alatan memproses dan menjalankan operasinya hingga kini. Diharapkan isu pencemaran air di Tasik Chini dapat dipulihkan demi menjamin kelestarian sejagat.
Tourism is associated with leisure and travelling, and is considered one of the fastest growing sectors that contribute significantly to the country’s economy, as well as bringing benefits directly to local communities. The Rural Tourism Master Plan was established in 2001, which defines rural tourism as an attraction that offers visitors the opportunity to experience Malaysia’s traditional culture and heritage away from urban areas. This study focuses on such tourism in the Gunung Mulu National Park, a famous natural park comprising underground caves, virgin rainforests and highlands. This research uses a quantitative approach with a random sampling technique because the procedure to select a unit for inclusion in a sample is much easier, quicker and cheaper. A questionnaire is distributed via Google Form to 500 local tourists who visited the park. The results of this research may be useful in marketing the Gunung Mulu National Park worldwide, besides fine-tuning programmes to attract tourists to the national park.
Malaysia is a member of Developing-8 (D-8), which facilitated the formation of bilateral trade relations among member countries. This study focuses on Malaysia’s foreign direct investments (FDIs) within D-8. The purpose of this study is to strengthen the FDI ties with D-8 member states, where Malaysia must focus on cooperating for long-term investments and examining the existing FDI policies under Malaysia and its D-8 counterparts, as well as studying the opportunity of interdependence between Malaysia’s FDIs with D-8 member states. The main issue is the imbalance of Malaysia’s FDI preference with D-8 member states, which is followed by the weakness of Malaysia’s FDI outwards policy, specialised among the D-8 counterparts. Thus, Malaysia’s FFDI lacks penetration with D-8 member states. The qualitative research method, data collection, interviews, and content analysis method are used for this study. The respondents’ agencies for interviews are experts from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), The Bilateral Economic and Trade Relations Division of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI and the Foreign Investment Promotion Division of the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA). Coding techniques are applied for the coding process of the content analysis. This study also uses the theories of interdependence and political economy with SWOT analysis to examine the implementation of Malaysia’s FDI with D-8 counterparts. The findings of the study show that Malaysia is looking for quality investments without choosing where the investments come from, and FDIs with D-8 counterparts in several sectors can still be implemented if the D-8 counterparts are offering quality investments for Malaysia.
This paper examines the determinants of pro-environmental behaviour among university students. It uses the theory of planned behaviour in determining the factors that lead to such behaviour. The determinants consist of environmental awareness, psychological factors (motivation, moral norms, perceived behavioural control and attitude), environmental knowledge and personality traits (agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience). Data was collected using convenience sampling through self-administered surveys and online forms distributed to 400 students in a public university in Malaysia. Data was subjected to construct validity and reliability analysis. The findings highlighted that motivation, agreeableness and perceived behavioural control were positively related to the practice of pro-environmental behaviour, whereas environmental awareness, moral norms, attitude and environmental knowledge were negatively related. Some personality traits, namely neuroticism, openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion, did not show any significant relationship with the practice of pro-environmental behaviour. This study provides a scope to improvise and incorporate environmental practices into the habits of students by aligning their goals with the universities’ dimensions, including curriculum, campus operation, research and outreach activities. The results could make an important contribution in establishing a sustained green culture through a new university paradigm.
MeSH terms: Attitude; Curriculum; Goals; Habits; Humans; Malaysia; Morals; Motivation; Surveys and Questionnaires; Students; Universities; Reproducibility of Results; Behavior Control
A numerical study is conducted to determine the Vortex Induced Motion (VIM) effects on Deep-Draft Semi-Submersibles (DDSS). The VIM phenomena is a crucial problem that can cause severe impact on the fatigue life of mooring risers in DDSS. Therefore, a comprehensive numerical simulation is conducted using the Acusolve computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Five models of immersed columns with different aspect ratios (ie. 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) are numerically investigated under two different incidence angles, which are 0° and 45°. The transverse and in-line vibration amplitude, amplitude of lift force coefficient and vortex shedding are analyzed. The numerical measurements are obtained to see the response of horizontal plane motions, which are transverse, in line and yaw motions. This study with detailed numerical results from parametric data will contribute future studies and the comparisons are made to demonstrate the capability of the present CFD approach.
The increase in awareness and responsibilities among stakeholders in a port environment has made safety evaluation an operational priority. Operating a port is a high-risk activity with underlying potential for accidents and loss of lives, besides causing massive property and environmental damage. Kemaman Port has multiple operations and handles volatile chemicals that may lead to disaster if an accident were to occur due to negligence. Therefore, the safety tools at the port have to suit a terminal specialized in handling liquid chemicals. To determine risk level at the port, assessment may be conducted using the hazard identification method (HAZID) to determine the hazards and risk matrix. The “As low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP) principle should be adhered to in determining which risk is tolerable or intolerable. In this study, the hazard and risk data at Kemaman Port were obtained through literature review and engagements with experts. As a result, eight main hazards were identified and the risk matrix was used to find the highest frequency and consequences of the hazards, besides the risk probability during operations. The overall results may demonstrate a significant improvement to the safety of port operations.
MeSH terms: Accidents; Disasters; Health Services; Malpractice; Probability; Social Behavior
A wide range of studies have been conducted on deep learning to forecast time series data. However, very few researches have discussed the optimal number of hidden layers and nodes in each hidden layer of the architecture. It is crucial to study the number of hidden layers and nodes in each hidden layer as it controls the performance of the architecture. Apart from that, in the presence of the activation function, diverse computation between the hidden layers and output layer can take place. Therefore, in this study, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture is developed using the Python software to forecast time series data. Then, the developed architecture is applied on the Apple Inc. stock price due to its volatile characteristic. Using historical prices, the accuracy of the forecast is measured by the different activation functions, number of hidden layers and size of data. The Keras deep learning library, which can be found in the Python software, is used to develop the MLP architecture to forecast the Apple Inc. stock price. The developed model is then applied on different cases, namely different sizes of data, different activation functions, different numbers of hidden layers of up to nine layers, and different numbers of nodes in each hidden layer. Then, the metrics mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are employed to test the accuracy of the forecast. It is found that the architecture with rectified linear unit (ReLU) outperformed in every hidden layer and each case with the highest accuracy. To conclude, the optimal number of hidden layers differs in every case as there are other influencing factors.
This study investigates the characteristics of an antioxidant cream made from the methanol extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves, which is locally known as the wild betel or pokok kadok in Malay. The secondary metabolites of the leaves were subjected to phytochemical tests to detect the presence of natural compounds. Antioxidant activity was described by its total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), which was assessed by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A phase diagram was constructed to find a possible region to formulate an antioxidant cream. In phytochemical screening, the methanolic extract showed positive presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. In quantitative analysis of antioxidative components, besides having significantly higher TFC content compared with quercetin (P
Kefir is a fermented milk obtained by fermenting milk with kefir grains. The chemical composition ofdairy and non-dairy sources may affect the growth and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In this study, different sources of milk (cow milk) and non-dairy milk (soymilk and coconut milk) were used as the fermentation media for kefir products. The objectives of the study were to isolate and characterise LAB from kefir drink produced from dairy and non-dairy milk. LAB was isolated using different cultural methods, such as MRS Agar, MRS with 0.8% CaCO3, and M17 Agar. The characteristics of the LAB isolates were determined using morphological, biochemical tests and the API 50 CHL kit. The physicochemical composition of the samples was determined using titratable acidity and pH level. Sensory evaluation of the kefir drink samples was also carried out. Results confirmed that the isolates were identified as Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus brevis 1, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus 3and Lactobacillus plantarum 1. The L. buchneri, L. brevis, Leu. mesenteroides and L. acidophilus are heterofermentative bacteria, whereas L. plantarum is a homofermentative bacterium. Four LAB isolates have the potential to be used as probiotic strains due to their high resistant to low pH and bile salt. The sensory scores of these products range between 5.00 and 8.00 in the 9-point hedonic scale. Most of the sensory panelists preferred cow milk kefir (p < 0.05) compared with coconut milk kefir and soy milk kefir during the sensory evaluation of all attributes. Meanwhile, the preference between coconut milk kefir and soy milk kefir was similar (p>0.05) in all attributes. Therefore, this study will be useful for probiotic manufacturers in the production of alternative probiotic drinks using dairy and non-dairy milk.
Cyclopoid copepod has a potential as live feed that can provide ornamental fish larvae with energy and essential nutrients, and promote their growth and survival, as well as affect their colouration. However, the nutrition, growth and nutritional requirements of this species are poorly understood. This research focuses on comparing the efficacy of enrichment types on copepods towards the growth rate, survival rate and colouration of Pterophyllum scalare larvae. The enrichment of copepods consists of four enrichment procedures (rice bran, palm kernel cake (PKC),Chlorella and yeast). This study was carried out over 50 days and the growth rate, survival rate and colouration (growth rate, survival rate, SGR and colouration) were used to evaluate the responses of P. scalare larvae towards different enrichment methods. Specific growth rates (8.0161 ± 1.4928 %; P = 0.775) and survival rates (66.667 ± 5.337%; P = 0.815) of fish larvae were found to not be significantly different (P = 0.775, P = 0.815; P >0.05). However, the colouration of the fish larvae was affected by the types of enrichment used (P
Fresh-cut pineapple has experienced an increase in demand due to its great health benefits and is rich in vitamins A, B and C. Moreover, pineapple is known as a source of the enzyme bromelain, which has therapeutic applications, such as reducing inflammation, improving digestion and treating osteoarthritis. However, bromelain generally affects the pineapple’s flavour and is less preferred by consumers due to the uncomfortable prickling and tingling sensations it brings. In the present study, two types of gases and their combination, nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), were used to evaluate their impacts on reducing the tingling and prickling sensations, as well as maintaining the postharvest qualities of fresh-cut pineapple stored at 5°C for 12 days. The parameters being evaluated were the bromelain enzyme activity, flesh colour, ascorbic acid concentration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and sensory evaluation. No significant differences were recorded for all parameters tested. Based on the sensory evaluations, all the attributes, such as colour, aroma, texture, sweetness, sourness, tingling and prickling sensations, and overall acceptance were not affected by the different gases application. Even though no apparent effect was observed, the 30 panellists preferred the aforementioned attributes, except sourness. In conclusion, the fumigation treatments with N2 and CO2 gases were not effective in reducing the tingling and prickling sensations of pineapples cv. Morris.
Penggunaan beg plastik sangat popular di seluruh dunia. Di Malaysia beg plastik menjadi keperluan masyarakat terutama dalam proses jual beli. Peningkatan itu sekaligus mewujudkan kebimbangan bagi pemain utama seperti kerajaan persekutuan yang berperanan menggerak dan memperjuangkan kelestarian alam sekitar. Kempen bebas beg plastik merupakan kempen yang kerap dilaungkan dalam menggubah budaya penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupan seharian. Menerusi pelaksanaan kempen bebas beg plastik yang dijalankan di seluruh negeri khususnya di Kuantan, Pahang, maka kajian ini dapat mengkaji rangkaian pemain utama dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif temubual melalui Analisis Rangkaian Sosial (ARS). Secara khususnya, rangkaian tadbir berjaya memaparkan pelbagai saliran berkaitan komunikasi dan kerjasama antara pemain utama. Struktur berpusat didapati menjadi asbab kepada kapasiti terhad dalam menyelaraskan tindakan bersama. Temubual yang mendalam menunjukkan kepentingan kedudukan pemain utama dalam rangkaian tindakan bersama memudahkan pihak terlibat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan peluang lebih berkesan dan realistik jika diselaras hukuman dan tindakan di peringkat persekutuan dengan kerjasama Majlis Perbandaran, Jabatan Alam Sekitar, institusi penyelidikan, organisasi perniagaan dan pemain lain yang berkaitan. Justeru, kajian akan datang harus memperkasakan pendidikan dalam kalangan masyarakat dari setiap lapisan umur, kaum dan agama serta budaya. Malah, penerokaan terhadap keberkesanan penyampaian dan penerangan maklumat perlu divisualkan secara jelas oleh pihak berkepentingan dalam usaha mensifarkan penggunaan beg plastik di Malaysia.
Peningkatan kes penderaan kanak-kanak sehingga kematian kanak-kanak amat membimbangkan keluarga dan masyarakat. Artikel ini akan membahaskan tentang cabaran pekerja sosial dalam melindungi penderaan kanak-kanak di taska. Kajian lepas amat kurang mengkaji isu penderaan kanak-kanak di taska. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berpandukan kajian fenomenologi. Teknik pengumpulan data kajian melalui temubual berstruktur secara bertulis. 6 orang informan terdiri daripada pekerja sosial telah dipilih bagi kajian ini dengan menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling). Lokasi kajian yang dipilih ialah taska sekitar Bandar Baru Bangi. Data temubual berstruktur dianalisis secara tematik dan hasil kajian mendapati terdapat tiga cabaran utama iaitu pertama praktis kerja sosial, konflik profesion dan kemahiran dalam mengendalikan pengurusan kes penderaan kanak-kanak. Implikasi kajian ini mencadangkan program kaunseling individu dan kelompok kepada pekerja sosial dan penting meningkatkan latihan dalam kemahiran mengendalikan pengurusan kes penderaan kanak-kanak yang semakin kompleks dan kritikal di masa depan.
MeSH terms: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Diabetic Neuropathies; Research Design