Browse publications by year: 2021

  1. Karobari MI, Khijmatgar S, Noorani TY, Assiry A, Alharbi T
    J Conserv Dent, 2021 02 10;23(5):518-521.
    PMID: 33911363 DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_220_19
    Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the role of clinical audit in improving endodontic treatment outcomes.

    Materials and Methods: An audit at the department of endodontics at dental specialty centre kingdom of Saudi Arabia was carried out. The audit was conducted by developing endodontics treatment and success predictors based on evidence, that can be measured for endodontic care. A total of 12 months' data was examined from the previous dental records. Ten clinical cards were which included root canal treatment were selected. The audit was carried out for a minimum of 50 teeth and a maximum of 200 teeth. The radiographs of record cards were studied and a single dentist completed the audit tool.

    Results: The vitality test was performed in 1.98% cases, intra-canal medicament was used and named in 3.96% cases, 3.96% the teeth were extracted due to endodontic failure. Further, in 6.93% of the cases that were identified had certain spaces but overall root canal filling was evaluated as satisfactory.

    Conclusion: The vitality test, type of intracanal medicament, and assessment of root canal filling were not done, but there was an overall performance of predictors for endodontic treatment.

    MeSH terms: Dental Pulp Cavity; Dental Records; Dentists; Endodontics; Humans; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Obturation; Root Canal Therapy; Saudi Arabia; Treatment Outcome; Clinical Audit
  2. Chiu HI, Lim V
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2021;16:2995-3020.
    PMID: 33911862 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S302238
    PURPOSE: In chemotherapy, oral administration of drug is limited due to lack of drug specificity for localized colon cancer cells. The inability of drugs to differentiate cancer cells from normal cells induces side effects. Colonic targeting with polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery offers high potential strategies for delivering hydrophobic drugs and fewer side effects to the target site. Disulfide cross-linked polymers have recently acquired high significance due to their potential to degrade in reducing colon conditions while resisting the upper gastrointestinal tract's hostile environment. The goal of this project is, therefore, to develop pH-sensitive and redox-responsive fluorescein-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (fWGA)-mounted disulfide cross-linked alginate nanoparticles (fDTP2) directly targeting docetaxel (DTX) in colon cancer cells.

    METHODS: fDTP2 was prepared by mounting fWGA on DTX-loaded nanoparticles (DTP2) using the two-step carbodiimide method. Morphology of fDTP2 was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) study was carried out to determine the mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of fDTP2. Cellular uptake efficiency was examined using fluorescence microplate reader. Biocompatibility and active internalization of fDTP2 were conducted on HT-29.

    RESULTS: fDTP2 was found to exhibit a DTX loading efficiency of 19.3%. SEM and TEM tests revealed spherical nanoparticles. The in vitro DTX release test showed a cumulative release of 54.7%. From the DLS study, fDTP2 reported a 277.7 nm mean diameter with PDI below 0.35 and -1.0 mV zeta potential. HT-29 which was fDTP2-treated demonstrated lower viability than L929 with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 34.7 µg/mL. HT-29 (33.4%) internalized fDTP2 efficiently at 2 h incubation. The study on HT-29 active internalization of nanoparticles through fluorescence and confocal imaging indicated such.

    CONCLUSION: In short, fDTP2 demonstrated promise as a colonic drug delivery DTX transporter.

    MeSH terms: Dynamic Light Scattering; Alginates/chemistry; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics; Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Colonic Neoplasms/pathology; Disulfides/chemistry; Drug Carriers/administration & dosage; Drug Carriers/chemistry*; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Wheat Germ Agglutinins/chemistry*; HT29 Cells; Mice; Nanoparticles/administration & dosage*; Nanoparticles/chemistry; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
  3. Mohd Hussain RH, Afiqah WN, Abdul Ghani MK, Khan NA, Siddiqui R, Anuar TS
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Apr;28(4):2352-2359.
    PMID: 33911949 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.030
    The incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis has been increasing since the previous decades, especially among contact lens users. This infection is majorly caused by the use of ineffective contact lens disinfecting solution. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro effects of multi-purpose disinfecting solutions (MPDS) against Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts. Acanthamoeba genotype T4 isolated from contact lens paraphernalia and an environmental strains were propagated for trophozoite or cyst-containing culture and adjusted in final concentration of 1 × 105 cells/ml. Amoebicidal and cysticidal assays were conducted by incubating trophozoites and cysts with OPTI-FREE® Express®, ReNu® Fresh™, Complete® Multi-Purpose Solution and AVIZOR Unica® Sensitive according to the manufacturer's minimum recommended disinfectant time (MMRDT) for up to 12 h at 30 ⁰C. Trypan blue hemocytometer-based microscopic counts determined amoebicidal and cysticidal effects. The viability of Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts was confirmed by re-inoculated them in the 1.5% non-nutrient agar plates. It was found that none of the MPDS showed amoebicidal and cysticidal effects during the MMRDT. However, OPTI-FREE® Express® demonstrated a significant differences in average cell reduction for both stages within MMRDT. When subjected to 12 h exposure, both OPTI-FREE® Express® and ReNu® Fresh™ led to significant reduction in the number of trophozoite and cyst cells. Notably, Complete® Multi-Purpose Solution and AVIZOR Unica® Sensitive did appreciably improve the solution effectiveness towards trophozoite cells when incubated for 12 h. All MPDS were largely ineffective, with 100% survival of all isolates at MMRDT, while OPTI-FREE® Express® showed limited amoebicidal activity against the contact lens paraphernalia isolate, however, it was more against the environmental strains after 12 h incubation time. The commercially available MPDS employed in this research offered minimal effectiveness against the protozoa despite the contact time. Improvement or development of new solution should consider the adjustment of the appropriate disinfectant concentration, adequate exposure time or the incorporation of novel chemical elements, which are effective against Acanthamoeba for accelerated disinfecting and more reduction of potential exposure of contact lens users to Acanthamoeba keratitis.
    MeSH terms: Acanthamoeba; Agar; Amebicides; Animals; Contact Lenses; Cysts; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Genotype; Trypan Blue; Acanthamoeba Keratitis; Incidence; Contact Lens Solutions; Trophozoites
  4. Prabhu GS, Prasad K, K G MR, Rai KS
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Apr;28(4):2396-2407.
    PMID: 33911955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.037
    Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of choline and DHA or exposure to environmental enrichment in obese adult and aging rats on alterations in body mass index, serum lipid profile and arterial wall changes, despite stopping high fat diet consumption and interventions during adulthood.

    Methods: 21 day old male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned as Experiment-1 & 2 - PND rats were divided into 4 groups with interventions for 7 months (n = 8/group). NC- Normal control fed normal chow diet; OB- Obese group, fed high fat diet; OB + CHO + DHA- fed high fat diet and oral supplementation of choline, DHA. OB + EE- fed high fat diet along with exposure to enriched environment .Experiment-2 had similar groups and interventions as experiment 1 but for next 5 months were fed normal chow diet without any interventions. Body mass index was assessed and blood was analyzed for serum lipid profile. Common Carotid Artery (CCA) was processed for Haematoxylin and eosin, Verhoff Vangeison stains. Images of tissue sections were analyzed and quantified using image J and tissue quant software.

    Results: In experiment.1, mean body mass index (p 

    MeSH terms: Aging; Animals; Choline; Collagen; Coloring Agents; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Hematoxylin; Lipids; Male; Obesity; Software; Body Mass Index; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Carotid Artery, Common; Tunica Intima; Tunica Media; Dietary Supplements; Rats; Diet, High-Fat
  5. Shahimi S, Abd Mutalib S, Ismail N, Elias A, Hashim H, Kashim MIAM
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Apr;28(4):2447-2452.
    PMID: 33911957 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.043
    This study was conducted to detect the presence of chicken and porcine DNA in meatballs using mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) of cytochrome b (cyt b) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) species-specific primers, respectively. While, the mtDNA primers targeted transfer RNA-ATP8 (tRNA-ATP8) gene was used for 1 and 5% (w/w) chicken meatball spiked with commercial porcine blood plasm. Chicken meatballs spiked with 1% and 5% (v/w) fresh and commercial porcine blood plasma, respectively were prepared and heat-treated using five (n = 5) cooking methods: boiling, pan-frying, roasting, microwaving and autoclaving. Two pairs of mtDNA and nDNA primers used, produced 129 and 161 bp amplicons, respectively. Whereas, tRNA-ATP8 primers produced 212 bp of amplicon. Electrophoresis analysis showed positive results for porcine DNA at 1% and 5% (w/w or v/v) for all of the different cooking techniques, either for fresh or commercial blood plasma using SINE primers but not for tRNA-ATP8 primers. The present study has highlighted the useful of species-specific primers of SINE primers in PCR analysis for detecting porcine DNA blood plasma in heat-treated chicken meatballs.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Chickens; Cooking; DNA, Mitochondrial; Electrophoresis; Hot Temperature; Mitochondria; Plasma; RNA; RNA, Transfer; Species Specificity; Swine; Polymerase Chain Reaction; DNA Primers; Cytochromes b
  6. Rashed AA, Ahmad H, Abdul Khalid SK, Rathi DG
    Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:633303.
    PMID: 33912049 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633303
    Edible bird's nest (EBN) is one of the expensive functional foods in herbal medicine. One of the major glyconutrients in EBN is sialic acid, which has a beneficial effect on neurological and intellectual capability in mammals. The aims of this research were to study the effects of sialic acid from EBN on cell viability and to determine its effect on mitochondria membrane potential (MtMP) in Caco-2, SK-N-MC, SH-SY5Y, and PC-12 cell lines. Fourteen samples of raw EBN were collected from four different states in Malaysia. The confluency of the epithelial monolayers measurement of the tight junction for all the cell lines was determined using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and the sialic acid uptake study in cell lines was determined by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The MTT assay was conducted for cell viability study. The MtMP in cell lines was determined using the Mito Probe JC-1 Assay by flow cytometer analysis. We have recorded a statistically significant difference between the uptake of sialic acid from EBN and the standard solution. A higher amount of sialic acid was absorbed by the cells from extract of EBN compared to the standard solution. The amounts of sialic acid uptake in Caco-2, SK-N-MC, SH-SY5Y, and PC-12 cell lines were (0.019 ± 0.001), (0.034 ± 0.006), (0.021 ± 0.002), and (0.025 ± 0.000) µmol/L, respectively. The MTT results indicated that the concentration of sialic acid increased the cell viability and showed no cytotoxicity effects on cell lines when they were exposed to the sialic acid extract and sialic acid standard at all the tested concentrations. The number of active mitochondria was found to be significantly higher in SH-SY5Y cell lines with a 195% increase when treated with sialic acid from EBN. Although many researchers around the globe use SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC for Alzheimer's disease (AD) study, based on our finding, SH-SY5Y was found to be the most suitable cell line for AD study by in vitro works where it has a known relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction.
  7. Palaniappan PA, Abot CA, Mohd Tap R, Amran F
    IDCases, 2021;24:e01121.
    PMID: 33912392 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01121
    Prototheca species have been reported to cause infections in human. Typically, clinical symptoms of protothecosis include cutaneous infection, olecranon bursitis, tenosynovitis and disseminated systemic disease. We report a case of septic arthritis in which Prototheca zopfii was isolated from blood. Joint aspirate was also sent for cultures but did not yield any growth. No other organisms were isolated from this patient during his admission. The blood isolate was identified to species level via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The patient improved with administration of intravenous itraconazole.
  8. Rampamba EM, Meyer JC, Helberg E, Godman B
    J Res Pharm Pract, 2021 01 11;9(4):181-185.
    PMID: 33912500 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_20_49
    Objective: Controlling blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients is a challenge, with the lack of antihypertensive medicines negatively impacting on BP control. Consequently, we assessed the availability of prescribed antihypertensives among patients with chronic hypertension attending primary health care (PHC) facilities in a rural province of South Africa and explored any association between medicines availability, the number of prescribed antihypertensive medicines and BP control.

    Methods: Secondary data that included patients' demographics, BP, and data on medicines availability of the intervention group from a 3 months' operational study conducted in rural PHC facilities in South Africa were analyzed. The association between medicines availability, the number of antihypertensive medicines, and BP control was explored.

    Findings: Fifty-five African patients (89.1% females) with a mean age of 61.3 years were included. Two-thirds (67.2%) received all their medicines during their monthly visits, 25.5% received some, and for 7.3%, there was no record of whether medicines were dispensed or not. Patients with controlled BP (60.0%) were more likely to have been prescribed only one antihypertensive medicine compared to patients with uncontrolled BP (20.7%) (P = 0.017; odds ratio: 5.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.46, 22.61).

    Conclusion: It is concerning that one-third of patients went home without all of their antihypertensive medicines from PHC facilities in this Province of South Africa where there is evidence of use of herbal medicines and uncontrolled BP contributing to high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Additional studies are needed to fully explore the association between medicines availability, their use, and BP control among patients.

    MeSH terms: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Medicine; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Primary Health Care; Rural Population; South Africa; Confidence Intervals; Odds Ratio; Herbal Medicine
  9. Lim MA, Ang BT, Lam CL, Loh EC, Zainuddin SI, Capelle DP, et al.
    Eur J Cancer Care (Engl), 2021 Sep;30(5):e13456.
    PMID: 33913192 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13456
    OBJECTIVE: Suffering is a common experience in palliative care. In our study, we aimed to determine the effect of 5-min mindfulness of love on suffering and the spiritual quality of life of palliative care patients.

    METHODS: We conducted a parallel-group, blinded, randomized controlled study at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia from February 2019 to April 2019. Sixty adult palliative care patients with an overall suffering score of 4/10 or above based on the Suffering Pictogram were recruited and randomly assigned to either the 5-min mindfulness of love group (N = 30) or the 5-min supportive listening group (N = 30).

    RESULTS: There were statistically significant improvements in the overall suffering score (mean difference = -2.9, CI = -3.7 to -2.1, t = -7.268, p = 0.000) and the total FACIT-Sp-12 score (mean difference = 2.9, CI = 1.5 to 4.3, t = 4.124, p = 0.000) in the intervention group compared to the control group.

    CONCLUSION: The results provided evidence that 5-min mindfulness of love could affect the actual state of suffering and the spiritual quality of life of palliative care patients.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Humans; Love; Palliative Care; Quality of Life; Mindfulness*; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing*
  10. Aly CA, Abas FS, Ann GH
    Sci Prog, 2021;104(2):368504211005480.
    PMID: 33913378 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211005480
    INTRODUCTION: Action recognition is a challenging time series classification task that has received much attention in the recent past due to its importance in critical applications, such as surveillance, visual behavior study, topic discovery, security, and content retrieval.

    OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the research is to develop a robust and high-performance human action recognition techniques. A combination of local and holistic feature extraction methods used through analyzing the most effective features to extract to reach the objective, followed by using simple and high-performance machine learning algorithms.

    METHODS: This paper presents three robust action recognition techniques based on a series of image analysis methods to detect activities in different scenes. The general scheme architecture consists of shot boundary detection, shot frame rate re-sampling, and compact feature vector extraction. This process is achieved by emphasizing variations and extracting strong patterns in feature vectors before classification.

    RESULTS: The proposed schemes are tested on datasets with cluttered backgrounds, low- or high-resolution videos, different viewpoints, and different camera motion conditions, namely, the Hollywood-2, KTH, UCF11 (YouTube actions), and Weizmann datasets. The proposed schemes resulted in highly accurate video analysis results compared to those of other works based on four widely used datasets. The First, Second, and Third Schemes provides recognition accuracies of 57.8%, 73.6%, and 52.0% on Hollywood2, 94.5%, 97.0%, and 59.3% on KTH, 94.5%, 95.6%, and 94.2% on UCF11, and 98.9%, 97.8% and 100% on Weizmann.

    CONCLUSION: Each of the proposed schemes provides high recognition accuracy compared to other state-of-art methods. Especially, the Second Scheme as it gives excellent comparable results to other benchmarked approaches.

    MeSH terms: Algorithms; Humans; Human Activities*; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods; Video Recording
  11. Wilkinson B, Wan Muhamad Hatta SF, Garnham A, Buch HN
    PMID: 33913436 DOI: 10.1530/EDM-20-0136
    SUMMARY: Primary hyperparathyroidism requires a surgical approach to achieve a long-term cure. However, post-surgical recurrence significantly complicates the management of this condition. A number of causes for recurrent disease are well understood and several diagnostic modalities exist to localise the culprit parathyroid adenoma although none of them is efficacious in localisation of the recurrent lesion. In this case report, we highlight a novel causative mechanism and describe a unique diagnostic sequence that enabled curative treatment to be delivered.

    LEARNING POINTS: In the case described herein, we describe a novel location for a parathyroid adenoma causing recurrent PHPT. The case elucidates well the difficulties presented by such cases in terms of surgical planning and show the utility of PVS in such cases. Based on this case, we make the following recommendations: Meticulous care must be taken to prevent seeding of adenomatous tissue during primary excision. To consider the use of PVS in patients with discordant imaging in the setting of recurrent/persistent PHPT as a method to localise the causative adenoma. Same day PVS and surgery is a viable option for patients who either represent an anaesthetic risk or who are extremely anxious about the prospect of two separate procedures. Disordered calcium homeostasis is an important but forgotten cause of dysphagia which can be extremely debilitating for affected patients.

  12. Chong SL, Ong GY, Zheng CQ, Dang H, Ming M, Mahmood M, et al.
    Neurosurgery, 2021 07 15;89(2):283-290.
    PMID: 33913493 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab157
    BACKGROUND: Although early coagulopathy increases mortality in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), less is known about pediatric TBI.

    OBJECTIVE: To describe the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and platelet levels of children with moderate to severe TBI to identify predictors of early coagulopathy and study the association with clinical outcomes.

    METHODS: Using the Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Medicine Asian Network (PACCMAN) TBI retrospective cohort, we identified patients <16 yr old with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤13. We compared PT, APTT, platelets, and outcomes between children with isolated TBI and multiple trauma with TBI. We performed logistic regressions to identify predictors of early coagulopathy and study the association with mortality and poor functional outcomes.

    RESULTS: Among 370 children analyzed, 53/370 (14.3%) died and 127/370 (34.3%) had poor functional outcomes. PT was commonly deranged in both isolated TBI (53/173, 30.6%) and multiple trauma (101/197, 51.3%). Predictors for early coagulopathy were young age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, P = .023), GCS

    MeSH terms: Adult; Child; Critical Care; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Glasgow Coma Scale
  13. Nesan D, Chan DJC
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2021;23(14):1519-1524.
    PMID: 33913777 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1915955
    One of the challenges of integrating phytoremediation into a waste treatment system is the sensitivity of plant species to fluctuations in environmental conditions and the difficulty in estimating subsequent changes to their rates of uptake. In this study, we examine a method using the exponential decay equation to approximate the median uptake rate (MUR) of nutrients for three aquatic macrophyte species, Salvinia molesta, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Lemna minor. These MUR values were then used to directly evaluate the phytoremediation performance between species and at varying levels of salinity stress. The results of this study indicate that an exponential decay relationship produced the most accurate models of the nutrient uptake profile for each species, with highest correlation values in 74.1% of tests for the three species at increasing salinity over a period of 14 d. S. polyrhiza and L. minor began to show significant reductions in nutrient uptake and growth at salinity concentration above 10 g/L. Using MUR, direct comparisons can be made between species in a time and mass-independent manner, allowing for the rapid assessment of phytoremediation performance under conditions of increasing salinity stress. Novelty statementIn this study, we propose the use of an exponential decay model and the use of median uptake rate (MUR) obtained from the model coefficients as a method for directly comparing species performance under different conditions. Subsequently, we show how the use of MUR values obtained from three species of aquatic macrophytes allows for the direct comparison of species performance under increasing salinity stress. The method proposed in this study would improve the ability for easy comparison between species performance under varying environmental conditions. Future works could further build on the parameters proposed in this study and optimize the performance of phytoremediation systems developed for nutrient-affected wastewater management. This study is especially beneficial to phytoremediation researchers and environmental engineers who are implementing or designing macrophyte phytoremediation systems.
    MeSH terms: Biodegradation, Environmental; Araceae*; Salinity; Waste Water
  14. Gendeh HS, Husain S
    Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2021 Jul;103(7):536-537.
    PMID: 33913780 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0009
    MeSH terms: Equipment Design; Humans; Larynx/surgery; Masks*; Nose/surgery
  15. Lehtimaki S, Martic J, Wahl B, Foster KT, Schwalbe N
    JMIR Ment Health, 2021 Apr 29;8(4):e25847.
    PMID: 33913817 DOI: 10.2196/25847
    BACKGROUND: An estimated 1 in 5 adolescents experience a mental health disorder each year; yet because of barriers to accessing and seeking care, most remain undiagnosed and untreated. Furthermore, the early emergence of psychopathology contributes to a lifelong course of challenges across a broad set of functional domains, so addressing this early in the life course is essential. With increasing digital connectivity, including in low- and middle-income countries, digital health technologies are considered promising for addressing mental health among adolescents and young people. In recent years, a growing number of digital health interventions, including more than 2 million web-based mental health apps, have been developed to address a range of mental health issues.

    OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on digital health interventions targeting adolescents and young people with mental health conditions, aged between 10-24 years, with a focus on effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and generalizability to low-resource settings (eg, low- and middle-income countries).

    METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases between January 2010 and June 2020 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on digital mental health interventions targeting adolescents and young people aged between 10-24 years. Two authors independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the reviews.

    RESULTS: In this systematic overview, we included 18 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We found evidence on the effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression, whereas the effectiveness of other digital mental health interventions remains inconclusive. Interventions with an in-person element with a professional, peer, or parent were associated with greater effectiveness, adherence, and lower dropout than fully automatized or self-administered interventions. Despite the proposed utility of digital interventions for increasing accessibility of treatment across settings, no study has reported sample-specific metrics of social context (eg, socioeconomic background) or focused on low-resource settings.

    CONCLUSIONS: Although digital interventions for mental health can be effective for both supplementing and supplanting traditional mental health treatment, only a small proportion of existing digital platforms are evidence based. Furthermore, their cost-effectiveness and effectiveness, including in low- and middle-income countries, have been understudied. Widespread adoption and scale-up of digital mental health interventions, especially in settings with limited resources for health, will require more rigorous and consistent demonstrations of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness vis-à-vis the type of service provided, target population, and the current standard of care.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Depression; Developing Countries; Humans; Mental Health; Parents; Psychopathology; Psychotherapy; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; MEDLINE; Benchmarking; Internet; Young Adult; Standard of Care
  16. Baloch ZA, Tan Q, Khan MZ, Alfakhri Y, Raza H
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Sep;28(35):48581-48594.
    PMID: 33914251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13663-6
    The demand for primary energy resources has increased significantly due to the rapid growth of the global economy and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, improving energy efficiency levels is essential for global energy, energy security, and environmental sustainability. In the context of the Asia-Pacific region, the study of energy efficiency among different countries can play a role in better energy utilization. These countries also provide a policy for the Asia-Pacific region to improve its energy utilization. This study's primary focus is to investigate the optimal efficiency score of 15 areas of the Asia-Pacific region, and the analysis is based on super-efficiency (radical) and super slacks-based measure (SBM) data in a nonparametric DEA model. Three areas in the Asia-Pacific are selected for energy efficiency measures: South Asia, East Asia, and Australasia. The results suggest that Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Singapore, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam obtain the most efficient score of 1 in both DEA models throughout the study period. Australia and Sri Lanka receive a low score during all study periods, while Hong Kong does not have data for all study years. The results of the study will help improve energy performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability, increasing the competitiveness and scalability of efficient energy sources.
    MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern; Conservation of Energy Resources*; Developing Countries*; Environmental Pollution; Philippines; Thailand
  17. Trukhin D, Poddubskaya E, Andric Z, Makharadze T, Bellala RS, Charoentum C, et al.
    BioDrugs, 2021 Jul;35(4):429-444.
    PMID: 33914256 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00483-w
    BACKGROUND: MB02 (bevacizumab biosimilar) showed similar structural, functional, and pharmacokinetic properties to reference bevacizumab (Avastin®; EU-bevacizumab).

    OBJECTIVES: To confirm clinical similarity between MB02 and EU-bevacizumab, a comparability study was undertaken in the first-line treatment of stage IIIB/IV non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multinational, double-blind, randomized, phase III study (STELLA) compared MB02 or EU-bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) administered with chemotherapy (paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC6) on Day 1 of every 3-week cycle for 6 cycles (Week 18), followed by MB02/EU-bevacizumab in blinded monotherapy until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, withdrawal of consent or end of study (Week 52). The primary efficacy endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) evaluated by an independent radiological review committee (IRC) at Week 18 (intent-to-treat population). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety and immunogenicity.

    RESULTS: A total of 627 subjects were randomized 1:1 to MB02 (n = 315) or EU-bevacizumab (n = 312). ORR, assessed by the IRC at Week 18, was comparable in MB02 (40.3%) and EU-bevacizumab (44.6%) groups. ORR risk ratio of 0.910 (90% CI 0.780 to 1.060; 95% CI 0.758 to 1.092) and ORR risk difference of -4.02 (90% CI -10.51 to 2.47; 95% CI -11.76 to 3.71) were within the similarity predefined margins. There were no significant differences between MB02 and EU-bevacizumab groups in median PFS (36.0 vs 37.3 weeks, respectively; HR 1.187; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.44) and median OS (not achieved; HR 1.108; 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.49) at the end of study. The safety profile of MB02 and EU-bevacizumab regarding nature, frequency and severity of the adverse events (AE) was comparable. The most frequent grade ≥3 investigational-product-related AEs were hypertension and anemia, with a difference between treatment groups of <5%. Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and neutralizing ADA (NAb) incidence were similar in both treatment groups.

    CONCLUSION: MB02 demonstrated similar efficacy to EU-bevacizumab, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, in subjects with advanced non-squamous NSCLC, with comparable safety and immunogenicity profiles.

    CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT No. 2017-001769-26; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03296163.

  18. Acuff SF, Pilatti A, Collins M, Hides L, Thingujam NS, Chai WJ, et al.
    PMID: 33914568 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000459
    Research has demonstrated that repeated engagement in low-effort behaviors that are associated with immediate reward, such as Internet use, can result in a pathological reinforcement process in which the behavior is increasingly selected over other activities due, in part, to a low availability of alternative activities and to a strong preference for immediate rather than delayed rewards (delay discounting). However, this reinforcer pathology model has not been generalized to other Internet-related behaviors, such as online gaming or smartphone use. Given the widespread availability of these technologies, it is also important to examine whether reinforcer pathology of Internet-related behaviors is culturally universal or culture-specific. The current study examines relations between behavioral economic constructs (Internet demand, delay discounting, and alternative reinforcement) and Internet-related addictive behaviors (harmful Internet use, smartphone use, online gaming, and Internet sexual behavior) in a cross-sectional sample of college students (N = 1,406) from six different countries (Argentina, Australia, India, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Using structural equation modeling, Internet demand was associated with harmful Internet use, smartphone use, and online gaming; delay discounting was associated with harmful smartphone use; and alternative reinforcement was associated with harmful Internet and smartphone use. The models were partially invariant across countries. However, mean levels of behavioral economic variables differed across countries, country-level gross domestic product, person-level income, and sex at birth. Results support behavioral economic theory and highlight the importance of considering both individual and country-level sociocultural contextual factors in models for understanding harmful engagement with Internet-related behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
  19. Wills C, Wang B, Fang S, Wang Y, Jin Y, Lutz J, et al.
    PLoS Comput Biol, 2021 Apr;17(4):e1008853.
    PMID: 33914731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008853
    When Darwin visited the Galapagos archipelago, he observed that, in spite of the islands' physical similarity, members of species that had dispersed to them recently were beginning to diverge from each other. He postulated that these divergences must have resulted primarily from interactions with sets of other species that had also diverged across these otherwise similar islands. By extrapolation, if Darwin is correct, such complex interactions must be driving species divergences across all ecosystems. However, many current general ecological theories that predict observed distributions of species in ecosystems do not take the details of between-species interactions into account. Here we quantify, in sixteen forest diversity plots (FDPs) worldwide, highly significant negative density-dependent (NDD) components of both conspecific and heterospecific between-tree interactions that affect the trees' distributions, growth, recruitment, and mortality. These interactions decline smoothly in significance with increasing physical distance between trees. They also tend to decline in significance with increasing phylogenetic distance between the trees, but each FDP exhibits its own unique pattern of exceptions to this overall decline. Unique patterns of between-species interactions in ecosystems, of the general type that Darwin postulated, are likely to have contributed to the exceptions. We test the power of our null-model method by using a deliberately modified data set, and show that the method easily identifies the modifications. We examine how some of the exceptions, at the Wind River (USA) FDP, reveal new details of a known allelopathic effect of one of the Wind River gymnosperm species. Finally, we explore how similar analyses can be used to investigate details of many types of interactions in these complex ecosystems, and can provide clues to the evolution of these interactions.
    MeSH terms: Biological Evolution*; Models, Biological; Phylogeny; Trees*; Cluster Analysis; Ecological and Environmental Phenomena; Forests*
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