Browse publications by year: 2024

  1. Cai K, Du J, Yan L, Luan Z, He Y, Shen J, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Nov;370:122909.
    PMID: 39405840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122909
    Given the research situation of toxic metals (TMs) pollution in farmland soil, it is very critical to study the clay influence on TMs environmental behavior to meet the aim of lowering TMs pollution. This research explores the association among clay minerals and TMs and the health risks in TMs combined polluted farmland of northern China. In this study, agricultural soil, wheat grain, and atmospheric sediments from nonferrous metal smelting (NMS) areas were collected and investigated to determine the effect of clay minerals on TMs. The results show that the content ranges of Cd (0.199 mg/kg ∼1.98 × 102 mg/kg), Pb (0.228 × 102 mg/kg ∼ 4.87 × 103 mg/kg), Cu (0.187 × 102 mg/kg ∼ 4.57 × 103 mg/kg), and Zn (0.559 × 102 mg/kg ∼ 3.04 × 103 mg/kg) in the agricultural soil. In particular, Cd has reached heavy pollution by the high pollution index (6.74). The findings indicate that Cd and Pb in wheat grain were influenced by their exchangeable fractions in soil, according to a significant relationship between Cd and Pb in soil and wheat grain. XRD-SEM suggests that TMs come from atmospheric sediments associated with NMS emissions by microsphere signatures with surface burn marks. Meanwhile, Geographical detector indicated that clay was the primary contributor to spatial distribution of Cd and Pb. In addition, XRD results showed that I/S (a mixed layer of illite and smectite), illite, chlorite, and kaolinite co-existed. Whereas the clay minerals with this ratio did not demonstrate better adsorption capacities for Cd and Pb due to the Cd percentage of the residual fraction being less than 9%. The result of negative correlation between exchangeable Cd and clay minerals implies that illite, chlorite, and kaolinite may preferentially adsorb Cd and Pb. It is similar to the relationship between Cd and Pb in wheat grain and illite, chlorite, and kaolinite. In addition, the health assessment result show that the negative correlation between clay minerals and the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) and indicate that clay minerals could reduce the noncarcinogenic risk of Pb and Cd for children. Our findings provide a potential mechanism and application of clay minerals for the remediation of soil contaminated with TMs.
    MeSH terms: Aluminum Silicates/chemistry; China; Metallurgy; Metals/analysis; Minerals/analysis; Minerals/chemistry; Metals, Heavy/analysis; Metals, Heavy/toxicity
  2. Kakar SK, Ali J, Wang J, Wu X, Arshed N, Le Hien TT, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Nov;370:122970.
    PMID: 39426172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122970
    PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate how industrialization, financial development, electricity consumption, trade openness, and green FinTech affect on carbon emissions asymmetrically in Asian countries.

    DESIGN: Method/Approach: The study examined 29 years of panel data from 39 Asian countries from 1995 to 2022, sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The study constructs a green financial technology index using principal component analysis (PCA). The study utilizes an Asymmetric Panel Quantile Autoregressive Distributive Lag (A-QARDL) model with pooled mean group (PMG) specifications to explore effects that exhibit cross-sectional homogeneous in the long-run, but heterogeneous in the short-run effects.

    FINDINGS: Industrialization and financial development have a strongly asymmetric impact on carbon emissions. Industrialization causes an increase in carbon emissions at various quantiles, while green FinTech plays a crucial role in mitigating these carbon emissions. Trade openness and domestic credit to the private sector also help reduce carbon emissions.

    RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The study emphasizes the significance of employing green FinTech techniques and using renewable energy sources to meet sustainable industrialization and sustainability goals in Asian countries. The policy consequences include promoting environmentally friendly industrial practices, encouraging green financial investments, and boosting government financing for private sector research and development to mitigate carbon emissions.

    ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The study employs robust modeling to analyze the role of green FinTech to enhance industrial sustainability. Both Industrialization and deindustrialization have an impact on economic emissions, and the potential of green FinTech's to promote sustainability contributes to the environment protection strategy.

    MeSH terms: Industrial Development*; Asia; Carbon*; Electricity*
  3. M H Subari IAA, Mutthumanickam G, Hj Jikal M, Shah MD, Tan JK, Tan YS, et al.
    Toxicon, 2024 Nov 28;251:108133.
    PMID: 39426425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108133
    In Malaysia, mushroom poisoning poses a significant public health concern, particularly as local communities frequently consume wild mushrooms without fully recognizing the potential dangers they present. Ingestion of wild mushrooms, which resemble edible species but contain deadly chemicals, is the main cause of poisoning risk. The genus Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm is dispersed worldwide, with over 1500 species recorded. Entoloma mastoideum, a poisonous mushroom, was recorded for the first time at Kota Marudu district, Sabah, Malaysia, where ten cases of mushroom poisoning outbreaks were recorded during the rainy season of October 2019. The morphological characters of the specimens were documented and their microscopic features were analyzed using compound microscope and scanning electron microscope. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Chemical profiling of the poisonous mushroom specimen was done via liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify toxic metabolites. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Bornean E. mastoideum is closely related to the Chinese isolates (100% BS/1.0 PP). LC-MS/MS profiling detected a total of 162 metabolites that were classified into ten general groups, where several toxic compounds were detected amongst the aromatics, essential amino acids, and fatty acid derivatives. The toxic compounds identified in the mushroom extract, including amino acid derivatives such as 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyynorleucine, valpromide, and betaine, have been reported to cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, liver damage, and gastrointestinal harm. The presence of these toxic compounds underscores the need for caution when consuming wild mushrooms. Further research on poisonous Entoloma species is vital for developing accurate identification methods and understanding their toxic potential. This knowledge is essential for enhancing public awareness, preventing mushroom poisoning incidents and safeguarding public health.
    MeSH terms: Agaricales/chemistry; Basidiomycota/genetics; Basidiomycota/chemistry; Borneo; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Malaysia; Mushroom Poisoning*; Mycotoxins/analysis; Phylogeny*; Tandem Mass Spectrometry*
  4. Seevanathan Y, Zawawi N, Salleh AB, Oslan SN, Ashaari NS, Amir Hamzah AS, et al.
    Carbohydr Res, 2024 Nov;545:109293.
    PMID: 39437465 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109293
    The increasing concern over sugar-related health issues has sparked research interest in seeking alternatives to sucrose. Trehalulose, a beneficial structural isomer of sucrose, is a non-cariogenic sugar with a low glycemic and insulinemic index. Besides its potential as a sugar substitute, trehalulose exhibits high antioxidant properties, making it attractive for various industrial applications. Despite its numerous advantages and potential application in various sectors, the industrial adoption of trehalulose has yet to be established due to lack of studies on its characteristics and practical uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the properties of trehalulose, emphasizing its health benefits. The industrial prospects of trehalulose as sweetener and reducing agent, particularly in food and beverages pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical sectors, are explored. Additionally, the review delves into the sources of trehalulose and the diverse organisms capable of producing trehalulose. The biosynthesis of this sugar primarily involves an enzyme-mediated process. Thus, these enzymes' properties, mechanisms, and the heterologous expression of genes associated with trehalulose production are explored. The strategies discussed in this review can be improved and applied to establish trehalulose bio-factories for efficient synthesis of trehalulose in the future. With further research and development, trehalulose holds promise as a valuable component across various industries.
    MeSH terms: Humans; Sweetening Agents/metabolism; Sweetening Agents/chemistry
  5. Prabhu D, Shankari G, Rajamanikandan S, Jeyakanthan J, Velusamy P, Gopinath SCB, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Nov;281(Pt 1):136976.
    PMID: 39490491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136976
    Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes urinary tract infections, ocular lens infections, and respiratory tract infections. S. marcescens employs various defense mechanisms to evade antibiotics, one of which is mediated by aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase (AAC). In this mechanism, the enzyme AAC facilitates the transfer and linkage of the acetyl moiety from the donor substrate acetyl-coenzyme A to specific positions on antibiotics. This modification alters the antibiotic's structure, leading to the inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In the current scenario, antibiotic resistance has become a global threat, and targeting the enzymes that mediate resistance is considered crucial to combat this issue. The study aimed to address the increasing global threat of antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens by targeting the aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase (AAC (6')) enzyme, which inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation. Due to the absence of experimental structure, we constructed a homology model of aminoglycoside N (6')-acetyltransferase (AAC (6')) of S. marcescens using the atomic structure of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase AAC (6')-Ib (PDB ID: 1V0C) as a template. The stable architecture and integrity of the modelled AAC (6') structure were analyzed through a 100 ns simulation. Structure-guided high-throughput screening of four small molecule databases (Binding, Life Chemicals, Zinc, and Toslab) resulted in the identification of potent inhibitors against AAC (6'). The hits obtained from screening were manually clustered, and the five hit molecules were shortlisted based on the docking score, which are observed in the range of -17.09 kcal/mol to -11.95 kcal/mol. These selected five molecules displayed acceptable pharmacological properties in ADME predictions. The binding free energy calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations of ligand bound AAC (6') complexes represented higher affinity and stable binding. The selected molecules demonstrated stable binding with AAC (6'), indicating their strong potential to hamper the binding of aminoglycoside in the respective site. and thereby inhibit. This process mitigates enzyme mediated AAC (6') activity on aminoglycosides and reverse the bactericidal function of aminoglycosides, and also this method could serve as a platform for the development of potential antimicrobials.
    MeSH terms: Aminoglycosides/metabolism; Aminoglycosides/pharmacology; Aminoglycosides/chemistry; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry; Drug Design; Drug Discovery; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Docking Simulation*
  6. Samsudin MF, Lim YC, Rochmah TN, Dahlui M
    BMC Health Serv Res, 2024 Nov 16;24(1):1414.
    PMID: 39548435 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11768-5
    BACKGROUND: The government has rapidly promoted the privatisation of healthcare to improve systemic performance, based on the theory that markets improve efficiency. This study aims to measure the efficiency of private hospitals following their expansion and venture into the medical tourism industry through extensive governmental support.

    METHODS: Inpatient utilisation of 101 private, non-specialised hospitals in Malaysia in 2014 and 2018 from the Health Informatics Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia database was studied using paired samples t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Pabón-Lasso model.

    RESULTS: Better quantitative performance was found among larger hospitals, those with hospital accreditation, and those participating in medical tourism activities. There is a scale effect of efficiency between smaller and larger hospitals. However, when compared within respective size categories, Category 1 (small hospitals with less than 100 beds) has the highest percentage of efficient hospitals (39.3 per cent in 2014 and 35.7 per cent in 2018 in Sector 3 of the Pabón Lasso graphs).

    CONCLUSION: This study has found that a higher bed occupancy rate (BOR) and longer average length of stay (ALoS) are associated with larger private hospitals, hospital accreditation, and participation in medical tourism activities in Malaysia. There is a need to expedite strategic hospitals partnership for resource optimisation and capacity pooling towards producing better performance.

    MeSH terms: Accreditation; Bed Occupancy/statistics & numerical data; Humans; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data; Malaysia; Privatization; Hospitals, Private*; Efficiency, Organizational
  7. Mazlan R, Dar HM
    BMC Pediatr, 2024 Nov 15;24(1):740.
    PMID: 39548470 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-05230-y
    BACKGROUND: Childhood hearing loss poses a significant public health challenge in Pakistan, with prevalence rates over double the global average. Parental knowledge and attitudes play a crucial role in timely detection and intervention. However, limited research explores this issue within the Pakistani context. This study aimed to examine parental knowledge and attitudes regarding childhood hearing loss in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and identify key demographic factors influencing parental perspectives.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Rawalpindi, Pakistan from March 1 to August 31, 2023. A total of 150 parents (79 fathers and 71 mothers) of children aged 0-12 years were recruited through convenience sampling at public locations such as schools, malls, and hospitals. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the validated "Parental Knowledge and Attitudes towards Childhood Hearing Loss Questionnaire," administered by a graduate student to assess parental knowledge and attitudes about childhood hearing loss. Descriptive statistics determined the percentage of correct responses and knowledge/attitudes scores. Chi-square tests explored associations between demographic factors and parental perspectives.

    RESULTS: Overall, 67.3% of parents demonstrated good knowledge of childhood hearing loss. Notably, parents scored high on recognizing congenital causes (79.3%) but displayed low awareness of measles as a risk factor (29.3%). Significant gender disparities emerged in parental knowledge, with mothers exhibiting superior knowledge compared to fathers regarding newborn screening (63.4% vs. 46.8%), treatment availability (81.7% vs. 64.6%), and educational inclusion for children with hearing impairment (57.7% vs. 38.0%). Despite these knowledge gaps, parents generally held positive attitudes towards childhood hearing loss, with an average score of 94.7%. Gender and educational level significantly influence knowledge and attitudes.

    CONCLUSIONS: Although parents in Rawalpindi generally have a good understanding and positive attitudes towards childhood hearing loss, gaps in knowledge about preventable causes and gender disparities need attention. Providing tailored counselling for higher-risk, less educated groups and expanding policies for paediatric audiology services nationwide can help address these issues.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*; Male; Pakistan; Young Adult
  8. Lushchekina S, Weiner L, Ashani Y, Emrizal R, Firdaus-Raih M, Silman I, et al.
    Protein Sci, 2024 Dec;33(12):e5206.
    PMID: 39548604 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5206
    We earlier showed that Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains a cluster of four conserved aspartates that can strongly bind divalent cations, which we named the 4D motif. Binding of the divalent metal cations greatly increases its thermal stability. Here we systematically examined all available crystallographic structures of T. californica AChE. Two additional metal-binding sites were identified, both composed of acidic and histidine residues. Relative binding to the 4D and additional sites was studied using metadynamics simulations. It was observed that in crystal structures devoid of metal ions in the 4D site, the conformation of T. californica AChE is almost identical to that in structures in which it is occupied by a divalent metal ion. Closer examination of the 4D motif reveals that three of the four acidic residues form ion pairs with conserved basic residues surrounding them. We named this new motif the 4A/3B motif. Molecular dynamics with quantum potential simulations was used to quantify the 4D motif's binding strength compared with that of the metal-binding site in the protein fXIIIa, which consists of four aspartates, but is devoid of adjacent cationic residues. Whereas fXIIIa's 4D site, in the absence of a metal cation, expanded significantly in the simulation, that of Torpedo AChE displayed only minor periodic changes in size. Furthermore, the energy of metal ion unbinding from the two sites differs by ca. 10 kcal/mol. We identified several other proteins in the PDB that contain the 4A/3B motif, whose conformations are identical in the presence or absence of a metal ion. An animated Interactive 3D Complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at https://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:Protein_Science:4.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Binding Sites; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Torpedo; Crystallography, X-Ray; Amino Acid Motifs*; Molecular Dynamics Simulation*
  9. Kamaraj S, Firdaus ML, Norfarahdina R, Muizz AMA, Ranga ARA, Henry TD, et al.
    PMID: 39548661 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.31290
    BACKGROUND: Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI) is the preferred treatment for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients in both PCI centers and those transferred from non-PCI centers, provided it can be performed in a timely manner. The challenges in transferring patients from non-PCI centers include not only potential delays beyond 120 min but also the risk of overwhelming the resources at the PPCI hospital. We report a novel strategy implemented within the Serdang STEMI Network involving immediate transfer of patients back to the originating hospitals within 2 h post procedure.

    AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes and practicality of immediately transferring stable STEMI patients back to their originating hospitals within 2 h postprimary PCI, within the Serdang STEMI Network. Specifically, it seeks to assess the in-hospital mortality rate and 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) among these patients to determine the safety and feasibility of this novel early transfer strategy.

    METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 1374 STEMI patients participating in the Serdang STEMI network from May 2015 to December 2022, including 570 patients admitted directly to Hospital Sultan Idris Shah, Serdang (HSIS) and 804 transferred from non-PCI centers.

    RESULTS: Of the 804 transferred patients, 415 (52%) were transferred back to referring hospitals within 2 h of PPCI. These patients met specific criteria including hemodynamic stability, absence of procedural complications, and fit for transfer at the discretion of the attending cardiologist. The primary outcomes measured were in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates, as well as major adverse cardiac events (MACE). MACE was defined as a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or repeat revascularization. In the early return group, there was no in-hospital or 30-day mortality. No patient required repeat revascularization or readmission within 30 days.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that carefully selected patients can be safely returned to their originating hospitals very early following successful PPCI. These findings have important implications for large regional STEMI networks worldwide, particularly in areas where PPCI centers may have limited resources to handle high STEMI volumes.

  10. Balinu CP, Diam S, Chua TH
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):230-240.
    PMID: 39548775 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.001
    Numerous human diseases, including those caused by viruses like Nipah virus and SARS-CoV, can be traced back to bats as their origin. Malaysia, notably Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo Island, is home to a rich diversity of bats that serve as hosts for various viruses. This comprehensive review represents the inaugural exploration of viruses found in Malaysian bats, as documented in scientific journals. It also encompasses documented instances of bat virus-related disease outbreaks in Malaysia up to the present day, along with an analysis of the risk factors associated with virus spillover events. Furthermore, this review offers insights into prospective research areas of significance and suggests potential mitigation strategies.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Disease Reservoirs/virology; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Virus Diseases/epidemiology; Virus Diseases/veterinary; Virus Diseases/virology; Viruses/classification; Viruses/isolation & purification
  11. Ang WX, Tan SH, Wong KT, Perera D, Kuppusamy UR, Ong KC
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):241-250.
    PMID: 39548776 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.002
    Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), a highly contagious viral disease common among infants and young children, is primarily caused by Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Nonetheless, emerging enteroviruses, such as CV-A10 and CV-A6, have also caused widespread outbreaks globally, in part due to the absence of effective antiviral therapies, and the high personto-person transmission rate. Person-to-person transmission is usually through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes, and sometimes via droplets. As the oral cavity is a primary site for early virus infection and replication, controlling oral viral shedding can mitigate the risk of transmission through this route. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), a widely used antiseptic, has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties but antiviral studies against HFMD-causing enteroviruses are limited, especially for CV-A10 and CVA6. Our study demonstrated that a 1% PVP-I solution (final concentration of 0.5%) exhibited virucidal activity against EV-A71, CV-A16, CV-A10, and CV-A6. All seven EV-A71 isolates and five CV-A16 isolates showed a significant virus titer reduction after a 1-minute incubation, while five CV-A10 isolates and two CV-A6 isolates required a 5-minute incubation to achieve this. The virucidal activity was confirmed through the EN14476:2013+A2:2019 virucidal quantitative suspension test, wherein all four viruses were completely inactivated after a 30-minute incubation with PVP-I at 37°C under both clean and dirty conditions. Western blot analysis suggested that PVP-I could affect the VP1 structural proteins of EV-A71. Our results suggest that PVP-I could serve as a potential virucidal agent to reduce the risk of person-to-person transmission of HFMD.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology; Humans; Vero Cells; Enterovirus A, Human/drug effects
  12. Izwan-Anas N, Ya'cob Z, Low VL, Lourdes EY, Teoh BT, Mansor MS, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):251-256.
    PMID: 39548777 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.003
    Simulium asakoae Takaoka and Davies has been confirmed to bite humans and has been incriminated as a vector of blood protozoan parasites of the genera Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma, as well as an unknown filarial parasite in Thailand. However, its attraction to humans has remained uninvestigated in Malaysia. Recently, 27 black flies were collected in Pahang, Malaysia, of which 25 were captured in CO2-baited Malaise traps and two were collected from humans during trapping activity. All specimens were morphologically identified as S. asakoae. Cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of the two specimens caught on humans showed 100% similarity with those of S. asakoae in the NCBI GenBank, confirming their morphological identity. Blood-meal analysis using a HAL·HARTM kit did not show the presence of domestic or wild animal DNA. However, human DNA was amplified from one engorged fly in the cytochrome b gene amplification assay, providing the first evidence of blood-feeding by S. asakoae in Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Cytochromes b/genetics
  13. Sayuti NASA, Ibrahim FW, Jufri NF, Masre SF, Abdullah AHA, Raub SHA, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):257-263.
    PMID: 39548778 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.004
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a critical disease that predominantly affects the lungs. This disease remains a global health threat. Currently, the incidence of TB is estimated to be 92 cases in every 100 000 population. However, latent TB infection (LTBI) cases among Malaysians are another great health concern that requires immediate steps to be taken to detect, diagnose, and treat LTBI as one of the key strategies to end TB. Although individuals with LTBI are unlikely to infect others, the threat of infection is still imminent as these individuals can potentially develop into active TB cases. As such, this study aims to identify the prevalence of LTBI among asymptomatic individuals that underwent QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus test from a private laboratory in Malaysia to determine the association between the risk factors and the detected LTBI cases. A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the archive records of 3 877 samples from January 2021 to March 2022. The cases underwent QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus tests for LTBI at Premier Integrated Labs. This study underlines that those who were LTBI positive had a prevalence of 638/3 877 (16.46%) with males contributing to 343/638 cases (53.76%). Furthermore, the majority of the positive cases were between the age of 30-43 years old with 197/638 (30.88%), and Chinese ethnicity with 225/638 (35.27%). The risk factors significantly associated with LTBI cases were age (p = 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.001). The prevalence of LTBI determined through this study is considered remarkably low for an intermediate TB burden country. Although LTBI is not contagious, specific clinical and preventative considerations are needed for the diagnosis, treatment, and implementation of appropriate safety measures to curb the spread of TB in Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Prevalence; Young Adult; Interferon-gamma Release Tests
  14. Boonsuya A, Arunsan P, Pechdee P, La N, Thanchonnang C, Rattanapitoon NK, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):264-270.
    PMID: 39548779 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.005
    Liver fluke infection, particularly Opisthorchis viverrini, poses a significant public health risk in Thailand, where it is closely associated with cholangiocarcinoma and contributes to substantial mortality in the northeastern region. Diagnosis of this condition employs various parasitological approaches. This research aims to compare the diagnostic accuracy of three parasitological techniques: the Kato Katz technique (KKT), the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT), and the Fully Automatic Feces Analyzer (FAFA) for O. viverrini identification. A total of 455 fecal specimens were collected from rural areas across five provinces in northeastern Thailand. The specimens were processed according to each method and examined through microscopy for KKT and FECT, and by utilizing an artificial intelligence-based machine for FAFA. Data analysis was conducted to assess parasitic infection rates and observe diagnostic accuracy. The results revealed a parasitic infection rate of 19.34%, with the majority of infections attributed to O. viverrini (18.02%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (0.88%). FECT exhibited the highest positive detection of O. viverrini eggs (16.48%), followed by FAFA (10.55%), and KKT (8.57%), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated sensitivity and specificity values for O. viverrini detection by KKT (100% and 89.21%), FECT (98.67% and 97.63%), and FAFA (97.92% and 91.15%). The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and kappa were reported for FECT (89.16%, 99.73%, 0.92), FAFA (56.63%, 99.73%, 0.67), and KKT (45.78%, 100%, 0.58). Additionally, the preparation time for KKT, FECT, and FAFA was 30, 15, and 10 min, respectively. In conclusion, this study highlights FECT, KKT, and FAFA as comparably sensitive in diagnosing O. viverrini. The FAFA machine emerges as a potentially valuable tool for detecting O. viverrini and other parasitic infections, showcasing promise for clinical use. The findings provide valuable insights into the diagnostic landscape and underscore the potential of FAFA in enhancing efficiency and accuracy in parasitological assessments.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parasite Egg Count/methods; Sensitivity and Specificity*; Thailand; Young Adult
  15. Muslim A, Mohd Rustam FR, Mohd Khalid MS, Sahlan N
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):271-275.
    PMID: 39548780 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.006
    Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. While the infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, it can progress to cerebral toxoplasmosis, especially in those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or weakened immune systems. In this communication, we present a case of a newly diagnosed HIV infection patient who presented with neurological symptoms. The patient was later diagnosed with probable cerebral toxoplasmosis. The case depicts the severe consequences of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients, highlighting the urgent need to identify those at high risk of contracting the disease and the importance of prophylactic treatment. This requires the necessity for early HIV diagnosis and close monitoring of HIV-positive patients.
    MeSH terms: Humans; Malaysia; Immunocompromised Host
  16. Lee HY, Khoo HY, Yap PC, Mansor SM, Abdul Majid MA
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):276-282.
    PMID: 39548781 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.007
    The indigenous community in Malaysia also known as Orang Asli have preserved their unique cultural identity in the face of rapid national development and modernization efforts. Over the years, poverty alleviation has become a central pillar of Malaysia development. In this review, seroprevalence report from the Orang Asli and their health status about neglected tropical diseases were collated and analyzed. The review will show the potential areas of research for future development. Specifically, the review will cover a 12-year period preceding the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, offering critical insights into the community health landscape. In depth discussion on the unique impact of the pandemic covering healthcare access, socioeconomic dynamics and community resilience. Analysis revealed the burden of parasitism is high in the community and the sustainability of certain basic access such as clean water and education remains a challenge. Different approaches to improve future intervention strategies were also discussed. The review can contribute to essential knowledge for policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers interested in enhancing the well-being of the Orang Asli community.
    MeSH terms: Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Seroepidemiologic Studies
  17. Sabri N, Kamaldin J, Sivanathan M, Rasli R
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):283-289.
    PMID: 39548782 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.008
    The study has generated visible aerosols with the diameter of 11 to 35 µm from the kenaf cellulose nanofiber (KCNF) impregnated with the temephos (KCNF+T) in water suspension. The study aimed to determine whether the KCNF+T aerosols are capable to elicit neurotoxicity in the adult mosquitoes via the respiratory exposure route by observing their behavioural response and measuring its body acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. Adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were assigned to one negative control group and three treatment groups namely, distilled water (vehicle control), KCNF and KCNF+T. The study adopted the MS1911 whereby the aerosols generated are released into the insecticide bioassay glass chamber (IBGC) separately to achieve four different aerosols concentrations of 6.4 ml/m3, 12.8 ml/m3, 19.2 ml/m3, and 25.6 ml/m3. Then the 20 sugar-fed mosquitoes were released free-flying into each IBGC to observe its behavioural response (knockdown) at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes intervals and 24th hour mortality. Results showed that only mosquitoes exposed to KCNF+T aerosols exhibited persistent knockdown. There was significant difference (p< 0.05) between observation intervals with the cumulative knockdown of 84.8%, 92.8%, 99.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0% compared with the KCNF aerosols. Further, it was distinctive that only KCNF+T is capable to cause the female mosquitoes moribund/mortality at the 24th hour with 90% at the lowest aerosol concentration of 6.4 ml/m3. The neuroenzyme assay on the mosquito that died from the KCNF+T exposure verified to have reduced AChE enzyme activity. The behavioural response and reduction of the AChE activity strongly suggests the temephos from the KCNF+T aerosols has been released into the mosquito body causing the neurotoxicity but KCNF alone is not neurotoxic.
    MeSH terms: Temefos*; Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism; Aerosols*; Animals; Female; Insecticides*; Mosquito Control/methods
  18. Li N, Tian W, Sun L, Yan H, Hasi S
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):290-297.
    PMID: 39548783 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.009
    This study explored the transcriptome differences in Fasciola hepatica at different developmental stages and identified functional genes related to growth and development during juvenile stages. DNBSEQ eukaryotic strand-specific transcriptome resequencing technology was used to sequence the transcriptomes of Fasciola hepatica eggs, juveniles, and adults. Additionally, the genes that were highly expressed during the juvenile stage were validated using qRT-PCR. The Q20 values of all three phases of sequencing were above 98%, and the Q30 values were above 94%. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons were analyzed by GO functional classification and the KEGG pathway database. Many immune-, growth-, and development-related pathways were found, which might be related to cell proliferation, development, and host immune evasion by Fasciola hepatica. In addition, five DEGs with high expression levels during the juvenile stage were identified: Cathepsin B, Glutathione S-transferase mu, heat shock protein 67B2, Kunitz-CH, and Legumain. Validation analyses revealed that these genes play key roles in maintaining normal growth, development, and immunological processes in liver Fasciola hepatica. RNA-seq was used to analyze the biological characteristics of the DEGs at different developmental stages concerning GO functional classification and KEGG metabolic pathways. Five DEGs with high expression during the juvenile stage were identified. These genes are related to the growth, development, and immune function of Fasciola hepatica, which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research on the proteomics of Fasciola hepatica and the screening of candidate genes for early diagnosis.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Gene Expression Profiling; Transcriptome*
  19. Woh PY, Ng C
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):298-309.
    PMID: 39548784 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.010
    Rice is often associated with Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) food poisoning. This review aims to explore the food poisoning activity, antimicrobial resistance, and control measures of B. cereus in rice from 1974 to October 2023. We searched for eligible studies from the PubMed database based on explicit criteria following the PRISMA checklist. A total of 117 articles were collected, and the final analysis included 29 studies. Quality appraisal was performed using AMSTAR 2, SANRA 2, and Critical Appraisal Tool standards. B. cereus can grow and multiply in food to cause emetic vomiting or diarrheal syndrome. The primary etiology of B. cereus contamination is improper food handling and storage temperature during the cooking, cooling, and reheating stages of rice. The alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance in B. cereus to beta-lactam antibiotics necessitates alternatives from natural antimicrobial preservatives such as carvacrol, chitosan, or trans-cinnamaldehyde to prevent microbial infestation and toxin production. Implementing food safety strategies tailored to specific food settings, such as restaurants and factorymanufactured ready-to-eat rice, is critical for preventing food contamination by B. cereus. Given the heat-resistant spores and intoxication properties of B. cereus, it is important to develop effective interventions and hygienic protocols from farm to fork.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Humans; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
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