Browse publications by year: 2025

  1. Joseph S, Nallaswamy D, Rajeshkumar S, Dathan PC, Rasheed N, Tharani M, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):52-58.
    PMID: 39773943
    INTRODUCTION: Green tea is a medicinal beverage extracted from the plant Camellia sinensis. Antioxidants that exist naturally can be extracted as pure compounds from their parent materials for nutraceutical and medicinal applications. The present study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of Zinc oxide-titanium dioxide nano-composites (ZnO-TiO2 NCs) containing green tea extract.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antioxidant activity was tested by Hydrogen Peroxide [H2O2] assay, Fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching [FRAP] assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl[DPPH] assay. All tests have shown very good results for the ZnO-TiO2 NCs.

    RESULTS: In this study, we present a straightforward, ecofriendly alternative for producing non-toxic zinc oxide and titanium oxide nano-composite material. This study could make a valuable contribution and create new opportunities in the market such as biological and pharmaceutical applications.

    CONCLUSION: The in vitro tests concluded that the novel nanocomposite containing ZnO-TiO2 and green tea extract has good anti-oxidant properties and it is non-toxic to the biological systems.

    MeSH terms: In Vitro Techniques
  2. Shyam Sudhakar S
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):59-64.
    PMID: 39773944
    INTRODUCTION: Vertigo and dizziness are symptoms of various underlying conditions, ranging from benign to severe, affecting up to 40% of adults. Understanding the etiological factors and demographic characteristics associated with these symptoms is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and management. This study aims to identify the etiological factors contributing to vertigo and dizziness in a clinical setting and assess the effectiveness of treatment strategies.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted at Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from September 2022 to March 2024. We included patients presenting with vertigo or dizziness, excluding those with non-vestibular dizziness or incomplete medical records. We analysed demographic data, medical history, and clinical findings from patient records. Data analysis was performed. Continuous variables were compared using independent sample t-tests and categorical variables using chi-square tests.

    RESULTS: The study included 268 patients, predominantly females (57.8%) and individuals aged 40-50 years (29.9%). Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) was the most common etiological factor (41.0%), followed by orthostatic dysregulation (17.2%) and vestibular peripheral dysfunction (VPD) (16.0%). Clinical presentations and outcomes varied with the underlying etiology. Overall, 91.0% of the patients showed improvement following treatment, with 7.1% achieving full recovery.

    CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complexity of vertigo and dizziness, which are influenced by various factors and demographics. This emphasizes the importance of tailored management strategies and a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach, emphasizing customized treatments to improve patient outcomes.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; India/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult; Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo/etiology; Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo/therapy
  3. Navin U, Varshini C, Lal DV, Vaanmathi AS
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):65-68.
    PMID: 39773945
    INTRODUCTION: Neonatal circulatory shock poses a significant challenge in intensive care settings and necessitates early recognition and intervention to prevent adverse outcomes. The perfusion index (PI), derived from pulse oximetry signals, is a potential adjunct tool for assessing peripheral perfusion and predicting shock in neonates. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the correlation between PI and circulatory shock in neonates with the goal of establishing PI as an objective parameter for early shock identification.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Saveetha Medical College Hospital, India, in 2023, between January and June. This study enrolled 100 neonates who underwent hemodynamic monitoring over 48-72 hours. Hemodynamic parameters including heart rate, blood pressure, and PI were systematically recorded. Statistical and Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to assess the relationship between PI and shock.

    RESULTS: Neonates experiencing shock exhibited significantly lower PI values than those without (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis identified a PI threshold of 0.7 for predicting shock, demonstrating a high sensitivity (92.5%) and specificity (94.78%). Additionally, a significant association was observed between PI and serum lactate level (p < 0.05), underscoring the utility of PI as a predictor of shock severity.

    CONCLUSION: The study suggests that a PI < 0.7 may serve as an indicator of circulatory shock in neonates, offers good sensitivity and specificity. The PI, along with clinical parameters and serum lactate levels, is a valuable tool for early shock identification in neonatal intensive care. Further research, including multicenter studies, are warranted to validate these findings.

    MeSH terms: Female; Hemodynamics/physiology; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Male; Oximetry; Prospective Studies; ROC Curve
  4. Jayasree A, Rajeshkumar S
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):69-76.
    PMID: 39773946
    INTRODUCTION: Quorum sensing (QS) enables bacteria to coordinate colony-wide activities, including those associated with infections. Quorum quenching (QQ) inhibits QS and is a promising method for controlling bacterial infections. Several In vitro experiments have been conducted to identify nanoparticles (NPs) as potential quorum quenching inhibitors. This review examines the potential of nanoparticles for quorum quenching, focusing on the QS-regulated pathogenicity of wound pathogens.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational studies were conducted to explore the capacity of nanoparticles to quorum quench wound pathogens.

    RESULTS: A review of observational studies indicated that nanoparticles exhibit significant quorum-quenching capabilities against wound pathogens. Numerous nanoparticles, including silver, gold, and zinc oxide, have been demonstrated to inhibit QS-regulated activities, thereby reducing bacterial virulence and biofilm formation. These results suggest that nanoparticles could serve as potent agents for mitigating bacterial infections and enhancing wound healing.

    CONCLUSION: Nanoparticles show considerable potential as quorum-quenching agents, effectively decreasing bacterial virulence and biofilm formation in wound pathogens. These results indicate promising applications of nanoparticles in managing bacterial infections and improving wound healing.

    MeSH terms: Bacterial Infections/drug therapy; Bacterial Infections/microbiology; Humans; Wound Healing/drug effects; Wound Infection/drug therapy; Wound Infection/microbiology; Biofilms/drug effects; Nanoparticles*
  5. Govindarajan MK, Durai B, Sundar VS, Uppupettai Ganeshbabu MB, Chiramel S
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):77-79.
    PMID: 39773947
    Barotrauma is a medical condition caused by sudden pressure changes in the body causing damage to multiple parts of the body. However, it is an infrequent occurrence when it comes to Colo-rectal perforation, wherein the trauma occurs due to the insufflation of compressed air through the anus. Several factors influence the outcome of a patient with colonic perforation due to barotrauma such as the severity of the injury, hemodynamic status of the patient, the patient's general health and well-being, the time taken for active medical/ surgical intervention since the injury, aggressive intravenous antibiotics administration to prevent sepsis, post-operative complications like surgical site infection, post-op ileus, anastomotic leak, etc. Overall, the patient's prognosis largely depends on early diagnosis, effective initial resuscitation, timely surgical intervention, and intensive post-operative care for a favorable outcome. Recently, we came across 2 cases of extensive pneumoperitoneum with Colo-rectal perforation as a result of the forceful insufflation of compressed air through the anus. Prompt medical intervention was necessary to prevent any further complications and they underwent surgical repair of the colorectal perforation.
    MeSH terms: Barotrauma/etiology; Colon/injuries; Colon/surgery; Humans; Rectum/injuries; Rectum/surgery
  6. Arosish D
    Med J Malaysia, 2025 Jan;80(Suppl 1):80-83.
    PMID: 39773948
    Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a prevalent hyperkeratotic dermatological condition characterized by benign proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, typically occurring in the middle to advanced stages of life. While the trunk is the primary site for lesions, they can also manifest on the extremities, face, and scalp. Although SK is typically benign, there can be morphological overlap with malignant skin lesions, necessitating meticulous differentiation for an accurate diagnosis. This case report describes a 63-year-old male presenting with scalp swelling that was, initially suspected to be malignant. However, histopathological examination revealed pigmented seborrheic keratosis, prompting the need for a comprehensive management approach. Surgical excision with a rotational flap cover was performed successfully, highlighting the importance of precise diagnosis and management in addressing cutaneous lesions. The exact etiology of SK remains elusive, with potential genetic associations implicated in its pathogenesis. Although treatment may not always be necessary, various modalities are available for lesion removal or symptom management, with surgical intervention reserved for cases exhibiting signs of malignancy. Clinicians should be aware of the atypical presentations of SK and, emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, pathologists, and surgeons for optimal outcomes.
    MeSH terms: Humans; Male; Middle Aged
  7. Zahidin MA, Mohd Noor NH, Johan MF, Abdullah AD, Zulkafli Z, Edinur HA
    Sci Data, 2025 Jan 07;12(1):28.
    PMID: 39774005 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-04334-5
  8. Yap WS, Cengnata A, Saw WY, Abdul Rahman T, Teo YY, Lim RL, et al.
    Hum Genome Var, 2025 Jan 08;12(1):4.
    PMID: 39774017 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-024-00308-6
    Jakun, a Proto-Malay subtribe from Peninsular Malaysia, is believed to have inhabited the Malay Archipelago during the period of agricultural expansion approximately 4 thousand years ago (kya). However, their genetic structure and population history remain inconclusive. In this study, we report the genome structure of a Jakun female, based on whole-genome sequencing, which yielded an average coverage of 35.97-fold. We identified approximately 3.6 million single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) and 517,784 small insertions/deletions (indels). Of these, 39,916 SNVs were novel (referencing dbSNP151), and 10,167 were nonsynonymous (nsSNVs), spanning 5674 genes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the Jakun genome sequence closely clustered with the genomes of the Cambodians (CAM) and the Metropolitan Malays from Singapore (SG_MAS). The ADMIXTURE analysis further revealed potential admixture from the EA and North Borneo populations, as corroborated by the results from the F3, F4, and TreeMix analyses. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that the Jakun genome carried the N21a haplogroup (estimated to have occurred ~19 kya), which is commonly found among Malays from Malaysia and Indonesia. From the whole-genome sequence data, we identified 825 damaging and deleterious nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNVs) affecting 720 genes. Some of these variants are associated with age-related macular degeneration, atrial fibrillation, and HDL cholesterol level. Additionally, we located a total of 3310 variants on 32 core adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) genes. Of these, 193 variants are listed in PharmGKB, and 21 are nsSNVs. In summary, the genetic structure identified in the Jakun individual could enhance the mapping of genetic variants for disease-based population studies and further our understanding of the human migration history in Southeast Asia.
  9. Ashari A, Jo LW, Peh J, Oliver G
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1093.
    PMID: 39774020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82677-0
    The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between skeletal antero-posterior profile of popular family cartoon characters and their perceived personal characteristics. The Internet Movie DataBase (IMDB) was used to identify popular animated family movies released since 2000. Cartoon characters were identified, and classified based on their gender (male/female), skeletal profile (Class I, II or III) and character assessment (protagonist/antagonist). Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. Chi Square analysis was used to assess the differences (p-value) between gender and character assessment against the skeletal profile. Fifty popular animated family movies were identified. Within these 88 humanoid cartoon characters were identified made up of 32 male protagonists, 27 female protagonists, 22 male antagonists and 7 female antagonists. 40, 30, 21 were assessed as having a Class I, II and III skeletal profiles respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in both FPFA and MPFP values for Class III characters (P = 0.009 and P = 0.006, respectively). However, no significant variations were noted when comparing the remaining groups. Female antagonists and male protagonists were most likely to be portrayed with a Class III skeletal pattern when compared to female protagonists and male antagonists respectively.
    MeSH terms: Cartoons as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Motion Pictures as Topic
  10. Wong JJM, Sultana R, Gan CS, Lee JH
    Crit Care Med, 2025 Jan 01;53(1):e233-e234.
    PMID: 39774227 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006482
  11. Abdullah R, Kamarozaman NS, Ab Dullah SS, Aziz MY, Aziza HBA
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1244.
    PMID: 39774309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85280-z
    Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, pose significant health risks when present in plant-based supplements (PBS), necessitating thorough risk assessment to ensure consumer safety. This study evaluates the health risks associated with mycotoxins, specifically aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA), in PBS sold in Malaysia. Contamination levels of AFB1, AFB2, and OTA were quantified in 14 PBS samples using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. All samples tested positive for AFB2, while 28.57% and 42.86% tested positive for AFB1 and OTA, respectively with some levels exceeding the regulatory limits set by the Malaysian Food Act 1983 and European regulations. The estimated daily intake of these mycotoxins was calculated based on the recommended daily intake of each supplement. To assess risk, Margin of Exposure (MOE) values were determined, showing that all AFB2-positive samples had MOE values below the critical threshold of 10,000, indicating an urgent need for risk management. A quantitative cancer risk assessment also estimated the percentage of hepatocellular carcinoma and kidney cancer attributable to mycotoxin exposure. The findings emphasize the significant public health risks posed by mycotoxins, particularly in samples B2 and B10, where all three mycotoxins studied were present at concerning levels. This study highlights the urgent need for stricter regulations and better monitoring of mycotoxin levels in PBS to protect consumer's health.
    MeSH terms: Aflatoxins/analysis; Humans; Malaysia; Ochratoxins/analysis; Risk Assessment
  12. Rosli S, Abd Halim H, Md-Yasin M, Abu Bakar NA
    Am J Case Rep, 2025 Jan 07;26:e945897.
    PMID: 39774580 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.945897
    BACKGROUND Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are a multifaceted spectrum of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and cutaneous B cell lymphomas (CBCL). Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare subset of CTCL that primarily affects adults, and its occurrence in children is exceedingly rare. Most pediatric MF manifests as hypopigmented patches resembling other benign dermatoses, causing diagnostic challenges. This report outlines a case of pediatric MF in a 7-year-old Malaysian boy. CASE REPORT A 7-year-old boy exhibited progressing skin lesions characterized initially by erythematous, papular rashes over the face and upper limbs, then to the whole body, becoming hypopigmented, with pruritus and scaling for 1 year. Multiple clinics treated him for eczema and pityriasis alba but he responded poorly to courses of various topical steroids and emollient treatment. Due to the refractory nature of the lesions, he was subsequently referred to a dermatology clinic, where 2 skin biopsies were performed. The first biopsy revealed epidermotropism of atypical lymphocytes, consistent with MF. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive CD3+ expression with slightly reduced CD4+, CD7+, and CD8+ expression, and normal CD2+ and CD5+ expression at the epidermis level. Nevertheless, due to the rarity of MF in children, a second biopsy was performed, validating the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric MF is a rare and challenging diagnosis. This case report highlights the importance of close monitoring of unresolved hypopigmented lesions and increased vigilance on lesions not responding to standard treatment. Timely diagnosis with support of skin biopsy is crucial to avoid potentially serious disease progression and helps provide appropriate management leading to improved outcomes.
    MeSH terms: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Skin Diseases/diagnosis
  13. Zaki SA, H'ng YM, Mohammad AF, Ardila-Rey JA, Alam N, Ahmad MI
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1117.
    PMID: 39774618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-83400-9
    This study examined the mean and turbulent wind speed distribution within the canopy height of a tropical urban campus based on a representative geometry model via wind tunnel experiments. The vertical wind profiles were analysed around two high-rise buildings, Menara Razak (MR) and Residensi Tower (RT) at both wind directions (22.5° and 202.5°). To examine the influence of high-rise buildings on strong wind, the collected data of mean wind speed (u), root mean square (urms), and skewness (SK) were analysed. Effects of the wind direction, building layout or arrangement and building geometry under the canopy height were also examined. The results show that the building layout influenced the wind distribution within the target site, and the approaching wind flow direction also influenced the wind flow interaction with the building. The height of the target building (H) influenced the distance traveled by the vortices in the wake flow. For the MR and RT cases, the vortices could be affected up to a minimum distance of H and 1.5H, respectively. The study demonstrates that the building layout significantly influences the distribution of wind speeds within the canopy height of a tropical urban campus.
  14. Satpute J, Ghongade G, Petrů J, Campli S, Yadav S, Sonawane P, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1226.
    PMID: 39774650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82690-3
    The current study assesses several water-based PVT system thermal absorber configurations. The thermal absorber in PVT system plays a vital role in efficiency evaluation as it lowers PV temperature and collects heat energy. The current study aims to discover and analyze advanced thermal absorber design by comparing well-received spiral circular absorbers and non-cooled PV with proposed semi-circular thermal absorbers with varying flow configurations. The proposed thermal absorber maintains surface contact with PV panels and improves heat transfer thereby yielding better thermal and electrical efficiency. Simulated PVT systems have a constant water flow rate and solar radiation. The CFD-FLUENT software was preferred to evaluate the PVT system in steady-state conditions for the investigation. Under constant ambient and inlet water temperatures of 299 K, the PV temperatures at the surface, water discharge temperature, and pressure drop were measured. It was discovered that a thermal absorber could effectively lower PV surface temperature by cooling. A zigzag thermal absorber was the most efficient since it produced the highest water outlet temperature and lowest PV surface temperature while also slightly raising the pressure drop. In comparison with a non-cooled PV system, a zigzag thermal absorber PVT system yields 11.97% more electrical efficiency, with an addition of 76.75% thermal efficiency. It was also noticed that a conventional spiral circular PVT system provides 13.5% electrical efficiency and 54.8% thermal efficiency while an electrical efficiency of 13.61% and thermal efficiency is 76.75% was obtained from a zigzag thermal absorber PVT system. The zigzag thermal absorber PVT system had a high initial investment of INR 38809.00. It showed a simple payback of 4.63 years, a 28% return on investment with a promising 2.1 Debt Service Coverage Ratio. It is advisable to consider incorporating zigzag semi-circular PVT in the prospective improvements of the PVT system.
  15. Himanshi, Lal B, Verma A, Suman, Ahmed J, Singh A, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1225.
    PMID: 39774655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84251-0
    The widespread discharge of organic dyes into the wastewater from various industrial processes has develop a major environmental apprehension in the modern world. To tackle such environmental issues, we are synthesizing a novel catalyst of composition, Ba1 - xCoxDyyFe12-yO19 (x = y = 0.02-0.06) using sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) for the photocatalytic eradication of malachite green dye (MGD). The fabricated sample show single-phase hexagonal structure. The hexagonal-shaped grains are seen in the field emission spectroscopy (FESEM) visuals of prepared hexaferrites. The oxidation states of every element present in the developed specimens are investigated using the X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer scrutinized. The specific surface area (SSA) of the HF1 sample is 3.523 m2/g, whereas the band gap values of co-doped barium hexaferrites are found within the range of 1.61 to 1.75 eV. The magnetic analysis of developed hexaferrites indicates that increasing the concentration of Dy and Co, raised in the saturation magnetization and declines in coercivity. The conducted photocatalytic evaluations reveal that the removal efficiencies of 89.85%, 91.12%, and 94.36% are obtained for the prepared HF1, HF2, and HF3 hexaferrites after 90 min of natural irradiation. Moreover, the capability for the reusability of the synthesized hexaferrites is assessed over a series of five consecutive experimental cycles. As a result, this research delves at potential applications of co-doped BaFe12O19 hexaferrites in the photocatalytic eradication of MGD for environmental applications.
  16. Guo Y, Wang X, Yang Z, Chen K, Weng W
    PLoS One, 2025;20(1):e0309535.
    PMID: 39774787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309535
    The development of cross-border e-commerce platform promotes the new channel model between domestic and international. How to determine the dual-channel pricing decision of manufacturers and retailers under the condition of tariff and transportation heterogeneity has become an important and realistic problem. Based on the perspective of cross-border e-commerce dual-channel supply chain, this paper considers the impact of import tariff, transport heterogeneity and export tax rebate, compares and analyzes the performance difference between decentralized decision-making and centralized decision-making, and analyzes the impact of import tariff, export tax rebate and transport heterogeneity on cross-border e-commerce dual-channel pricing, demand and profit. The results show that the tariff is positively correlated with the manufacturer's direct selling price and the retailer's retail price, while the tariff is negatively correlated with the wholesale price, the demand and profit of direct selling channel and the retail channel. Export tax rebate rate is positively correlated with manufacturers' demand and profit and retailers' demand and profit, and negatively correlated with manufacturers' wholesale price, direct selling price and retail price. The increase of unit freight in direct channel is unfavorable to manufacturers and beneficial to retailers; The increase in unit freight rates in retail channels is bad for both manufacturers and retailers. Centralized decision-making is beneficial to supply chain demand and profits, and can improve the overall performance of the supply chain.
    MeSH terms: Decision Making*; Taxes
  17. Alam S, Hadian MSD, Hamdani AH, Sulaiman N
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1099.
    PMID: 39775130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82720-0
    Accurately identifying Milankovitch cycles has been a significant challenge in cyclostratigraphic studies, as it is essential for improving geochronology. This manuscript focuses on developing a method that distinguishes Milankovitch cycles from sedimentary noise to enhance stratigraphic precision. Despite their often-conspicuous magnitude, these periodicities frequently intertwine with noise, posing a challenge for conventional spectral analysis. Therefore, to address this issue, we have developed an algorithm that enhances the resolution of the Milankovitch signal by employing convex optimization in spectral analysis. To evaluate the effectiveness of this new algorithm, we applied it to four distinct types of local stratigraphy where the Milankovitch signal has been confirmed. These include the stratigraphic sections in the middle Miocene molluscan beds of Java and the Mahakam Delta, Pleistocene sediments of Hominin Flores, and the Towuti Lake in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Our findings demonstrate the preservation of all targeted signals, with a confidence level surpassing 99%. By setting the significance level to 1%, we can reject the null hypothesis, which assumes noise or the absence of a Milankovitch signal in the stratigraphic data being tested. The absence of deviations from the identified periodicities further strengthens the Milankovitch signal, underscoring the robustness of our algorithm. However, we acknowledge that achieving optimal results still hinges on the accurate selection of the initial parameters z and λ.
  18. Tan MY, Thien GSH, Tan KB, Murthy HCA, Chan KY
    Sci Rep, 2025 Jan 07;15(1):1184.
    PMID: 39775184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-85014-7
    In recent decades, poorly insulated windows have increased the energy consumption of heating and cooling systems, thus contributing to excessive carbon dioxide emissions and other related pollution issues. From this perspective, the electrochromic (EC) windows could be a tangible solution as the indoor conditions are highly controllable by these smart devices even at a low applied voltage. Literally, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a renowned candidate for the EC application due to its multicolor appearance and substantial lithium insertion capacity. Despite the growing interest in V2O5 thin films, only limited literature study is available for V2O5 films specifically the annealing effects of these films at lower temperatures (
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