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A multi-country study on the impact of sex and age on oral features of COVID-19 infection in adolescents and young adults

Sabbagh HJ 1 , Abdelaziz W 2 , Quritum M 2 , Alamoudi RA 3 , AlKhateeb NAB 4 , Abourdan J 5 Show all authors , Qureshi N 6 , Qureshi S 7 , Hamoud AHN 8 , Mahmoud N 9 , Odeh R 10 , Al-Khanati NM 11 , Jaber R 12 , Balkhoyor AL 13 , Shabi M 14 , Folayan MO 15 , Alade O 16 , Gomaa N 17 , Alnahdi R 18 , Mahmoud NA 19 , El Wazziki H 20 , Alnaas M 21 , Samodien B 22 , Mahmoud RA 23 , Assab NA 24 , Saad S 25 , Alsayad MM 26 , Alhachim SG 27 , El Tantawi M 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. hsabbagh@kau.edu.sa
  • 2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
  • 3 Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 4 Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 5 Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medipol University, 34230, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 6 City Quay Dental Practice and Implant Centre, Dundee, DD1 3JA, UK
  • 7 Department of Education, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
  • 8 Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
  • 9 Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, 1111, Khartoum, Sudan
  • 10 College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, 386, Syria
  • 12 General Courses, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 13 Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 14 University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
  • 15 Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
  • 16 Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  • 17 Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
  • 18 Department of Dental Surgery, Oman Dental College, 116, Muscat, Oman
  • 19 Institute of Creative Art and Design (ICAD), Kuala Lumpur Campus, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 20 Department of Cereal Plant Pathology, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
  • 21 Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
  • 22 Western Cape Education Department, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
  • 23 Musculoskeletal Center, International Medical Centre, Jeddah, 21451, Saudi Arabia
  • 24 Schools of Awqaf, Directorate of Education, Jerusalem, Israel
  • 25 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 26 Center of Orthopedics and Spine Technologies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 27 Health Education Services, Ingham County, Lansing, MI, 48933, USA
BMC Oral Health, 2022 Nov 19;22(1):513.
PMID: 36402969 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02515-5

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oral diseases are features of COVID-19 infection. There is, however, little known about oral diseases associated with COVID-19 in adolescents and young adults (AYA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess oral lesions' association with COVID-19 infection in AYA; and to identify if sex and age will modify these associations.

METHODOLOGY: Data was collected for this cross-sectional study between August 2020 and January 2021 from 11-to-23 years old participants in 43-countries using an electronic validated questionnaire developed in five languages. Data collected included information on the dependent variables (the presence of oral conditions- gingival inflammation, dry mouth, change in taste and oral ulcers), independent variable (COVID-19 infection) and confounders (age, sex, history of medical problems and parents' educational level). Multilevel binary logistic regression was used for analysis.

RESULTS: Complete data were available for 7164 AYA, with 7.5% reporting a history of COVID-19 infection. A significantly higher percentage of participants with a history of COVID-19 infection than those without COVID-19 infection reported having dry mouth (10.6% vs 7.3%, AOR = 1.31) and taste changes (11.1% vs 2.7%, AOR = 4.11). There was a significant effect modification in the association between COVID-19 infection and the presence of dry mouth and change in taste by age and sex (P = 0.02 and 

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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