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Anxiety and its risk factors among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing COVID-19 situation: A cross-sectional survey

Luu MN 1 , Imoto A 2 , Matsuo Y 3 , Huy NT 2 , Qarawi A 4 , Alhady STM 5 Show all authors , Truong LV 6 , Yoshino R 7 , Duc NTM 8 , Tabei K 9 , Lu Y 10 , Singh MK 11 , Truong MP 11 , Dumre SP 12 , Rocha ICN 13 , Hung IC 14 , Fudo A 15 , Sato M 2 , Kansakar S 16 , Tsukamoto A 2 , Komatsu A 2 , Cai G 17 , Moji K 2 , Khongyot T 18 , Mogan S 19 , Soukdavone S 2 , Hartuti ED 20 , Thidatheb K 2 , Honda S 21 , Woo H 22 , Lama N 23 , Huynh VTN 24 , Khoa HLA 25 , Abbas KS 26 , Monib FA 27 , Omran HAM 26 , Rezq CS 26 , Qatora MS 26 , Jia Ng S 28 , Morena GJV 29 , Miranda AV 30 , Ngo Huynh MT 31 , Ota J 2 , Minjung K 32 , An J 33 , Vorlasane L 34 , Gunasegaran K 35 , Zulkefli F 35 , Lima Girón BJ 36 , Bhattachan PG 37 , Dumre RB 2 , Pandey K 38 , Yamashita S 39 , Seposo AKC 32 , Zabala J 40 , Riva-Moscoso A 41 , Ordóñez JNP 42 , Uitrakul S 18 , Principe-Meneses FS 41 , Dila KAS 43

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 2 School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 3 NPO Treasures of The Planet, Japan
  • 4 Essen Healthcare, Bronx, NY, United States of America
  • 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
  • 6 Traditional Medicine Hospital, Ministry of Public Security, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 7 School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 8 Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 9 Save the Children Japan, Japan
  • 10 Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 11 American University of the Caribbean Medical School, Cupe Coy, Sint Maarten
  • 12 Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 13 School of Medicine, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
  • 14 Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 15 Independent Researcher, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
  • 16 Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
  • 17 Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 18 School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  • 19 Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
  • 20 Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program for Nurturing Global Leader, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 21 Nagasaki International Student Support Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 22 Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 23 Dr. M. V. Shetty College of Physiotherapy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Mangalore, India
  • 24 University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  • 25 Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States of America
  • 26 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 27 Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
  • 28 Faculty of Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Upland, Pennyslvania, United States of America
  • 29 Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 30 Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 31 University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 32 Independent Researcher, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 33 Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
  • 34 Savannakhet Provincial Hospital, Savannakhet, Lao PDR
  • 35 School of Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 36 School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, México
  • 37 Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 38 Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 39 School of Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 40 Quezon City Science High School, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Japan
  • 41 School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
  • 42 Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
  • 43 Giri Emas Hospital, Singaraja City, Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia
PLoS One, 2024;19(3):e0280144.
PMID: 38489310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280144

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: In the context of collective efforts taken in Japan to control the spread of COVID-19, the state of emergency and social distancing have caused a negative impact on the mental health of all residents, including foreign communities in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the level of anxiety and its associated factors among non-Japanese residents residing in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A web-based survey in 13 languages was conducted among non-Japanese residents living in Japan during the COVID-19 situation. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory assessed the level of anxiety-State (STAI-S) scores prorated from its six-item version. The multivariable logistic regression using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method was performed to identify the associated factors of anxiety among participants.

RESULTS: From January to March 2021, we collected 392 responses. A total of 357 valid responses were analyzed. 54.6% of participants suffered from clinically significant anxiety (CSA). In multivariable logistic model analysis, the CSA status or the high level of anxiety was associated with three factors, including having troubles/difficulties in learning or working, decreased sleep duration, and decreased overall physical health (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Our study suggests several possible risk factors of anxiety among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing the COVID-19 pandemic, including the troubles or difficulties in learning or working, the decrease in sleep duration, and the decrease in overall physical health.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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