Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: zhiyin0609@gmail.com
  • 2 Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: ChangLS@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
  • 3 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: nurulaqilah@ukm.edu.my
  • 4 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: shazrul@ukm.edu.my
  • 5 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: daging@ukm.edu.my
  • 6 Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. Electronic address: koketsu.mamoru.e0@f.gifu-u.ac.jp
  • 7 Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. Electronic address: takashima.shigeo.x9@f.gifu-u.ac.jp
  • 8 Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: nurkhalida.kamal@ukm.edu.my
  • 9 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: joe@ukm.edu.my
Food Res Int, 2024 Dec;198:115289.
PMID: 39643356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115289

Abstract

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a functional food renowned for its numerous health benefits. While its nutritional and therapeutic value is well-documented, the metabolites contributing to the bioactivities of EBN remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the metabolites present in EBN subjected to different treatments, including double-boiled EBN (EBNdb), EBN hydrolysate (EBNhydro), EBN fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus (EBNLH), Latilactobacillus curvatus (EBNLC), and Latilactobacillus sakei (EBNLS) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and correlate the identified bioactive metabolites with the bioactivities of EBN. It was found that the fermented EBNs exhibited the highest number of metabolites, with 76 tentatively identified, followed by EBNhydro (45) and EBNdb (37). Citric acid (1.97-4.48 g/kg) was present in all treated EBN samples, while L(+)-lactic acid (3.03-8.07 g/kg) and adipic acid (2.33-3.18 g/kg) were only found in fermented EBNs. Among the treated EBN samples, EBNLC demonstrated the significantly highest (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidative (22.34 ± 0.41 % 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical scavenging activity), antihypertensive (5.46 ± 0.26 % angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity), and antihyperglycemic activities (6.48 ± 0.34 % α-amylase inhibitory activity). A total of 18 metabolites, including citric acid, 4-sphingenin, N-acetylcitrulline, 4-aminophenol, L(+)-lactic acid, 2-oxoadipate, sildenafil, formylglycinamidin-RP, 11β,17α,21-α-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, 2-ketobutyric acid, homoserine, benzaldehyde, 1-pyrroline4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate, nortriptyline, 1-methylguanine, 3-hydroxy-trimethyllysine, 3-phenylpropionate, and reserphine were predicted as bioactive metabolites using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This study provides valuable insights into the metabolites present in EBN and serves as fundamental data for future investigations into the bioactive compounds responsible for its specific health benefits, potentially leading to the development of enhanced EBN-based functional foods.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.