Affiliations 

  • 1 Malaysia Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovative and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Nilai Industrial Area, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. ariefhuzaimi@koko.gov.my
  • 2 Halal Products Research Institute, University Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. ssalwaag@upm.edu.my
  • 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. uswatun@upm.edu.my
  • 4 Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. m_izuaneffendi@upm.edu.my
  • 5 Malaysia Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovative and Technology Centre, Lot 12621 Nilai Industrial Area, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. badrul@koko.gov.my
Molecules, 2019 Feb 16;24(4).
PMID: 30781448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040711

Abstract

This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Malaysian cocoa shell extracts, and optimization using response surface methodology. There are three variables involved in this study, namely: ethanol concentration (70⁻90 v/v %), temperature (45⁻65 °C), and ultrasound irradiation time (30⁻60 min). All of the data were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA). The coefficient of determination (R²) and the model was significant in interaction between all variables (98% and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, the lack of fit test for the model was not of significance, with p > 0.0684. The ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time that yielded the maximum value of the total flavonoid content (TFC; 7.47 mg RE/g dried weight (DW)) was 80%, 55 °C, and 45 min, respectively. The optimum value from the validation of the experimental TFC was 7.23 ± 0.15 mg of rutin, equivalent per gram of extract with ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time values of 74.20%, 49.99 °C, and 42.82 min, respectively. While the modelled equation fits the data, the T-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the response surface methodology models.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.