Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 77 in total

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  1. Extracting clinical cases from XML-based electronic patient records for use in web-based medical case based reasoning systems
    Manickam S, Abidi SS
    Stud Health Technol Inform, 2001;84(Pt 1):643-7.
    PMID: 11604816
    Development and usage of Case Based Reasoning (CBR) driven medical diagnostic system requires a large volume of clinical cases that depict the problem-solving methodology of medical experts. Successful usage of CBR based systems in healthcare is constrained by the need for a continuous supply of current and correct clinical cases (in an electronic medium) from medical experts. To address this constraint we present a strategy to pro-actively transform generic Electronic Patient Records (EPR) to Operable CBR-oriented Cases (OCC) that are compliant to specialised CBR-based medical systems. EPR-OCC transformation methodology is based on XML parse-trees, Unified Medical Language Source (UMLS) meta-thesauri and medical knowledge ontologies. The featured work involves the implementation of a Java-based computer system for the automatic transformation of XML-based EPR-originating from heterogeneous EPR repositories accessible over the Internet/WWW-to specialised OCC that can then be seamlessly incorporated within Intelligent CBR-based Medical Diagnostic Systems.
  2. Fulltext DAD-match; Security technique to prevent denial of service attack on duplicate address detection process in IPv6 link-local network
    Al-Ani AK, Anbar M, Manickam S, Al-Ani A
    PLoS One, 2019;14(4):e0214518.
    PMID: 30939154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214518
    An efficiently unlimited address space is provided by Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It aims to accommodate thousands of hundreds of unique devices on a similar link. This can be achieved through the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) process. It is considered one of the core IPv6 network's functions. It is implemented to make sure that IP addresses do not conflict with each other on the same link. However, IPv6 design's functions are exposed to security threats like the DAD process, which is vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Such a threat prevents the host from configuring its IP address by responding to each Neighbor Solicitation (NS) through fake Neighbor Advertisement (NA). Various mechanisms have been proposed to secure the IPv6 DAD procedure. The proposed mechanisms, however, suffer from complexity, high processing time, and the consumption of more resources. The experiments-based findings revealed that all the existing mechanisms had failed to secure the IPv6 DAD process. Therefore, DAD-match security technique is proposed in this study to efficiently secure the DAD process consuming less processing time. DAD-match is built based on SHA-3 to hide the exchange tentative IP among hosts throughout the process of DAD in an IPv6 link-local network. The obtained experimental results demonstrated that the DAD-match security technique achieved less processing time compared with the existing mechanisms as it can resist a range of different threats like collision and brute-force attacks. The findings concluded that the DAD-match technique effectively prevents the DoS attack during the DAD process. The DAD-match technique is implemented on a small area IPv6 network; hence, the author future work is to implement and test the DAD-match technique on a large area IPv6 network.
  3. Role of H2O2 in the fluctuating patterns of COD (chemical oxygen demand) during the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using pilot scale triple frequency ultrasound cavitation reactor
    Manickam S, Abidin Nb, Parthasarathy S, Alzorqi I, Ng EH, Tiong TJ, et al.
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2014 Jul;21(4):1519-26.
    PMID: 24485395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.002
    Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a highly contaminating wastewater due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Conventional treatment methods require longer residence time (10-15 days) and higher operating cost. Owing to this, finding a suitable and efficient method for the treatment of POME is crucial. In this investigation, ultrasound cavitation technology has been used as an alternative technique to treat POME. Cavitation is the phenomenon of formation, growth and collapse of bubbles in a liquid. The end process of collapse leads to intense conditions of temperature and pressure and shock waves which assist various physical and chemical transformations. Two different ultrasound systems i.e. ultrasonic bath (37 kHz) and a hexagonal triple frequency ultrasonic reactor (28, 40 and 70 kHz) of 15 L have been used. The results showed a fluctuating COD pattern (in between 45,000 and 60,000 mg/L) while using ultrasound bath alone, whereas a non-fluctuating COD pattern with a final COD of 27,000 mg/L was achieved when hydrogen peroxide was introduced. Similarly for the triple frequency ultrasound reactor, coupling all the three frequencies resulted into a final COD of 41,300 mg/L compared to any other individual or combination of two frequencies. With the possibility of larger and continuous ultrasonic cavitational reactors, it is believed that this could be a promising and a fruitful green process engineering technique for the treatment of POME.
  4. IoT empowered smart cybersecurity framework for intrusion detection in internet of drones
    Ashraf SN, Manickam S, Zia SS, Abro AA, Obaidat M, Uddin M, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2023 Oct 27;13(1):18422.
    PMID: 37891186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45065-8
    The emergence of drone-based innovative cyber security solutions integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized navigational technologies with robust data communication services across multiple platforms. This advancement leverages machine learning and deep learning methods for future progress. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the utilization of IoT-enabled drone data management technology. Industries ranging from industrial applications to agricultural advancements, as well as the implementation of smart cities for intelligent and efficient monitoring. However, these latest trends and drone-enabled IoT technology developments have also opened doors to malicious exploitation of existing IoT infrastructures. This raises concerns regarding the vulnerability of drone networks and security risks due to inherent design flaws and the lack of cybersecurity solutions and standards. The main objective of this study is to examine the latest privacy and security challenges impacting the network of drones (NoD). The research underscores the significance of establishing a secure and fortified drone network to mitigate interception and intrusion risks. The proposed system effectively detects cyber-attacks in drone networks by leveraging deep learning and machine learning techniques. Furthermore, the model's performance was evaluated using well-known drones' CICIDS2017, and KDDCup 99 datasets. We have tested the multiple hyperparameter parameters for optimal performance and classify data instances and maximum efficacy in the NoD framework. The model achieved exceptional efficiency and robustness in NoD, specifically while applying B-LSTM and LSTM. The system attains precision values of 89.10% and 90.16%, accuracy rates up to 91.00-91.36%, recall values of 81.13% and 90.11%, and F-measure values of 88.11% and 90.19% for the respective evaluation metrics.
  5. Fulltext CTP synthase: the hissing of the cellular serpent
    Thangadurai S, Bajgiran M, Manickam S, Mohana-Kumaran N, Azzam G
    Histochem Cell Biol, 2022 Dec;158(6):517-534.
    PMID: 35881195 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02133-w
    CTP biosynthesis is carried out by two pathways: salvage and de novo. CTPsyn catalyzes the latter. The study of CTPsyn activity in mammalian cells began in the 1970s, and various fascinating discoveries were made regarding the role of CTPsyn in cancer and development. However, its ability to fit into a cellular serpent-like structure, termed 'cytoophidia,' was only discovered a decade ago by three independent groups of scientists. Although the self-assembly of CTPsyn into a filamentous structure is evolutionarily conserved, the enzyme activity upon this self-assembly varies in different species. CTPsyn is required for cellular development and homeostasis. Changes in the expression of CTPsyn cause developmental changes in Drosophila melanogaster. A high level of CTPsyn activity and formation of cytoophidia are often observed in rapidly proliferating cells such as in stem and cancer cells. Meanwhile, the deficiency of CTPsyn causes severe immunodeficiency leading to immunocompromised diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites, making CTPsyn an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we provide an overview of the role of CTPsyn in cellular and disease perspectives along with its potential as a drug target.
  6. Fulltext Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose
    Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, et al.
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2022 Nov;90:106176.
    PMID: 36174272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176
    With rising consumer demand for natural products, a greener and cleaner technology, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction, has received immense attention given its effective and rapid isolation for nanocellulose compared to conventional methods. Nevertheless, the application of ultrasound on a commercial scale is limited due to the challenges associated with process optimization, high energy requirement, difficulty in equipment design and process scale-up, safety and regulatory issues. This review aims to narrow the research gap by placing the current research activities into perspectives and highlighting the diversified applications, significant roles, and potentials of ultrasound to ease future developments. In recent years, enhancements have been reported with ultrasound assistance, including a reduction in extraction duration, minimization of the reliance on harmful chemicals, and, most importantly, improved yield and properties of nanocellulose. An extensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound-assisted treatments has also been considered. Essentially, the cavitation phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency through an increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent due to the implosion of microbubbles. Optimization of process parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, duration, and frequency have indicated their significance for improved efficiency.
  7. Fermentation of blueberry juices using autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from fruit environment: Fermentation characteristics and evolution of phenolic profiles
    Li S, Tao Y, Li D, Wen G, Zhou J, Manickam S, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Aug;276:130090.
    PMID: 33740651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130090
    In this study, 4 Lactobacillus plantarum strains and 5 Lactobacillus fermentum strains adapting well to the unfavorable fruit system were isolated under different fruit environments. The fermentation ability of these autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains in blueberry juice, and the influence of microbial metabolism on juice composition were explored. After 48 h of fermentation, the viable cell counts exceeded 10.0 log CFU/mL, malic acid content decreased from 511.47 ± 10.50 mg/L to below 146.38 ± 3.79 mg/L, and lactic acid content increased from 0 mg/L to above 2184.90 ± 335.80 mg/L. Moreover, the metabolism of these strains exerted a profound influence on the phenolic composition of juice. Total phenolic content in blueberry juice increased by 6.1-81.2% under lactic acid fermentation, and the antioxidant capacity in vitro enhanced by at least 34.0%. Anthocyanin content showed a declining trend, while the profile of non-anthocyaninic phenolics exhibited complex changes. The increments of rutin, myricetin and gallic acid contents through 48 h lactic acid fermentation exceeded 136%, 71% and 38%, respectively. Instead, the contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and caffeic acid decreased with fermentation. Overall, Lactobacillus plantarum LSJ-TY-HYB-T9 and LSJ-TY-HYB-T7, and Lactobacillus fermentum LSJ-TY-HYB-C22 and LSJ-TY-HYB-L16 could be the suitable strains to produce fermented fruit juices, including blueberry in practical applications.
  8. Ultrasound-assisted water-in-palm oil nano-emulsion: Influence of polyglycerol polyricinoleate and NaCl on its stability
    Raviadaran R, Ng MH, Manickam S, Chandran D
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2019 Apr;52:353-363.
    PMID: 30555038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.012
    This study aimed to formulate a stable palm oil-based water-in-oil (W/O) nano-emulsion. Emphasis was placed on the effects of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), medium chain triglyceride (MCT), lecithin and sodium chloride (NaCl) addition towards the stability of nano-emulsion. Among the performed analyses were mean droplet diameter (MDD), dispersity index (DI), critical micelle concentration (CMC), lipid peroxidation, viscosity, sedimentation index (SI) and surface morphology. The most stable optimized palm oil-based W/O nano-emulsion was produced using 61.25 wt% of palm oil, 26.25 wt% of MCT, 2.5 wt% of PGPR and 10 wt% of water (0.5 M of NaCl). The MDD and DI of the obtained W/O nano-emulsion were 143.1 ± 8.8 and 0.131 ± 0.094, respectively. After 2 weeks, no sedimentation was observed in W/O nano-emulsion with MDD and DI were 151.2 ± 6.5 nm and 0.156 ± 0.025 respectively. This study clearly found that polyricinoleate non-polar fatty acids of PGPR bound to non-polar fatty acids of palm oil through van der Waals intermolecular forces. While, polyglycerol polar head of PGPR interacts with water molecules through hydrogen bonding, as well as by the bound glyceride units of palm oil. The addition of NaCl further reduced MDD by 70 nm and improved the stability of nano-emulsion through electrostatic and steric repulsions attributed to the dissociation of Na+ and Cl- ions. This study aids to widen the knowledge and interest on the utilization of palm oil for the generation of W/O nano-emulsion, as well as to better understand the interaction between palm oil and PGPR/NaCl in producing nano-emulsion.
  9. Ultrasound-assisted production of palm oil-based isotonic W/O/W multiple nanoemulsion encapsulating both hydrophobic tocotrienols and hydrophilic caffeic acid with enhanced stability using oil-based Sucragel
    Raviadaran R, Ng MH, Manickam S, Chandran D
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2020 Jun;64:104995.
    PMID: 32106064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104995
    In this work, the effects of thickeners and tonicity towards producing stable palm oil-based water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple nanoemulsion using ultrasound and microfluidizer were investigated. Palm oil, Sucragel, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, Tween 80, Xanthan gum, and NaCl were used. W/O/W was formed under the optimized conditions of ultrasound at 40% amplitude and for 180 s of irradiation time, whereas for the microfluidizer, the optimized conditions were 350 bar and 8 cycles. This is the first work that successfully utilized Sucragel (oil-based thickener) in imparting enhanced stability in W/O/W. W/O/W with isotonic stabilization produced the lowest change in the mean droplet diameter (MDD), NaCl concentration, and water content by 1.5%, 2.6%, and 0.4%, respectively, due to reduced water movement. The final optimized W/O/W possessed MDD and dispersity index of 175.5 ± 9.8 and 0.232 ± 0.012, respectively. The future direction of formulating stable W/O/W would be by employing oil phase thickeners and isotonicity. The observed ~12 times lesser energy consumed by ultrasound than microfluidizer to generate a comparable droplet size of ~235 nm, further confirms its potential in generating the droplets energy-efficiently.
  10. Development of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and determination of its biochemical properties
    Sudheer S, Taha Z, Manickam S, Ali A, Cheng PG
    Fungal Biol, 2018 05;122(5):293-301.
    PMID: 29665955 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.007
    Following the importance of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, in this study, the impact of main growth parameters such as ventilation and light on the development of antler-type fruiting bodies has been investigated together with the determination of physico-chemical properties of antler fruiting bodies. For this, the primordia bags of G. lucidum were kept under controlled ventilation to adjust the CO2 produced by the mushrooms owing to its respiration under light and dark conditions. The bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides and ganoderic acid showed a two-fold increase in the antler-type fruiting bodies as compared to normal kidney-shaped fruiting bodies. It is assumed from this study that the antler type fruiting bodies are developed due to restricted ventilation which causes an increase in the level of CO2 gas in the air as a result of respiration of mushroom. The shape and colour of antler fruiting bodies again dependent on the light provided in the growth chamber. This study also proves that with the manipulation of light and ventilation antler-type fruiting bodies of G. lucidum could be developed with higher quantity of bioactive compounds and with higher antioxidant potential.
  11. Fulltext Holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae possess the most reduced endophytes and yet give rise to the world's largest flowers
    Nikolov LA, Tomlinson PB, Manickam S, Endress PK, Kramer EM, Davis CC
    Ann Bot, 2014 Aug;114(2):233-42.
    PMID: 24942001 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu114
    Species in the holoparasitic plant family Rafflesiaceae exhibit one of the most highly modified vegetative bodies in flowering plants. Apart from the flower shoot and associated bracts, the parasite is a mycelium-like endophyte living inside their grapevine hosts. This study provides a comprehensive treatment of the endophytic vegetative body for all three genera of Rafflesiaceae (Rafflesia, Rhizanthes and Sapria), and reports on the cytology and development of the endophyte, including its structural connection to the host, shedding light on the poorly understood nature of this symbiosis.
  12. Fulltext Reading between the vines: Hosts as islands for extreme holoparasitic plants
    Barkman TJ, Klooster MR, Gaddis KD, Franzone B, Calhoun S, Manickam S, et al.
    Am J Bot, 2017 09;104(9):1382-1389.
    PMID: 29885244 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700117
    PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Partitioning of population genetic variation in plants may be affected by numerous factors including life history and dispersal characteristics. In parasitic plants, interactions with host populations may be an additional factor influencing partitioning. To test for hierarchical population genetic patterns related to obligate endoparasitism, we studied three species of Rafflesiaceae, which grow as extremely reduced endophytes infecting Tetrastigma vines in Southeast Asia.

    METHODS: Microsatellite markers were developed and multilocus genotypes were determined for Rafflesia cantleyi, Rafflesia tuan-mudae, and Sapria himalayana and each of their Tetrastigma hosts. Relatedness among parasite individuals was estimated, and AMOVAs were used to determine levels of population genetic subdivision.

    KEY RESULTS: Microsatellite genotypes for 340 paired parasite and host samples revealed that host vines were infected by numerous Rafflesiaceae individuals that may spread for up to 14 m within stem tissues. Surprisingly, Rafflesiaceae parasites within a given host are significantly more closely related to each other than individuals of the same species in other host individuals. The pattern of hierarchical population genetic subdivision we detected across species is likely due to limited seed dispersal with reinfection of natal host vines.

    CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate common population genetic patterns between animal and plant parasites, potentially indicating advantages of close relatives infecting hosts. This study also has important conservation implications for Rafflesiaceae since our data suggest that destruction of a single infected host vine could result in large genetic losses.

  13. Deeply Altered Genome Architecture in the Endoparasitic Flowering Plant Sapria himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae)
    Cai L, Arnold BJ, Xi Z, Khost DE, Patel N, Hartmann CB, et al.
    Curr Biol, 2021 03 08;31(5):1002-1011.e9.
    PMID: 33485466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.045
    Despite more than 2,000-fold variation in genome size, key features of genome architecture are largely conserved across angiosperms. Parasitic plants have elucidated the many ways in which genomes can be modified, yet we still lack comprehensive genome data for species that represent the most extreme form of parasitism. Here, we present the highly modified genome of the iconic endophytic parasite Sapria himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae), which lacks a typical plant body. First, 44% of the genes conserved in eurosids are lost in Sapria, dwarfing previously reported levels of gene loss in vascular plants. These losses demonstrate remarkable functional convergence with other parasitic plants, suggesting a common genetic roadmap underlying the evolution of plant parasitism. Second, we identified extreme disparity in intron size among retained genes. This includes a category of genes with introns longer than any so far observed in angiosperms, nearing 100 kb in some cases, and a second category of genes with exceptionally short or absent introns. Finally, at least 1.2% of the Sapria genome, including both genic and intergenic content, is inferred to be derived from host-to-parasite horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) and includes genes potentially adaptive for parasitism. Focused phylogenomic reconstruction of HGTs reveals a hidden history of former host-parasite associations involving close relatives of Sapria's modern hosts in the grapevine family. Our findings offer a unique perspective into how deeply angiosperm genomes can be altered to fit an extreme form of plant parasitism and demonstrate the value of HGTs as DNA fossils to investigate extinct symbioses.
  14. A transcriptomic (RNA-seq) analysis of Drosophila melanogaster adult testes overexpressing microRNA-2b-1
    Manickam S, Thangadurai S, Azlan A, Amin Z, Azzam G, Halim MA
    Data Brief, 2022 Dec;45:108748.
    PMID: 36426000 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108748
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding single-stranded RNAs with approximately 22 nucleotides in length that negatively regulate the mRNA translation of a target gene. MiR-2b-1 belongs to the largest miR-2 family in Drosophila melanogaster with 8 members and this miRNA family is conserved in invertebrates. miRNAs play key roles in gene regulation, cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell developmental homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Its role in various human diseases is continuously being studied. miRNAs also found out to be crucial in maintaining stem cell niche in D. melanogaster gonads. We have identified that ectopic overexpression of miR-2b-1 of D. melanogaster causes testicular bulging (a tumour like phenotype) in 3-5 days old adult flies. Hence, we have performed a transcriptomic (RNA-seq) analysis to understand the role of miR-2b-1 in the development, maintenance, and differentiation of D. melanogaster adult testis stem cells. Data are available from GEO (accession number GSE211399).
  15. Fulltext Comparison between airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound to intensify air drying of blackberry: Heat and mass transfer simulation, energy consumption and quality evaluation
    Tao Y, Li D, Siong Chai W, Show PL, Yang X, Manickam S, et al.
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2021 Apr;72:105410.
    PMID: 33341708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105410
    This study aimed at investigating the performances of air drying of blackberries assisted by airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound. The drying experiments were conducted in a self-designed dryer coupled with a 20-kHz ultrasound probe. A numerical model for unsteady heat and mass transfer considering temperature dependent diffusivity, shrinkage pattern and input ultrasonic energies were applied to explore the drying mechanism, while the energy consumption and quality were analyzed experimentally. Generally, both airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound accelerated the drying process, reduced the energy consumption and enhanced the retentions of blackberry anthocyanins and organic acids in comparison to air drying alone. At the same input ultrasound intensity level, blackberries received more ultrasound energies under contact sonication (0.299 W) than airborne sonication (0.245 W), thus avoiding the attenuation of ultrasonic energies by air. The modeling results revealed that contact ultrasound was more capable than airborne ultrasound to intensify the inner moisture diffusion and heat conduction, as well as surface exchange of heat and moisture with air. During air drying, contact ultrasound treatment eliminated the gradients of temperature and moisture inside blackberry easier than airborne ultrasound, leading to more homogenous distributions. Moreover, the total energy consumption under air drying with contact ultrasound assistance was 27.0% lower than that with airborne ultrasound assistance. Besides, blackberries dehydrated by contact ultrasound contained more anthocyanins and organic acids than those dried by airborne ultrasound, implying a higher quality. Overall, direct contact sonication can well benefit blackberry drying in both energy and quality aspects.
  16. Fulltext SE-CPPA: A Secure and Efficient Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
    Al-Shareeda MA, Anbar M, Manickam S, Hasbullah IH
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Dec 08;21(24).
    PMID: 34960311 DOI: 10.3390/s21248206
    Communications between nodes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are inherently vulnerable to security attacks, which may mean disruption to the system. Therefore, the security and privacy issues in VANETs are entitled to be the most important. To address these issues, the existing Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication (CPPA) schemes based on either public key infrastructure, group signature, or identity have been proposed. However, an attacker could impersonate an authenticated node in these schemes for broadcasting fake messages. Besides, none of these schemes have satisfactorily addressed the performance efficiency related to signing and verifying safety traffic-related messages. For resisting impersonation attacks and achieving better performance efficiency, a Secure and Efficient Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication (SE-CPPA) scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed SE-CPPA scheme is based on the cryptographic hash function and bilinear pair cryptography for the signing and verifying of messages. Through security analysis and comparison, the proposed SE-CPPA scheme can accomplish security goals in terms of formal and informal analysis. More precisely, to resist impersonation attacks, the true identity of the vehicle stored in the tamper-proof device (TPD) is frequently updated, having a short period of validity. Since the MapToPoint hash function and a large number of cryptography operations are not employed, simulation results show that the proposed SE-CPPA scheme outperforms the existing schemes in terms of computation and communication costs. Finally, the proposed SE-CPPA scheme reduces the computation costs of signing the message and verifying the message by 99.95% and 35.93%, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed SE-CPPA scheme reduces the communication costs of the message size by 27.3%.
  17. Functionalized fullerene (C₆₀) as a potential nanomediator in the fabrication of highly sensitive biosensors
    Afreen S, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S, Hashim U
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2015 Jan 15;63:354-364.
    PMID: 25125029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.044
    Designing a biosensor for versatile biomedical applications is a sophisticated task and how dedicatedly functionalized fullerene (C60) can perform on this stage is a challenge for today and tomorrow's nanoscience and nanotechnology. Since the invention of biosensor, many ideas and methods have been invested to upgrade the functionality of biosensors. Due to special physicochemical characteristics, the novel carbon material "fullerene" adds a new dimension to the construction of highly sensitive biosensors. The prominent aspects of fullerene explain its outstanding performance in biosensing devices as a mediator, e.g. fullerene in organic solvents exhibits five stages of reversible oxidation/reduction, and hence fullerene can work either as an electrophile or nucleophile. Fullerene is stable and its spherical structure produces an angle strain which allows it to undergo characteristic reactions of addition to double bonds (hybridization which turns from sp(2) to sp(3)). Research activities are being conducted worldwide to invent a variety of methods of fullerene functionalization with a purpose of incorporating it effectively in biosensor devices. The different types of functionalization methods include modification of fullerene into water soluble derivatives and conjugation with enzymes and/or other biomolecules, e.g. urease, glucose oxidase, hemoglobin, myoglobin (Mb), conjugation with metals e.g. gold (Au), chitosan (CS), ferrocene (Fc), etc. to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors. The state-of-the-art research on fullerene functionalization and its application in sensor devices has proven that fullerene can be implemented successfully in preparing biosensors to detect glucose level in blood serum, urea level in urine solution, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin, glutathione in real sample for pathological purpose, to identify doping abuse, to analyze pharmaceutical preparation and even to detect cancer and tumor cells at an earlier stage. Employing fullerene-metal matrix for the detection of tumor and cancer cells is also possible by the inclusion of fullerene in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) known as peapods as well as in double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), to augment the effectiveness of biosensors. This review discusses various approaches that have been reported for functionalizing fullerene (C60) derivatives and their application in different types of biosensor fabrication.
  18. Fulltext Graphene-based 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering: fabrication, applications, and future scope in liver tissue engineering
    Geetha Bai R, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S, Hilal-Alnaqbi A
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2019;14:5753-5783.
    PMID: 31413573 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S192779
    Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts by advancements in the medical field. Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, graphene-based materials were successfully employed in creating the perfect scaffold for a range of organs, starting from the skin through to the brain. Investigations on 2D and 3D tissue culture scaffolds incorporated with graphene or its derivatives have revealed the capability of this carbon material in mimicking in vivo environment. The porous morphology, great surface area, selective permeability of gases, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, good optical properties, and biodegradability enable graphene materials to be the best component for scaffold engineering. Along with the apt microenvironment, this material was found to be efficient in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types. Furthermore, the scope of graphene nanomaterials in liver tissue engineering as a promising biomaterial is also discussed. This review critically looks into the unlimited potential of graphene-based nanomaterials in future tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
  19. Fulltext Impact of cavitation on the structure and functional quality of extracted protein from food sources - An overview
    Kamal H, Ali A, Manickam S, Le CF
    Food Chem, 2023 May 01;407:135071.
    PMID: 36493478 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135071
    Increasing protein demands directly require additional resources to those presently and recurrently available. Emerging green technologies have witnessed an escalating interest in "Cavitation Processing" (CP) to ensure a non-invasive, non-ionizing and non-polluting extraction. The main intent of this review is to present an integrated summary of cavitation extraction methods specifically applied to food protein sources. Along with a comparative assessment carried out for each type of cavitation model, protein extraction yield and implications on the extracted protein's structural and functional properties. The basic principle of cavitation is due to the pressure shift in the liquid flow within milliseconds. Hence, cavitation emerges similar to boiling; however, unlike boiling (temperature change), cavitation occurs due to pressure change. Characterization and classification of sample type is also a prime candidate when considering the applications of cavitation models in food processing. Generally, acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation is applied in food applications including extraction, brewing, microbial cell disruption, dairy processing, emulsification, fermentation, waste processing, crystallisation, mass transfer and production of bioactive peptides. Micro structural studies indicate that shear stress causes disintegration of hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions result in the unfolding of the protein's secondary and/or tertiary structures. A change in the structure is not targeted but rather holistic and affects the physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties. Cavitation assisted extraction of protein is typically studied at a laboratory scale. This highlights limitations against the application at an industrial scale to obtain potential commercial gains.
  20. Fulltext Heartbeat sound classification using a hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inferences system (ANFIS) and artificial bee colony
    Keikhosrokiani P, Naidu A/P Anathan AB, Iryanti Fadilah S, Manickam S, Li Z
    Digit Health, 2023;9:20552076221150741.
    PMID: 36655183 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221150741
    Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death worldwide which can be easily diagnosed by listening to the murmur sound of heartbeat sounds using a stethoscope. The murmur sound happens at the Lub-Dub, which indicates there are abnormalities in the heart. However, using the stethoscope for listening to the heartbeat sound requires a long time of training then only the physician can detect the murmuring sound. The existing studies show that young physicians face difficulties in this heart sound detection. Use of computerized methods and data analytics for detection and classification of heartbeat sounds will improve the overall quality of sound detection. Many studies have been worked on classifying the heartbeat sound; however, they lack the method with high accuracy. Therefore, this research aims to classify the heartbeat sound using a novel optimized Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inferences System (ANFIS) by artificial bee colony (ABC). The data is cleaned, pre-processed, and MFCC is extracted from the heartbeat sounds. Then the proposed ABC-ANFIS is used to run the pre-processed heartbeat sound, and accuracy is calculated for the model. The results indicate that the proposed ABC-ANFIS model achieved 93% accuracy for the murmur class. The proposed ABC-ANFIS has higher accuracy in compared to ANFIS, PSO ANFIS, SVM, KSTM, KNN, and other existing studies. Thus, this study can assist physicians to classify heartbeat sounds for detecting cardiovascular disease in the early stages.
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