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Fulltext Oral health practices and self-reported adverse effects of E-cigarette use among dental students in 11 countries: an online survey

Alhajj MN, Al-Maweri SA, Folayan MO, Halboub E, Khader Y, Omar R, et al.

BMC Oral Health, 2022 Jan 26;22(1):18.
PMID: 35081945 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02053-0

OBJECTIVES: E-cigarette use has become popular, particularly among the youth. Its use is associated with harmful general and oral health consequences. This survey aimed to assess self-reported oral hygiene practices, oral and general health events, and changes in physiological functions (including physical status, smell, taste, breathing, appetite, etc.) due to E-cigarette use among dental students.

METHODS: This online, multicounty survey involved undergraduate dental students from 20 dental schools across 11 different countries. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, E-cigarette practices, self-reported complaints, and associated physiological changes due to E-cigarette smoking. Data were descriptively presented as frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to assess the potential associations between the study group and sub-groups with the different factors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS at P
Climate change, tsunami and biodiversity endangered at the South China Sea, past, current and prediction models for the future: A comprehensive study

Razi MAM, Daud HZBH, Mokhtar A, Mahamud M, Rahmat SN, Al-Gheethi AA

Mar Pollut Bull, 2022 Jan 21;175:113255.
PMID: 35074593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113255

In this study, the climate change, tsunami and biodiversity for 336 km coastline endangered at the South China Sea was investigated with the review for the past, current and prediction models for the future. The hydraulic study of the coastal area was conducted using a well-established 2D numerical model suite Delft3D. The study revealed that the generated earthquakes at the convergence zone in the last century are small (Mw7.3), the possibility that a megathrust earthquake event in the SCS basin occurs in the future. The study area comprises a narrow strip of vegetation notably dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia with other coastal plants. Mangrove forests are found along the coastline and estuaries that are overlaid with marine alluvial soils. The current paper is the first comprehensive study of the South China Sea, and the findings increase the awareness among the public to understand the risk associated with environmental pollution.
Molecular survey of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation among disadvantaged children in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Mokhtar AS, Sahimin N, Hanapi IRM, Lau YL, Zain SNM, AbuBakar S, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2021 Dec 01;38(4):590-593.
PMID: 35001925 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.4.102

Ectoparasitic infestations including pediculosis capitis are common in people of disadvantaged communities as they live in overcrowded institutions, a condition that often favourable for disease transmission. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of head lice infestation among disadvantaged children aged between five to 14 years-old living in five poor conditions located across the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Of total 335 children examined, 14% were positively infected with head lice. Molecular analysis using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI) barcoding gene on total of 167 head lice collected in this study indicated they are belonging to the A and C clades; confirming the global distribution of clade A and expansion of clade C in Southeast Asia, which is reported for the first time in Malaysia.
Bite envenomation by Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae) spiders in Malaysia

Mokhtar AS, Muslimin M, Mat-Saat AY, Ghazali AM, Ismail AK, Abdul-Aziz NM

Trop Biomed, 2021 Dec 01;38(4):568-577.
PMID: 35001923 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.4.100

We report two confirmed human bite cases by Lactrodectus geometricus , also known as the brown widow spider. These are the first reported bite envenomation incidents by L. geometricus in Malaysia. The incidents occurred in Tawau, Sabah and Paka, Terengganu. Both men were bitten on their ear while putting on motorcycle helmets. The spiders appeared to have nested in the helmets. The dead specimens were collected and sent to the Invertebrate and Vertebrate Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya for identification. The species identity was confirmed by DNA barcoding.
Fulltext Halal practices integrity and halal supply chain trust in Malaysian halal food supply chain

Kamisah, S., Mokhtar, A., Hafsah, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(101):57-62.
MyJurnal

Halal food industry has grown substantively worldwide in the last few years. It has become increasingly crucial to Muslim consumers due to its safety, hygiene and quality assurance. In Islam, Muslim consumers follow the Shariah and the food they consume should be halalan-thoyyiban, i.e. lawful or permissible, authentic, wholesome, and safe. In Malaysia, halal food manufacturers should comply with MS1500:2009 in order to obtain halal certification (halal logo). However, there is an increasing number of halal logo misuse cases and halal food’s questionable status. In addition, any improper description and inappropriate preparation of halal food has significant impacts unto the demand for halal food and buyers’ trust in consuming halal food. Hence, trust is an essential element in food production and it must be upheld along the halal food supply chain by all the parties involved. Given the significant role of trust in halal food production among Muslim consumers, this study aimed at examining the influence of halal practices integrity on halal supply chain trust and supply chain performance. Using a quantitative approach, survey questionnaires were distributed to 212 Malaysian halal food and beverages companies during halal food exhibitions and festivals. Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square was used to analyze the collected data. The findings showed that halal practices integrity is significantly related to halal supply chain trust and supply chain performance. The results revealed that halal supply chain trust is significantly important in enhancing halal practices integrity and supply chain performance. The Malaysian government and various agencies in the halal industry should seriously take part in the development and promotion of halal food products to maintain consumer trust. The findings of this study would give some insights into the halal food supply chain integrity.
Fulltext Female urinary retention in the young and elderly: a case report and review of literature

Hakim, B., Saw, Ohnmar, Malhi, F.S., Syed Rahim, S.H., Noraziana, A.W., Suhaiza, A., et al.

Asian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;1(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Urinary retention rarely affects women. In obstructive retention the source must be determined and treated to allow the patient to void normally. A common anatomic cause of urinary retention is extrinsic compression due to a pelvic mass. In addition, obstruction can also be seen in women with pelvic organ prolapse. Haematocolpos and uterine fibroids have also been documented as causes of acute urinary retention.

The following cases of female urinary retention highlight the need to consider haematocolpos in the adolescent girl who has not attained menarche and fibroids in the older female.
Fulltext The entrapped twin: a case of fetus-in-fetu

Yaacob R, Zainal Mokhtar A, Abang Jamari DZH, Jaafar N

BMJ Case Rep, 2017 Sep 23;2017.
PMID: 28942402 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220801

Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) is a rare entity in which malformed parasitic twin grows inside the body of its twin. It is most commonly presented with mass in the abdomen. We present a case of a 15-year-old boy who presented with abdominal mass since infancy. Radiological investigations are suggestive of FIF. Intraoperatively, malformed fetus in a sac was found and excised. Postoperatively the patient recovers well and was put on follow-up.
Takayasu arteritis in major rheumatology centers in Malaysia

Khor CG, Tan BE, Kan SL, Tsang EE, Lim AL, Chong EY, et al.

J Clin Rheumatol, 2016 Jun;22(4):194-7.
PMID: 27219306 DOI: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000000362

OBJECTIVE: There is paucity of data for Takayasu arteritis (TAK) among South Asians. We aimed to evaluate the clinical features, angiographic findings, as well as treatment and outcome of TAK among Malaysian multiethnic groups.

METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 40 patients with TAK seen in major rheumatology centres in Malaysia between April 2006 and September 2013.

RESULTS: Majority were female patients (92.5%), with a female-to-male ratio of 12:1. Median duration of disease from diagnosis was 66 months (interquartile range, 33-177 months). Fifteen (37.5%) were Malays, 9 (22.5%) each were Indians and indigenous from East Malaysia and 7 (17.5%) were Chinese. Indian and indigenous from East Malaysia were overrepresented in this disease. The mean (SD) age of symptom onset and diagnosis were 25.5 (8.1) and 27.4 (8.4), respectively. The 3 most common clinical presentations at diagnosis were diminished or absent pulse, which occurred in 80% of the patients, followed by blood pressure discrepancy (60%) and arterial bruit (52.5%). There was no difference in clinical presentation among ethnic groups. The subclavian artery was the commonest vessel involved (72.5%), followed by the carotid artery (65%) and renal artery (47.5%). Eight patients had coronary artery involvement, and 2 patients had pulmonary artery involvement. Type I arterial involvement was the commonest (80.0%), followed by type IV (35%), present in isolation or mixed type. Glucocorticoid was the main medical treatment (90.0%). Nineteen patients (47.5%) underwent revascularization procedures. Five patients died during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS: The Malaysian TAK cohort had similarities with and differences from other published TAK cohort. A nationwide TAK registry is needed to determine the prevalence of the disease among different ethnic groups.
Fulltext In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effects of Urtica dioica and swimming activity on diabetic factors and pancreatic beta cells

Ranjbari A, Azarbayjani MA, Yusof A, Halim Mokhtar A, Akbarzadeh S, Ibrahim MY, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2016 Mar 15;16:101.
PMID: 26980377 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1064-6

BACKGROUND: Urtica dioica (UD) has been identified as a traditional herbal medicine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of UD extract and swimming activity on diabetic parameters through in vivo and in vitro experiments.
METHODS: Adult WKY male rats were randomly distributed in nine groups: intact control, diabetic control, diabetic + 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, diabetic + 100 mg/kg Metformin, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + swimming 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, and diabetic +100 mg/kg Metformin + swimming. The hearts of the animals were punctured, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The entire pancreas was exposed for histologic examination. The effect of UD on insulin secretion by RIN-5F cells in 6.25 or 12.5 mM glucose dose was examined. Glucose uptake by cultured L6 myotubes was determined.
RESULTS: The serum glucose concentration decreased, the insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity significantly increased in treated groups. These changes were more pronounced in the group that received UD extract and swimming training. Regeneration and less beta cell damage of Langerhans islets were observed in the treated groups. UD treatment increased insulin secretion in the RIN-5F cells and glucose uptake in the L6 myotubes cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Swimming exercises accompanied by consuming UD aqueous extracts effectively improved diabetic parameters, repaired pancreatic tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetics in vivo, and increased glucose uptake or insulin in UD-treated cells in vitro.
Fulltext A retrospective review of 25 cases of lethal fetal anomalies

Dalia, F.A., Hamizah, I., Zalina, N., Yong, S.L., Mokhtar, A.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2016;15(1):19-23.
MyJurnal

Introduction: To review the gestational age at diagnosis, method of diagnosis, pregnancy outcome and
maternal complications of prenatally diagnosed lethal foetal anomalies. Methods: Retrospective review of 25
women who had aborted or delivered foetuses with lethal anomalies in a tertiary hospital in 2011 based on
patient medical records. Results: There were a total of 10,088 deliveries, in which 25 (0.24%) women were
found to have conceived foetuses with lethal anomalies. All of them were diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound
and only 7 (28.0%) had both prenatal ultrasound and genetic study done. The women’s mean age was 29.9
years old. The mean gestational age at diagnosis of lethal foetal anomalies was 25.5 weeks (SD=12.5) and
mean gestational age at termination of pregnancy (TOP) or delivery was 28.5 weeks (SD=12.5). Seven (28%)
women had early counseling and TOP at the gestation of < 22 weeks. Beyond 22 weeks of gestation, eight
(32%) women had TOP and ten (40%) women had spontaneous delivery. Twenty (80%) women delivered or
aborted vaginally, three (12%) women with assisted breech delivery and two (8%) women with abdominal
delivery which were performed due to transverse foetal lie in labour and a failed induction, leading to
emergency hysterotomy complicated by hysterectomy due to intraoperative finding of ruptured uterus.
Overall, the associated post-partum adverse events included post-partum haemorrhage (12%), retained
placenta (12%), blood transfusion (8%), uterine rupture (4%) and endometritis (4%). Mean duration of hospital
stay was 6.6 days (SD 3.7 days). Conclusion: Late diagnosis of lethal foetal anomalies leads to various
maternal morbidities, in this case series , which could have been prevented if they were diagnosed and
terminated at early trimester. A new direction is needed in our local practice.
Fulltext Molecular detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates in raw chicken meat

Aklilu, E., Nurhardy, A.D., Mokhtar, A., Zahirul, I.K., Siti Rokiah, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(1):322-325.
MyJurnal

Multi-drug resistant staphylococci including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) are among the emerging
pathogens and have become a threat to both human and animals. Foods of animal origin can
easily be contaminated by these bacteria if handled unhygienically or exposed to contaminated
environmental surfaces. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of MRSA
and MRSE in raw chicken meat sold at wet markets in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. One
hundred fresh raw chicken meat samples were collected from three different wet markets in
Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Routine isolation and identification, selective media (Brilliance MRSA2
agar), antimicrobial sensitivity test (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC), and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nucA gene and the resistant gene, mecA
were conducted. Based on bacteriology results and growth on selective media, MRSA and
MRSE were detected in 43% (43/100) of the raw chicken meat samples. Using the PCR assay,
77% (34/43) isolates were positive for nucA gene. The detection of these emerging multidrug
resistant bacteria in chicken meat intended for human consumption implies the potential
contamination of food items by the bacteria which in turn may pose risk to the public health.
Fulltext Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among women attending gynaecology clinic and its effect on their social life

Zalina, N., Ruqaiyah, B. R., Hamizah, I., Roszaman, R., Mokhtar, A., Rozihan, I., et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2016;15(1):97-102.
MyJurnal

Objective: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) is a highly prevalent disease which varies by geography
and culture. It influences the quality of life and has social implication. The objectives of this study are to
estimate the prevalence of LUTS among women attending our gynaecology clinic, the associated risk factors
and their quality of life. Method: This is a cross sectional study on women attending gynaecology clinic in a
tertiary centre. Participants were given 3 sets of validated self-answered questionnaire, UDI-6, IIQ-7 and
OAB V8. Results: the prevalence of luts is 50.6% which is common among Malay women. Forty nine percent
is due to stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The risk of LUTS is significantly associated with obesity (AOR =
12.14 95% CI = 1.21 to 121.99, p – value = 0.034), higher parity (AOR = 1.68 95% CI = 1.26 to 2.24, p – value =
Fulltext The effect of diet control on the leptin levels in diabetic pregnant women

Muna KA, Mokhtar A, Saad MA, Ahmed AA, Akbar JB

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2015;14(1):59-63.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Leptin is an adipokine that has strong correlation with the body mass index (BMI). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical complication associated with pregnancy. Leptin may lose its correlation with the body mass index (BMI) during diabetes due to hormonal rearrangement. Diet control is the first line management in GDM. Leptin reported to increase in pregnancy and further increases in diabetic patients during GDM screening. There is paucity in the reports concerning Leptin levels in GDM patients on diet control. The present study was aimed to evaluate the changes in maternal leptin in pregnancy complicated by GDM on diet control compared to the normal pregnancy in the 3rd trimesters by comparing the means and to find the correlation of Leptin with the body mass index in both groups.
Methods: The study included 2 groups: normal pregnancy (n = 40) and pregnancy with GDM under diet control (n = 60) both groups are at 38-40 weeks of gestation. Leptin concentration in serum was measured in both groups and statistically tested using student t test. The BMI were measured and correlated with the Leptin level in test groups.
Results: the results indicated that Leptin will nearly triple in the third trimester (38±30 ng/ml) of pregnancy compared to the standard normal non-pregnant. Leptin level was significantly lower in diabetic women on diet control (28±16 ng/ ml) when compared with the non-diabetics (38±30 ng/ml). The hormone has no correlation with the age of the patients but have a positive correlation with the body mass index before and during pregnancy in both groups.
Conclusion: Leptin is increasing in pregnancy as part of the physiological changes. Dieting can decrease Leptin level in diabetics’ pregnant women. Diet can restore the hormonal dysregulation of Leptin. Assessment of Leptin level might be used as an indicator for good diet control during pregnancy.
Study site: Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Identification of rickettsiae from wild rats and cat fleas in Malaysia

Tay ST, Mokhtar AS, Low KC, Mohd Zain SN, Jeffery J, Abdul Aziz N, et al.

Med Vet Entomol, 2014 Aug;28 Suppl 1:104-8.
PMID: 25171613 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12075

Rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic diseases reported worldwide. In spite of the serological evidence of spotted fever group rickettsioses in febrile patients in Malaysia, limited studies have been conducted to identify the animal reservoirs and vectors of rickettsioses. This study investigated the presence of rickettsiae in the tissue homogenates of 95 wild rats and 589 animal ectoparasites. Using PCR assays targeting the citrate synthase gene (gltA), rickettsial DNA was detected in the tissue homogenates of 13 (13.7%) wild rats. Sequence analysis of the gltA amplicons showed 98.6-100% similarity with those of Rickettsia honei/R. conorii/R. raoultii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae). Sequence analysis of outer membrane protein A gene (ompA) identified Rickettsia sp. TCM1 strain from two rats. No rickettsia was detected from Laelaps mites, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks, and Felicola subrostratus lice in this study. R. felis was identified from 32.2% of 177 Ctenocephalides felis fleas. Sequence analysis of the gltA amplicons revealed two genotypes of R. felis (Rf31 and RF2125) in the fleas. As wild rats and cat fleas play an important role in the enzoonotic maintenance of rickettsiae, control of rodent and flea populations may be able to reduce transmission of rickettsioses in the local setting.
Lambda light chain myeloma with co-migrating paraprotein at beta region on agarose gel electrophoresis: a case report

Siti Sarah M, Nor Aini U, Nurismah MI, Hafiza A, Khalidah M, Mokhtar AB, et al.

Clin Ter, 2014;165(1):35-9.
PMID: 24589949 DOI: 10.7471/CT.2014.1659

Paraproteinemia is one of the diagnostic features of multiple myeloma. A commonly used method is the detection of paraprotein by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) followed by by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) to confirm monoclonality. Due to their smaller size, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and light chain only paraproteins may appear at the beta or even alpha 2 protein fractions. Here, we discuss a case report of a 47-year-old man who presented with pathological fracture of third thoracic (T3) vertebra. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) was initially reported as no paraprotein detected. However, a bone biopsy was reported to show plasma cell proliferation with light chain restriction. A repeat sample for protein electrophoresis together with IFE revealed lambda light chain paraprotein co-migrating at the beta region. The beta band plus paraprotein was quantitated as 4.3 g/L (7.0%), which was within normal limits of the beta protein fraction. Hence, it has to be remembered that if the SPE is negative, it does not necessarily mean that the paraprotein is absent in cases which are highly suspicious.
Fulltext The effects of injury prevention warm-up programmes on knee strength in male soccer players

Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar A, Rahnama N, Yusof A

Biol Sport, 2013 Dec;30(4):281-8.
PMID: 24795499 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1077554

The study investigates the effects of the 11+ and HarmoKnee injury prevention programmes on knee strength in male soccer players. Under-21-year-old players (n=36) were divided equally into: the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programmes were performed for 24 sessions (20-25 min each). The hamstrings and quadriceps strength were measured bilaterally at 60°·s(-1), 180°·s(-1) and 300°·s(-1). The concentric quadriceps peak torque (PT) of the 11+ increased by 27.7% at 300°·s(-1) in the dominant leg (p<0.05). The concentric quadriceps PT of HarmoKnee increased by 36.6%, 36.2% and 28% in the dominant leg, and by 31.3%, 31.7% and 20.05% at 60°·s(-1), 180°·s(-1) and 300°·s(-1) in the non-dominant leg respectively. In the 11+ group the concentric hamstring PT increased by 22%, 21.4% and 22.1% at 60°·s(-1), 180°·s(-1) and 300°·s(-1), respectively in the dominant leg, and by 22.3%, and 15.7% at 60°·s(-1) and 180°·s(-1), in the non-dominant leg. In the HarmoKnee group the hamstrings in the dominant leg showed an increase in PT by 32.5%, 31.3% and 14.3% at 60°·s(-1), 180°·s(-1) and 300°·s(-1), and in the non-dominant leg hamstrings PT increased by 21.1% and 19.3% at 60°·s(-1) and 180°·s(-1) respectively. The concentric hamstrings strength was significantly different between the 11+ and control groups in the dominant (p=0.01) and non-dominant legs (p=0.02). The HarmoKnee programme enhanced the concentric strength of quadriceps. The 11+ and HarmoKnee programmes are useful warm-up protocols for improving concentric hamstring strength in young professional male soccer players. The 11+ programme is more advantageous for its greater concentric hamstring strength improvement compared to the HarmoKnee programme.
Fulltext Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys and Babesia gibsoni in dogs in Malaysia

Mokhtar AS, Lim SF, Tay ST

Trop Biomed, 2013 Jun;30(2):345-8.
PMID: 23959500 MyJurnal

This study reports for the first time molecular detection of Anaplasma platys infection in 4 (13.3%) of 30 Malaysian dogs investigated. A low occurrence (3.3%) of Babesia gibsoni was also noted, being detected in one of the 30 dogs. Rickettsia, Bartonella, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Ehrlichia DNA were not detected in the dog blood samples. The role of A. platys as an agent of canine anaplasmosis and its transmission through Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks merits further investigation.
Enhanced performance with elastic resistance during the eccentric phase of a countermovement jump

Aboodarda SJ, Yusof A, Abu Osman NA, Thompson MW, Mokhtar AH

Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2013 Mar;8(2):181-7.
PMID: 23428490

To identify the effect of additional elastic force on the kinetic and kinematic characteristics, as well as the magnitude of leg stiffness, during the performance of accentuated countermovement jumps (CMJs).
Badminton injuries in youth competitive players

Goh SL, Mokhtar AH, Mohamad Ali MR

J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2013 Feb;53(1):65-70.
PMID: 23470913

The aim of the study was to examine sports injury pattern and establish cost of injuries in relation to training of 58 competitive badminton players in a Malaysian National Sports School.
Preliminary analysis of the anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils of Zingiber zerumbet

Zakaria ZA, Mohamad AS, Ahmad MS, Mokhtar AF, Israf DA, Lajis NH, et al.

Biol Res Nurs, 2011 Oct;13(4):425-32.
PMID: 21112917 DOI: 10.1177/1099800410386590

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of inflammation. However, despite their effectiveness, most NSAIDs cause various side effects that negatively affect the management of inflammation and, in part, pain. Thus, there is a need to search for new anti-inflammatory agents with few, or no, side effects. Natural products of plant, animal, or microorganism origin have been good sources of new bioactive compounds. The present study was carried out to evaluate the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests, respectively. The effect of the essential oil on inflammatory- and noninflammatory-mediated pain was also assessed using the formalin test. Essential oil of Z. zerumbet, at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally to rats. The substance exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity both in acute and chronic animal models. The essential oil also inhibited inflammatory- and noninflammatory-mediated pain when assessed using the formalin test. In conclusion, the essential oil of Z. zerumbet possessed anti-inflammatory activity, in addition to its antinociceptive activity, which may explain its traditional uses to treat inflammatory-related ailments.

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