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Fulltext Multilocus sequence types of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from peninsular Malaysia and their associations with disease outcomes

Zueter AR, Rahman ZA, Abumarzouq M, Harun A

BMC Infect Dis, 2018 01 02;18(1):5.
PMID: 29291714 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2912-9

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the Burkholderia pseudomallei genetic diversity among clinical isolates from melioidosis-endemic areas have identified genetic factors contributing to differential virulence. Although it has been ruled out in Australian and Thai B. pseudomallei populations, it remains unclear whether B. pseudomallei sequence types (STs) correlate with disease in Malaysian patients with melioidosis.
METHODS: In this study, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on clinical B. pseudomallei isolates collected from Kelantan state of Malaysia, patients' clinical data were reviewed and then genotype-risk correlations were investigated.
RESULTS: Genotyping of 83 B. pseudomallei isolates revealed 32 different STs, of which 13(40%) were novel. The frequencies of the STs among the 83 isolates ranged from 1 to 12 observations, and ST54, ST371 and ST289 were predominant. All non-novel STs reported in this study have also been identified in other Asian countries. Based on the MLST data analysis, the phylogenetic tree showed clustering of the STs with each other, as well as with the STs from Southeast Asia and China. No evidence for associations between any of B. pseudomallei STs and clinical melioidosis presentation was detected. In addition, the bacterial genotype clusters in relation with each clinical outcome were statistically insignificant, and no risk estimate was reported. This study has expanded the data for B. pseudomallei on MLST database map and provided insights into the molecular epidemiology of melioidosis in Peninsular Malaysia.
CONCLUSION: This study concurs with previous reports concluding that infecting strain type plays no role in determining disease presentation.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Fulltext An imported case of acute melioidosis caused by ST881 Burkholderia pseudomallei

Zong Z, Wang X, Deng Y

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2016 Mar;47(2):219-22.
PMID: 27244959

A previously healthy Chinese male working in Malaysia returned to China with high fever. A blood culture showed Burkholderia pseudomallei strain WCBP1. This isolate was sequenced, showing type, ST881, which appears to be present in Malaysia. WCP1 had unusual susceptibility to aminoglycosides and habored the Yersinia-like fimbrial gene cluster for virulence. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly but he recovered after receiving meropenem and intensive care support. Melioidosis is a potential problem among Chinese imigrant workers with strains new to China being identified.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Construction and characterization of a Burkholderia pseudomallei wzm deletion mutant

Yuen CW, Ong EB, Mohamad S, Manaf UA, Najimudin N

J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012 Oct;22(10):1336-42.
PMID: 23075783

In Burkholderia pseudomallei, the pathogen that causes melioidosis, the gene cluster encoding the capsular polysaccharide, is located on chromosome 1. Among the 19 capsular genes in this cluster, wzm has not been thoroughly studied. To study the function of wzm, we generated a deletion mutant and compared it with the wild-type strain. The mutant produced less biofilm in minimal media and was more sensitive to desiccation and oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain, indicating that wzm is involved in biofilm formation and membrane integrity. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the bacterial cells of the mutant strain have more defined surfaces with indentations, whereas cells of the wild-type strain do not.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Validation of a Burkholderia pseudomallei hypothetical protein and determination of its translational start codon using chromosomal integration of His-Tag coding sequence

Yam H, Abdul Rahim A, Gim Luan O, Samian R, Abdul Manaf U, Mohamad S, et al.

Protein J, 2012 Mar;31(3):246-9.
PMID: 22354666 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9398-5

In this post genomic era, there are a great number of in silico annotated hypothetical genes. However, experimental validation of the functionality of these genes remains tentative. Two of the major challenges faced by researcher are whether these hypothetical genes are protein-coding genes and whether their corresponding predicted translational start codons are correct. In this report, we demonstrate a convenient procedure to validate the presence of a hypothetical gene product of BPSS1356 from Burkholderia pseudomallei as well as its start codon. It was done by integration of a His-Tag coding sequence into C-terminal end of BPSS1356 gene via homologous recombination. We then purified the native protein using affinity chromatography. The genuine start codon of BPSS1356 was then determined by protein N-terminal sequencing.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Fulltext The multiple roles of hypothetical gene BPSS1356 in Burkholderia pseudomallei

Yam H, Rahim AA, Mohamad S, Mahadi NM, Manaf UA, Shu-Chien AC, et al.

PLoS One, 2014;9(6):e99218.
PMID: 24927285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099218

Burkholderia pseudomallei is an opportunistic pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis. It is able to adapt to harsh environments and can live intracellularly in its infected hosts. In this study, identification of transcriptional factors that associate with the β' subunit (RpoC) of RNA polymerase was performed. The N-terminal region of this subunit is known to trigger promoter melting when associated with a sigma factor. A pull-down assay using histidine-tagged B. pseudomallei RpoC N-terminal region as bait showed that a hypothetical protein BPSS1356 was one of the proteins bound. This hypothetical protein is conserved in all B. pseudomallei strains and present only in the Burkholderia genus. A BPSS1356 deletion mutant was generated to investigate its biological function. The mutant strain exhibited reduced biofilm formation and a lower cell density during the stationary phase of growth in LB medium. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the ΔBPSS1356 mutant cells had a shrunken cytoplasm indicative of cell plasmolysis and a rougher surface when compared to the wild type. An RNA microarray result showed that a total of 63 genes were transcriptionally affected by the BPSS1356 deletion with fold change values of higher than 4. The expression of a group of genes encoding membrane located transporters was concurrently down-regulated in ΔBPSS1356 mutant. Amongst the affected genes, the putative ion transportation genes were the most severely suppressed. Deprivation of BPSS1356 also down-regulated the transcriptions of genes for the arginine deiminase system, glycerol metabolism, type III secretion system cluster 2, cytochrome bd oxidase and arsenic resistance. It is therefore obvious that BPSS1356 plays a multiple regulatory roles on many genes.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Comparative analysis of extracellular enzymes and virulence exhibited by Burkholderia pseudomallei from different sources

Vellasamy KM, Vasu C, Puthucheary SD, Vadivelu J

Microb Pathog, 2009 Sep;47(3):111-7.
PMID: 19524661 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.06.003

To evaluate the potential role of extracellular proteins in the pathogenicity and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the activities of several enzymes in the culture filtrates of nine clinical and six environmental isolates were investigated in vitro and in vivo in ICR strain of mice. The production of protease, phosphatase, phospholipase C, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were detected in the culture filtrates of all the 15 isolates at different time points of growth 4-24h. Over time, activity of each enzyme at each time point varied. Profile of secretion was similar among the 15 isolates irrespective of source, that is clinical or environmental. Catalase, phosphatase and phospholipase C were found to be increased in 60-100% of the isolates post-passage in mice. In vivo inoculation studies in ICR mice demonstrated a wide difference in their ability to cause bacteraemia, splenic or external abscesses and mortality rate ranged from few days to several weeks.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Ribotyping and DNA macrorestriction analysis of isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from cases of melioidosis in Malaysia

Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD, Mifsud A, Drasar BS, Dance DA, Pitt TI

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1997 5 1;91(3):358-60.
PMID: 9231217

Forty-nine isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from sporadic cases of melioidosis in Malaysia over the past 18 years were examined by BamHI ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI digests of total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Twenty-four patients had septicaemic melioidosis with a mortality of 70%; mortality in the non-septicaemic disease was 16%. Five ribotype patterns were identified, 2 of which accounted for 90% of all isolates. PFGE revealed a number of different strains within these ribotypes, but some pairs of isolates from unrelated cases gave closely similar DNA profiles. These results are in agreement with Australian studies which showed a high prevalence of a few ribotypes of B. pseudomallei which are further divisible by genotyping, in areas where melioidosis is endemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Stability of strain genotypes of Burkholderia pseudomallei from patients with single and recurrent episodes of melioidosis

Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD, Drasar BS, Dance DA, Pitt TL

Trop Med Int Health, 1998 Jul;3(7):518-21.
PMID: 9705184

The constancy of strain genotypes of multiple isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from 13 patients with melioidosis was examined by BamHI ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI digests of DNA. Seven of 8 patients with single episodes of melioidosis each yielded genetically identical isolates and only one of five patients with recurrent episodes was infected with a new strain clearly distinct from the original primary strain. Variation was observed in PFGE patterns of primary and relapse isolates of another patient but this was insufficient to define genetically distinct strains. We conclude that most patients with single or multiple episodes of melioidosis retain a single strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Fulltext Sequence polymorphism and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flagellin gene of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Tay ST, Cheah PC, Puthucheary SD

J Clin Microbiol, 2010 Apr;48(4):1465-7.
PMID: 20089759 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01131-09

Four flagellin allelic types (I to IV) of Burkholderia pseudomallei were identified based on their sequence variation and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified flagellin gene. Flagellin allelic type I was the most predominantly (75.0%) found among the 100 clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei investigated in this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
A genome level survey of Burkholderia pseudomallei immunome expressed during human infection

Su YC, Wan KL, Mohamed R, Nathan S

Microbes Infect., 2008 Oct;10(12-13):1335-45.
PMID: 18761419 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.034

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease of humans and animals. The role of the bacterium's proteins expressed in vivo during human melioidosis continues to remain an enigma. This study's aim was to identify B. pseudomallei target proteins that elicit the humoral immune response in infected humans. A small insert genomic expression library was constructed and immunoscreened to identify peptides that reacted exclusively with melioidosis patients' sera. Sero-positive clones expressing immunogenic peptides were sequenced and annotated, and shown to represent 109 proteins involved in bacterial cell envelope biogenesis, cell motility and secretion, transcription, amino acid, ion and protein metabolism, energy production, DNA repair and unknown hypothetical proteins. Western blot analysis of three randomly selected full-length immunogenic polypeptides with patients' sera verified the findings of the immunome screening. The patients' humoral immune response to the 109 proteins suggests the induction or significant upregulation of these proteins in vivo during human infection and thus may play a role in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei. Identification of B. pseudomallei immunogens has shed new light on the elucidation of the bacterium's pathogenesis mechanism and disease severity. These immunogens can be further evaluated as prophylactic and serodiagnostic candidates as well as drug targets.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated in Thailand and Malaysia

Radua S, Ling OW, Srimontree S, Lulitanond A, Hin WF, Yuherman, et al.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2000 Nov;38(3):141-5.
PMID: 11109011

A total of 35 Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Thailand (16 clinical and eight soil isolates) and Malaysia (seven animal, two isolate each from clinical and soil) were investigated by their antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and were typed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. All isolates were found to be resistant to six or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents tested. Only two small plasmids of 1.8 and 2.4 megadalton were detected in two clinical isolates from Thailand. RAPD analysis with primer GEN2-60-09 resulted in the identification of 35 RAPD-types among the 35 isolates. The constructed dendrogram differentiated the 35 isolates into two main clusters and a single isolate. The wide genetic biodiversity among the 35 isolates indicate that RAPD-PCR can be a useful method to differentiate unrelated B. pseudomallei in epidemiological investigation.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Fulltext Genotypic and phenotypic relationship in Burkholderia pseudomallei indicates colonization with closely related isolates

Radu S, Lihan S, Idris A, Ling OW, Al-Haddawi MH, Rusul G

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1999 Dec;30(4):760-3.
PMID: 10928372

Seven isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from cases of melioidosis in human (2 isolates) and animal (2 isolates), cat (one isolate) and from soil samples (2 isolates) were examined for in vitro sensitivity to 14 antimicrobial agents and for presence of plasmid DNA. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to type the isolates, using two arbitrary primers. All isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, carbenicillin, rifampicin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. No plasmid was detected in all the isolates tested. RADP fingerprinting demonstrated genomic relationship between isolates, which provides an effective method to study the epidemiology of the isolates examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Molecular investigation of virulence determinants between a virulent clinical strain and an attenuated strain of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Puthucheary SD, Puah SM, Chai HC, Thong KL, Chua KH

J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2012;22(3):198-204.
PMID: 22846664 DOI: 10.1159/000338985

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. We initiated this investigation with a virulent and an attenuated strain of B. pseudomallei. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was carried out initially for macrogenomic comparison of both strains of B. pseudomallei. However, the pulsotypes obtained were identical and therefore we applied a subtractive hybridization technique to distinguish and determine the possible differences between the two strains. Six virulence strain-specific DNA fragments were obtained and the encoding homolog proteins were identified as a xenobiotic-responsive element family of transcriptional regulator, a hypothetical protein, an unknown protein, a plasmid recombination enzyme, a regulatory protein and a putative hemolysin activator protein. A combination of at least three of these determinants was identified in 45 clinical isolates when screening was carried out with self-designed multiplex PCR targeting the six putative virulent determinants. Our data demonstrated that different combinations of the six putative virulence genes were present in the clinical isolates indicating their probable role in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Fulltext Molecular characterization of putative virulence determinants in Burkholderia pseudomallei

Puah SM, Puthucheary SD, Wang JT, Pan YJ, Chua KH

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:590803.
PMID: 25215325 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590803

The Gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease which is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. This bacterium possesses many virulence factors which are thought to contribute to its survival and pathogenicity. Using a virulent clinical isolate of B. pseudomallei and an attenuated strain of the same B. pseudomallei isolate, 6 genes BPSL2033, BP1026B_I2784, BP1026B_I2780, BURPS1106A_A0094, BURPS1106A_1131, and BURPS1710A_1419 were identified earlier by PCR-based subtractive hybridization. These genes were extensively characterized at the molecular level, together with an additional gene BPSL3147 that had been identified by other investigators. Through a reverse genetic approach, single-gene knockout mutants were successfully constructed by using site-specific insertion mutagenesis and were confirmed by PCR. BPSL2033::Km and BURPS1710A_1419::Km mutants showed reduced rates of survival inside macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and also low levels of virulence in the nematode infection model. BPSL2033::Km demonstrated weak statistical significance (P = 0.049) at 8 hours after infection in macrophage infection study but this was not seen in BURPS1710A_1419::Km. Nevertheless, complemented strains of both genes were able to partially restore the gene defects in both in vitro and in vivo studies, thus suggesting that they individually play a minor role in the virulence of B. pseudomallei.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Case-control investigation on the risk factors of melioidosis in small ruminant farms in Peninsular Malaysia

Musa HI, Hassan L, Shamsuddin ZH, Panchadcharam C, Zakaria Z, Abdul Aziz S, et al.

J Appl Microbiol, 2015 Aug;119(2):331-41.
PMID: 25891038 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12830

Epidemiology of melioidosis is poorly understood because its occurrence is influenced by complex interaction of environmental, climatic, physicochemical and host factors. We investigated the potential risk factors for the exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei in small ruminants' farms in Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Fulltext Duplex TaqMan Hydrolysis Probe-Based Molecular Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Leptospira spp. DNA

Mohd Ali MR, Lih Huey L, Foo PC, Goay YX, Ismail AS, Mustaffa KMF, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2019;2019:9451791.
PMID: 31355287 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9451791

Melioidosis and leptospirosis, caused by two different bacteria, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Leptospira spp., are potentially fatal infections that share a very similar spectrum of clinical features and cause significant mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. Early detection is important for better clinical consequences. To our knowledge, there is no diagnostic tool available to simultaneously detect and differentiate melioidosis and leptospirosis in humans and animals. In this study, we described a duplex TaqMan probe-based qPCR for the detection of B. pseudomallei and Leptospira spp. DNA. The performance of the assay was evaluated on 20 B. pseudomallei isolates, 23 Leptospira strains, and 39 other microorganisms, as well as two sets of serially diluted reference strains. The duplex qPCR assay was able to detect 0.02 pg (~ 4 copies) Leptospira spp. DNA and 0.2 pg (~ 25.6 copies) B. pseudomallei DNA. No undesired amplification was observed in other microorganisms. In conclusion, the duplex qPCR assay was sensitive and specific for the detection of B. pseudomallei & Leptospira spp. DNA and is suitable for further analytical and clinical evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Multilocus sequence typing of historical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates collected in Southeast Asia from 1964 to 1967 provides insight into the epidemiology of melioidosis

McCombie RL, Finkelstein RA, Woods DE

J Clin Microbiol, 2006 Aug;44(8):2951-62.
PMID: 16891516

A collection of 207 historically relevant Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates was analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The strain collection contains environmental isolates obtained from a geographical distribution survey of B. pseudomallei isolates in Thailand (1964 to 1967), as well as stock cultures and colony variants from the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit (Malaysia), the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, and the Pasteur Institute (Vietnam). The 207 isolates of the collection were resolved into 80 sequence types (STs); 56 of these were novel. eBURST diagrams predict that the historical-collection STs segregate into three complexes when analyzed separately. When added to the 760 isolates and 365 STs of the B. pseudomallei MLST database, the historical-collection STs cluster significantly within the main complex of the eBURST diagram in an ancestral pattern and alter the B. pseudomallei "population snapshot." Differences in colony morphology among reference isolates were found not to affect the STs assigned, which were consistent with the original isolates. Australian ST84 is likely characteristic of B. pseudomallei isolates of Southeast Asia rather than Australia, since multiple environmental isolates from Thailand and Malaysia share this ST with the single Australian clinical isolate in the MLST database. Phylogenetic evidence is also provided suggesting that Australian isolates may not be distinct from those of Thailand, since ST60 is common to environmental isolates from both countries. MLST and eBURST are useful tools for the study of population biology and epidemiology, since they provide methods to elucidate new genetic relationships among bacterial isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*
Fulltext Relapse of chronic melioidosis in a paediatric cystic fibrosis patient: first case report from Malaysia

Mariappan V, Thavagnanam S, Vellasamy KM, Teh CJS, Atiya N, Ponnampalavanar S, et al.

BMC Infect Dis, 2018 Sep 05;18(1):455.
PMID: 30185168 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3371-7

BACKGROUND: Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a potentially life threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asian countries. In Malaysia, cystic fibrosis (CF) is an uncommon condition. The association between CF and B.pseudomallei infections has been reported previously. However, this is the first case report of a pediatric melioidosis relapse and co-infection with other Gram-negative bacteria in Malaysia.
CASE PRESENTATION: A 14-year-old Chinese Malaysian boy presented with a history of recurrent pneumonia, poor growth and steatorrhoea since childhood, and was diagnosed with CF. B. pseudomallei was cultured from his sputum during three different admissions between 2013 and 2016. However, the patient succumbed to end stage of respiratory failure in 2017 despite antibiotics treatment against B.pseudomallei. The isolates were compared using multilocus-sequence typing and repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmed that two of the isolates were of same sequence type, which may indicate relapse.
CONCLUSIONS: CF patients should be aware of melioidosis in endemic regions, as it is an emerging infectious disease, especially when persistent or recurrent respiratory symptoms and signs of infection occur. The high prevalence rates of melioidosis in Malaysia warrants better management options to improve quality of life, and life expectancy in patients with CF. Travel activities to endemic regions should also be given more consideration, as this would be crucial to identify and initiate appropriate empiric treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Adhesion and invasion attributes of Burkholderia pseudomallei are dependent on airway surface liquid and glucose concentrations in lung epithelial cells

Mariappan V, Thimma J, Vellasamy KM, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J

Environ Microbiol Rep, 2018 04;10(2):217-225.
PMID: 29393577 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12624

Physiological constituents in airway surface liquids (ASL) appear to impact the adherence and invasion potentials of Burkholderia pseudomallei contributing to recrudescent melioidosis. Here, we investigated the factors present in ASL that is likely to influence bacterial adhesion and invasion leading to improved understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. Six B. pseudomallei clinical isolates from different origins were used to investigate the ability of the bacteria to adhere and invade A549 human lung epithelial cells using a system that mimics the physiological ASL with different pH, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and glucose concentrations. These parameters resulted in markedly differential adherence and invasion abilities of B. pseudomallei to the lung epithelial cells. The concentration of 20 mM glucose dramatically increased adherence and invasion by increasing the rate of pili formation in depiliated bacteria. Glucose significantly increased adherence and invasion of B. pseudomallei to A549 cells, and presence of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 markedly ablated the effect despite the presence of glucose. Our data established a link between glucose, enhanced adhesion and invasion potentials of B. pseudomallei, hinting increased susceptibility of individuals with diabetes mellitus to clinical melioidosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics
Genome-wide prediction and annotation of Burkholderia pseudomallei AraC/XylS family transcription regulator

Lim BS, Chong CE, Zamrod Z, Nathan S, Mohamed R

In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt), 2007;7(4-5):389-97.
PMID: 18391231

Many members of the AraC/XylS family transcription regulator have been proven to play a critical role in regulating bacterial virulence factors in response to environmental stress. By using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile built from the alignment of a 99 amino acid conserved domain sequence of 273 AraC/XylS family transcription regulators, we detected a total of 45 AraC/XylS family transcription regulators in the genome of the Gram-negative pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Further in silico analysis of each detected AraC/XylS family transcription regulatory protein and its neighboring genes allowed us to make a first-order guess on the role of some of these transcription regulators in regulating important virulence factors such as those involved in three type III secretion systems and biosynthesis of pyochelin, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and phospholipase C. This paper has demonstrated an efficient and systematic genome-wide scale prediction of the AraC/XylS family that can be applied to other protein families.

Matched MeSH terms: Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics*

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