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Fulltext Gender identity disorder is not simply two in one

Syed Masroor, A., Abdul Ghani, K.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(2):83-85.
MyJurnal

A Case Report on Gender Identity Disorder with Recurrent Depressive Disorder is presented. Individuals having this disorder often exhibit discomfort about their actual anatomic gender, and they may have wished to alter their bodies. Sex role-stereotypes adopted during childhood are the beliefs, characteristics and behaviors of individual cultures that are considered normal and appropriate for boys and girls to possess. These "norms" are influenced by one's family and friends, the mass-media, and their community. Since some cultures disapprove of cross-gender behavior, it often results in significant problems for affected individuals and those in close relationships with them. The importance of treatment is not only because of the high rate of mental-health problems, including Depression but with higher suicide rate among untreated transsexual people than in the general population. These problems are not usually related to the gender identity issues themselves, but the social and cultural responses to gender-deviated individuals. An example which classically illustrates Gender Identity Disorder is the case of a young man from Brunei Darussalam, who was seen and treated. This
contribution will highlight the cultural and religious perspective of this Disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Catching up with wonderful women: The women-are-wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies

Krys K, Capaldi CA, van Tilburg W, Lipp OV, Bond MH, Vauclair CM, et al.

Int J Psychol, 2018 Oct;53 Suppl 1:21-26.
PMID: 28295294 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12420

Inequalities between men and women are common and well-documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies-there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women-are-wonderful effect-that women are evaluated more positively than men overall-is also common. Cross-cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self-reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women-are-wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Fulltext PERANAN WANITA ISLAM DALAM MENYAMPAIKAN MESEJ DAKWAH KEPADA MASYARAKAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF AL-QURAN

Aini Sofea Che Daud & Berhanundin Abdullah

AL-QIYAM International Social Science and Humanities Journal, 2018;1(1):1-10.
MyJurnal

The involvement of women preachers in the field of preaching is also a major contributor to the process of delivering the preaching to the community. Thus, the importance of Islamic women's role in delivering the content of their preaching focused on aspects related to women and society based on the main sources of the Quran and the sunnah. Therefore, the objective of this study is to study the role of Muslim women in delivering the message of preaching to the community according to the Quranic perspective. This study uses qualitative method which is a documentary study which is accompanied by the arguments of the Quran, Hadith and the views of several commentators on the topic of the study. The study found that women play a very important role in communicating the message of faith such as issues of faith, sharia, morals and current issues of women and society based on the Quranic message. This is because the Muslim preacher's delivery is more personalized and influenced by a more feminine and family-oriented approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
How the social media impact women's psychological well-being in the patriarchal structure? The moderating effect of social capital

He L, Firdaus A, Gong J, Dharejo N, Aksar IA

BMC Public Health, 2024 Feb 23;24(1):581.
PMID: 38395820 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18013-y

BACKGROUND: Despite technological, political and economic progress, Pakistan is still a traditionally patriarchal society, and cultural norms curb women's freedom of socialization, which contributes to poor mental health. The digital technology spaces are rampant with male dominance, and offline cultural behaviours are replicated. Therefore, the current research in Pakistan intends to focus solely on women, their social media uses and the consequent impact on their psychological well-being. Furthermore, the mediation role of social capital is explored, which is linked to women's socialization. In virtual communication, women can expand their connection or remain limited to known people.
METHODS: An online survey collected 240 responses from women social media users. The questionnaire was divided into demographics, social media use patterns like access, online time, frequency of use, social media uses, online social capital and psychological well-being. The obtained responses were statistically analyzed using Smart PLS.
RESULTS: Pakistani women use social media extensively; however, their uses are culturally influenced. The women use social media and socialize online but do not openly disclose their personalities and emotions to extend the connection. They seek information only from acquaintances and do not trust newly developed online contacts. Therefore, the mediation role of bonding social capital is significant, referring to the importance of close ties and trust in psychological well-being. Though virtual spaces provide an opportunity for bridging social capital, women use social media for socialization; however, it doesn't contribute to women's psychological well-being.
CONCLUSION: Despite the higher penetration of digital technologies, cultural power still rules in developing countries like Pakistan. Social media uses are gender- and culturally specific, contributing to psychological well-being and developing social capital. The results from Pakistani society recommend ensuring a secure digital experience for women to get maximum benefits from social media and enhance their psychological well-being.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Male involvement in maternal health: perspectives of opinion leaders

Aborigo RA, Reidpath DD, Oduro AR, Allotey P

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2018 01 02;18(1):3.
PMID: 29291711 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1641-9

BACKGROUND: Twenty years after acknowledging the importance of joint responsibilities and male participation in maternal health programs, most health care systems in low income countries continue to face challenges in involving men. We explored the reasons for men's resistance to the adoption of a more proactive role in pregnancy care and their enduring influence in the decision making process during emergencies.
METHODS: Ten focus group discussions were held with opinion leaders (chiefs, elders, assemblymen, leaders of women groups) and 16 in-depth interviews were conducted with healthcare workers (District Directors of Health, Medical Assistants in-charge of health centres, and district Public Health Nurses and Midwives). The interviews and discussions were audio recorded, transcribed into English and imported into NVivo 10 for content analysis.
RESULTS: As heads of the family, men control resources, consult soothsayers to determine the health seeking or treatment for pregnant women, and serve as the final authority on where and when pregnant women should seek medical care. Beyond that, they have no expectation of any further role during antenatal care and therefore find it unnecessary to attend clinics with their partners. There were conflicting views about whether men needed to provide any extra support to their pregnant partners within the home. Health workers generally agreed that men provided little or no support to their partners. Although health workers had facilitated the formation of father support groups, there was little evidence of any impact on antenatal support.
CONCLUSIONS: In patriarchal settings, the role of men can be complex and social and cultural traditions may conflict with public health recommendations. Initiatives to promote male involvement should focus on young men and use chiefs and opinion leaders as advocates to re-orient men towards more proactive involvement in ensuring the health of their partners.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Gender identity, healthcare access, and risk reduction among Malaysia's mak nyah community

Gibson BA, Brown SE, Rutledge R, Wickersham JA, Kamarulzaman A, Altice FL

Glob Public Health, 2016 Aug-Sep;11(7-8):1010-25.
PMID: 26824463 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1134614

Transgender women (TGW) face compounded levels of stigma and discrimination, resulting in multiple health risks and poor health outcomes. TGW identities are erased by forcing them into binary sex categories in society or treating them as men who have sex with men (MSM). In Malaysia, where both civil and religious law criminalise them for their identities, many TGW turn to sex work with inconsistent prevention methods, which increases their health risks. This qualitative study aims to understand how the identities of TGW sex workers shapes their healthcare utilisation patterns and harm reduction behaviours. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 male-to-female transgender (mak nyah) sex workers in Malaysia. Interviews were transcribed, translated into English, and analysed using thematic coding. Results suggest that TGW identity is shaped at an early age followed by incorporation into the mak nyah community where TGW were assisted in gender transition and introduced to sex work. While healthcare was accessible, it failed to address the multiple healthcare needs of TGW. Pressure for gender-affirming health procedures and fear of HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening led to potentially hazardous health behaviours. These findings have implications for developing holistic, culturally sensitive prevention and healthcare services for TGW.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Gender difference in understanding ageing and retirement

Nik Osman, N.N.A., Awang, H.

JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):27-32.
MyJurnal

The age-old wisdom is that “women live longer than men”. Gender difference in life expectancy is becoming a
worldwide phenomenon both in developed and developing countries. The process of ageing may be viewed
from the perspectives of physical, psychological, and social-economic wellbeing. We investigated gender
difference in understanding ageing in relation to life expectancy, fears relating to diseases and deteriorating
economic status, and perceived old age comfort and their preparedness. Data were obtained from an online
survey and in-person interview of 518 respondents aged 40 years and older residing in Malaysia, which was
based on a convenience sample collected from May 2015 to January 2016. Data were analysed using chisquared
tests and multinomial logistic regression. There were varying views between men and women when
it came to understanding ageing in relation to life expectancy, fears of ageing, deteriorating economic status
and their perception of old age comfort. Women were more optimistic about living longer compared to men
but feared more the consequences of old age diseases. In spite of displaying less concern about financial
preparedness, women were, however, willing to cut down expenses, while men would prefer longer working
hours to ensure a comfortable retirement.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Biological and psychological influences of cross sex hormone in transgender

Ling LS, Sidi H, Lope RAR, Das S, Baharudin A

Curr Drug Targets, 2018 May 11.
PMID: 29749310 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180511161420

Transgender is a complex state of bio-psycho-social dimension of human sexuality. It encompasses cognitive-emotional-behavior component that makes the person unique in his or her sexual expression. Transgender tend to use cross sex hormone in order to eradicate their secondary sexual characteristics and to facilitate the shift to their experienced gender. The common masculinising sex hormone use, i.e. Female to Male Treatment Options (FMTO) is testosterone and for feminising hormone i.e. Male to Female Treatment Options (MFTO) is a combination of estrogen with anti-androgen, respectively. Cross sex hormone, i.e. FMTO, or MFTO has biological and psychological influences on the transgender individuals. Nevertheless, cross sex hormone may also poses a range of side effect profiles, varies from the biological to psychosocial impact. The psychological impact can be paramount until it causes severe mental-health problems and even suicide. Numerous ranges of bio-psycho-social influence of cross-sex hormone were highlighted in this review as fundamental core knowledge in the art to know practice when dealing with the treatment options. In psychiatry, the change in the biological appearance may have great influence in the transgender individual, especially in the context of psychosocial and cultural perspective.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Tarantism, dancing mania and demonopathy: the anthro-political aspects of 'mass psychogenic illness'

Bartholomew RE

Psychol Med, 1994 May;24(2):281-306.
PMID: 8084927

This study questions the widely held assumption that the phenomenon known as mass psychogenic illness (MPI) exists per se in nature as a psychiatric disorder. Most MPI studies are problematical, being descriptive, retrospective investigations of specific incidents which conform to a set of pre-existing symptom criteria that are used to determine the presence of collective psychosomatic illness. Diagnoses are based upon subjective, ambiguous categories that reflect stereotypes of female normality which assume the presence of a transcultural disease or disorder entity, underemphasizing or ignoring the significance of episodes as culturally conditioned roles of social action. Examples of this bias include the mislabelling of dancing manias, tarantism and demonopathy in Europe since the Middle Ages as culture-specific variants of MPI. While 'victims' are typified as mentally disturbed females possessing abnormal personality characteristics who are exhibiting cathartic reactions to stress, it is argued that episodes may involve normal, rational people who possess unfamiliar conduct codes, world-views and political agendas that differ significantly from those of Western-trained investigators who often judge these illness behaviours independent of their local context and meanings.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
The eleven-item Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-11): Cross-cultural psychometric evaluation across 42 countries

Lee CT, Lin CY, Koós M, Nagy L, Kraus SW, Demetrovics Z, et al.

J Psychiatr Res, 2023 Sep;165:16-27.
PMID: 37453212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.033

The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is an instrument to screen substance-use-related health risks. However, little is known whether the ASSIST could be further shortened while remaining psychometrically sound across different countries, languages, gender identities, and sexual-orientation-based groups. The study aimed to validate a shortened 11-item ASSIST (ASSIST-11). Using the International Sex Survey data, 82,243 participants (M age = 32.39 years) across 42 countries and 26 languages completed questions from the ASSIST-11 regarding gender identity, sexual orientation, and other information. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA (MGCFA) evaluated the ASSIST-11's structure and tested measurement invariance across groups. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω were used to examine the internal consistency. Cohen's d and independent t-tests were used to examine known-group validity. The ASSIST-11 was unidimensional across countries, languages, age groups, gender identities (i.e., men, women, and gender-diverse individuals), and sexual orientations (i.e., heterosexual and sexual minority individuals). Cronbach's α was 0.63 and McDonald's ω was 0.68 for the ASSIST-11. Known-group validity was supported by Cohen's d (range between 0.23 and 0.40) with significant differences (p-values<0.001). The ASSIST-11 is a modified instrument with a unidimensional factor structure across different languages, age groups, countries, gender identities, and sexual orientations. The low internal consistency of the ASSIST-11 might be acceptable as it assesses a broad concept (i.e., use of several different substances). Healthcare providers and researchers may use the ASSIST-11 to quickly assess substance-use information from general populations and evaluate the need to follow up with more detailed questions about substance use.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Change in self-concept during adolescence

Chiam HK

Adolescence, 1987;22(85):69-76.
PMID: 3591504

Malaysian adolescents, like their Western counterparts, undergo rapid growth and development. It is hypothesized that self-concept improves as adolescents mature and become more adjusted to the changes. This study therefore sought to ascertain whether the self-concept changes with age, not only in the global sense but in the various components of the self-concept. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Brookover Scale of Academic Ability were administered to 375 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 14.7 to 17.0 years, and to 289 adolescent girls, ranging in age from 14.4 to 17.2 years. The findings show that the self-concept of adolescent boys changes with age in the direction predicted. The trend is less obvious and less consistent for girls.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Gendered burdens and impacts of SARS-CoV-2: a review

Ayittey FK, Dhar BK, Anani G, Chiwero NB

Health Care Women Int, 2021 2 23;41(11-12):1210-1225.
PMID: 33616506 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1809664

Using the SRQR EQUATOR checklist, we review the gendered burdens and impacts of SARS-CoV-2. Although men are primarily detected to be slightly more vulnerable in succumbing to the ongoing COVID-19 contagion, many researchers have recognized that women are facing more of the devastating brunt in secondary terms. Aside gendered health and social impacts, women are more disproportionately disadvantaged than men in economic terms, as they are predominantly found in the part-time and informal occupations, which have been closed down for months now since the emergence of the current global crisis. Also, since women form the vast proportion of the caregivers within the health sector, their role in handling the pandemic as frontline respondents at the hospitals put them in higher risks of contracting the disease. Despite this higher risk of infection, the peculiar attentions to women's health in the planning and rolling out of actions to contain the virus have been overlooked. Additionally, their unpaid domestic care works have also increased due to closure of schools and businesses, which have forced family members to stay at home for as long as movement control orders remain in place. In this confined state, the domestic violence against women have been recorded to be on the increase. To recommend measures that consider gendered dimensions of the current crisis, we have reviewed the various sex-based burdens and impacts of the pandemic, and proceeded to suggest necessary response actions to handle the situation. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of the outbreak on women, and how the gendered flaws in the current response strategies could be avoided in managing future global crises.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Gendering of avatars for online self-representation

Cheong, Lee Mei, Fariza Hann Abdul Razak

CREAM : Current Research in Malaysia (Penyelidikan Terkini di Malaysia), 2013;2(2):89-100.
MyJurnal

This exploratory study is part of an on-going project about digital cultures on ageism, anonymity, and gendering. An avatar is the graphical representation of the online user. The study investigates the avatars drawn by a group of 76 young adults studying in a local university. A face-to-face interview was conducted to ascertain the features drawn. Results show that the avatars are more characterized by the sexual features related to the body, face, clothes, and a major number of context elements. The females tend to represent themselves in greater detail than the males. The former created gendered identities for themselves according to their offline gender identity and social contexts. The study illustrates that the hand drawing is an effective tool that analyses the online representation in an unobtrusive way. The expressions of gendering show that gender is consciously constructed. Gendering of avatars does permeate the virtual world. This study is a valuable addition to the growing body of work on social interaction in cyberspace.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Migration of women to cities: the Asian situation in comparative perspective

Khoo SE, Smith PC, Fawcett JT

Int Migr Rev, 1984;18(4 Special Issue):1247-63.
PMID: 12340237
Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
When Health Intersects with Gender and Sexual Diversity: Medical Students' Attitudes Towards LGBTQ Patients

Fazli Khalaf Z, Liow JW, Nalliah S, Foong ALS

J Homosex, 2023 Jul 29;70(9):1763-1786.
PMID: 35285780 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2042662

A central tenet of the health professions is that of equitable access to health care. However, disparities in equitable healthcare provision continues to be a challenge in many societies due to prejudices against the LGBTQ community. This study was aimed at exploring the attitudes of medical students toward LGBTQ patients in Malaysia. A qualitative approach was adopted to seek depth of understanding of clinical year medical students' perceptions and attitudes toward LGBTQ patients. Data were collected in 2018 through individual interviews and focus group discussions with a total of 29 participants, using a semi-structured question guideline. Purposive sampling comprised representation from the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia. Thematic analysis using NVivo highlighted three main themes i.e., neutrality, in compliance with the Professional Code of Conduct; implicit biases and tolerance of an Odd Identity; explicit biases with prejudices and stereotyping. The lack of knowledge and understanding of the nature and issues of sexuality is problematic as found in this study. They are primarily biases and prejudices projected onto marginalized LGBTQ patients who must contend with multiple jeopardies in conservative societies such as in Malaysia. With some state policies framed around Islam the concern is with the belief among Malay/Islamic students for LGBTQ individuals to go through conversion 'therapies' to become cisgender and heterosexual.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Mental health literacy of maternal and paternal postnatal (postpartum) depression in British adults

Swami V, Barron D, Smith L, Furnham A

J Ment Health, 2019 May 09.
PMID: 31070064 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2019.1608932

BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression affects between 6 and 13% of new parents, but only a small proportion of individuals who meet diagnostic criteria receive optimal treatment. One reason for this is poor mental health literacy of postnatal depression.
AIMS: Studies have examined mental health literacy of maternal postnatal depression, but there are no similar studies of paternal postnatal depression, which we sought to rectify.
METHODS: A sample of 406 British adults was presented with vignettes describing cases of either maternal or paternal postnatal depression. Based on the vignettes, participants were asked to report if they thought anything was wrong with the targets and, if so, to describe what they thought was wrong. Participants also rated the targets on a range of attitudinal dimensions.
RESULTS: Participants were more likely to indicate that something was wrong when the target was female (97.0%) compared to male (75.9%). Of those who believed something was wrong, 90.1% of participants correctly described the female target as experiencing postnatal depression, but only 46.3% did so for the male target. Participants also held more positive attitudes toward the female target than the male target.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a gender binary in symptom recognition of postnatal depression, which highlights the need for greater awareness of paternal postnatal depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Assessing Gender Identity and Sex in Diverse Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Settings: Findings from a WHO/HRP Consultative Process

Tucker JD, Bajos N, Mercer CH, Gitau E, Ahmad NA, Gonsalves L

Sex Transm Dis, 2022 Feb 01;49(2):e42-e44.
PMID: 34321451 DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001525

Obtaining detailed data on gender identity and sex in population-based sexual health studies is important. We convened a group to develop consensus survey items. We identified 2 items to capture data on gender identity and sex that can be used in diverse settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
The Missing Uterus, the Missed Diagnosis, and the Missing Care. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome in the Lives of Women in Malaysia

Hatim H, Zainuddin AA, Anizah A, Kalok A, Daud TIM, Ismail A, et al.

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 2021 Apr;34(2):161-167.
PMID: 33189898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.11.009

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the diagnosis of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome on affected Malaysian women.
DESIGN: Qualitative study with a quantitative component.
SETTING: Pediatric and adolescent gynecology unit at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Malaysia.
PARTICIPANTS: Twelve women with MRKH.
INTERVENTIONS: Face-to-face interview and short questionnaire.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thematic analysis was used to understand participants' experiences.
RESULTS: There were 7 themes identified: (1) delayed diagnoses; (2) doctors' roles and attitudes; (3) gender identity; (4) family and society's response; (5) reaction toward infertility; (6) managing sexual intimacy; and (7) coping mechanisms. Several participants consulted their physicians regarding their primary amenorrhea at an opportunistic setting. When they were referred to the gynecologists, they were dismayed at the lack of information given. The term, "MRKH" plays an important role to ease information-seeking. Participants felt that the doctors were insensitive toward them. Mental illness is a significant complication of MRKH. All participants acknowledged that infertility was the hardest part of the condition. The importance of blood lineage affects their outlook on childbearing options. Some were afraid of sexual intimacy and worried that they would not be able to satisfy their partners. Participants gained support and bonded with their counterparts in the MRKH support group.
CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary approach including medical, psychological, and social support is essential for the management of MRKH. Adequate information and sexual education plays the utmost importance in preventing social-related complications of MRKH.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Multilevel models of fertility determination in four Southeast Asian countries: 1970 and 1980

Hirschman C, Guest P

Demography, 1990 Aug;27(3):369-96.
PMID: 2397819

Using microdata from the 1970 and 1980 censuses, we specify and test multilevel models of fertility determination for four Southeast Asian societies--Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Social context is indexed by provincial characteristics representing women's status, the roles of children, and infant mortality. These contextual variables are hypothesized to have direct and indirect (through individual socioeconomic characteristics) effects on current fertility. The contextual variables account for a modest but significant share of individual variation in fertility and about one-half of the total between area variation in fertility. The women's status contextual variables, particularly modern sector employment, have the largest and most consistent effect on lowered fertility. The results based on the other contextual variables provide mixed support for the initial hypotheses.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
The other-race effect in children from a multiracial population: A cross-cultural comparison

Tham DS, Bremner JG, Hay D

J Exp Child Psychol, 2017 03;155:128-137.
PMID: 27965175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.006

The role of experience with other-race faces in the development of the other-race effect was investigated through a cross-cultural comparison between 5- and 6-year-olds and 13- and 14-year-olds raised in a monoracial (British White, n=83) population and a multiracial (Malaysian Chinese, n=68) population. British White children showed an other-race effect to three other-race faces (Chinese, Malay, and African Black) that was stable across age. Malaysian Chinese children showed a recognition deficit for less experienced faces (African Black) but showed a recognition advantage for faces of which they have direct or indirect experience. Interestingly, younger (Malaysian Chinese) children showed no other-race effect for female faces such that they can recognize all female faces regardless of race. These findings point to the importance of early race and gender experiences in reorganizing the face representation to accommodate changes in experience across development.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity

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