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β Mangostin suppress LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro and carrageenan-induced peritonitis in vivo

Syam S, Bustamam A, Abdullah R, Sukari MA, Hashim NM, Mohan S, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2014 Apr 28;153(2):435-45.
PMID: 24607509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.051

The fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Linn. has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Hence, this study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of β mangostin (βM), a major compound present in Garcinia mangostana.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/chemically induced; Peritonitis/drug therapy*; Peritonitis/metabolism*
Vancomycin administration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the risk of ototoxicity

Gendeh BS, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Kong N, Zahir ZM

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1998 Apr;118(4):551-8.
PMID: 9560111

A prospective study was undertaken in 16 patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, with 22 episodes of peritonitis treated with vancomycin, a known ototoxic agent. Twelve patients had one episode each, and four had recurrent peritonitis. Each treatment course consisted of two infusions of vancomycin (30 mg/kg body weight) in 2 L of peritoneal dialysate administered at 6-day intervals. Serum vancomycin analyzed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean trough level of 11.00 microg/ml on day 6 and mean serum levels of 33.8 and 38.6 microg/ml about 12 hours after administration on days 1 and 7, respectively. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were encountered with repeated vancomycin therapy for recurrent episodes of peritonitis, suggesting that no changes occurred in the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Pure-tone audiometry, electronystagmography, and clinical assessment performed during each course of treatment showed no evidence of ototoxicity even on repeated courses of vancomycin therapy. The results suggest that vancomycin therapy when given in appropriate concentrations as a single therapeutic agent is both effective and safe. We believe, however, that vancomycin administered in combination with an aminoglycoside may produce ototoxic effects that may be greatly aggravated, possibly because of synergism.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/blood; Peritonitis/drug therapy*
Fulltext Urinary bladder rupture secondary to obstructive urolithiasis in a Jamnapari goat

Tan, Y.K., Hiew, M.W.H., Radzi, R., Khairuddin, N.H.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2017;29(2):20-24.
MyJurnal

This report describes the complications of obstructive urolithiasis in the lower urinary tract causing urinary bladder rupture in a Jamnapari buck. A 3-year-old Jamnapari buck was presented with the complaint of stranguria, subsequent anuria and a progressively distended abdomen for the past three days. Upon physical examination, body temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were increased. Uroliths could be felt within the urethra in the ventral abdomen region. A urolith was removed via amputationof the urethral process, but the patency of the urethra could not be established. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed anechoic areas around the bladder, and the bladder was relatively small for a urinary obstructed goat. The bladder wall was thickened and shadow of sludge was observed within the bladder. Abdominocentesis was done and fluid analysis revealed that it was a haemorrhagic effusion. Blood results revealed renal disease, liver disease, muscle injury and haemoconcentration. Retrograde cystourethrogram revealed no urolithswithinthe urethra but there was leakage of the contrast agent from the bladder into the peritoneal cavity. The final diagnosis was complete blockage of the lower urinary tract leading to bladder rupture. Exploratory laparotomy was done and emergency cystorraphy was planned. Due to the poor condition of the urinary bladder with presence of septic peritonitis, the goat was euthanised.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Ultrastructure of Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4) cell culture following infection with feline coronavirus

Alazawy A, Arshad SS, Bejo MH, Omar AR, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Sharif S, et al.

J Electron Microsc (Tokyo), 2011;60(4):275-82.
PMID: 21593079 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr031

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) consists of two biotypes based on their growth in cell culture and their antigenicity. Infections with FCoV are highly prevalent in the cat population worldwide. In this study, Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4)cell culture was infected with FCoV UPM11C/08. Virus multiplication in cell culture was monitored and examined under the transmission electron microscope. The virus particles revealed the characteristic morphology of feline FCoV represented by envelope viruses surrounded by peplomers. Virus attachment and entry into the cell occurred 15 h post-infection (pi), and the myriad of virus particles were observed both extracellularly and intracellularly after 48 h pi. Thereafter, intracellular virus particles were observed to be present in vacuoles or present freely in the cytoplasm.

Matched MeSH terms: Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology
Fulltext Two cases of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis

Shahrudin MD

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):449-52.
PMID: 8183172

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis is a rare phenomenon which poses a dilemma to the surgeons faced with this problem. Two such cases and their outcome are presented. The first case was caused by tracheal rupture during emergency intubation and was treated by observation until complete resolution. The second case was caused by barotrauma during positive pressure ventilation and was treated by laparotomy. Both patients died for reasons unrelated to the pneumoperitoneum. The passage of air from the chest cavity into the abdominal cavity was along the great vessels in the first case and through the diaphragm in the second. A compilation of other aetiologies of pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis as extracted from the literature is presented. In the presence of pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis and when the clinical history does not suggest visceral perforation, an abdominal tap or lavage should be attempted. If negative, continued observation is advised.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Transcriptome analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection

Mehrbod P, Harun MS, Shuid AN, Omar AR

Methods Mol Biol, 2015;1282:241-50.
PMID: 25720485 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_20

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal systemic disease caused by FIP virus (FIPV). There are no effective vaccines or treatment available, and the virus virulence determinants and pathogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we describe the sequencing of RNA extracted from Crandell Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells infected with FIPV using the Illumina next-generation sequencing approach. Bioinformatics analysis, based on Felis catus 2X annotated shotgun reference genome, using CLC bio Genome Workbench is used to map both control and infected cells. Kal's Z test statistical analysis is used to analyze the differentially expressed genes from the infected CRFK cells. In addition, RT-qPCR analysis is used for further transcriptional profiling of selected genes in infected CRFK cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from healthy and FIP-diagnosed cats.

Matched MeSH terms: Feline Infectious Peritonitis/genetics; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/metabolism*
Fulltext Transcriptional profiling of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in CRFK cells and in PBMCs from FIP diagnosed cats

Harun MS, Kuan CO, Selvarajah GT, Wei TS, Arshad SS, Hair Bejo M, et al.

Virol J, 2013;10:329.
PMID: 24209771 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-329

BACKGROUND:
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal systemic disease, caused by the FIP Virus (FIPV); a virulent mutant of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV). Currently, the viruses virulence determinants and host gene expressions during FIPV infection are not fully understood.

METHODS:
RNA sequencing of Crandell Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells, infected with FIPV strain 79-1146 at 3 hours post infection (h.p.i), were sequenced using the Illumina next generation sequencing approach. Bioinformatic's analysis, based on Felis catus 2X annotated shotgun reference genome, using CLC bio Genome Workbench mapped both control and infected cell reads to 18899 genes out of 19046 annotated genes. Kal's Z test statistical analysis was used to analyse the differentially expressed genes from the infected CRFK cells. Real time RT-qPCR was developed for further transcriptional profiling of three genes (PD-1, PD-L1 and A3H) in infected CRFK cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from healthy and FIP-diseased cats.

RESULTS:
Based on Kal's Z-test, with False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05 and >1.99 fold change on gene expressions, a total of 61 genes were differentially expressed by both samples, where 44 genes were up-regulated and the remainder were down-regulated. Most genes were closely clustered together, suggesting a homogeneous expression. The majority of the genes that were significantly regulated, were those associated with monocytes-macrophage and Th1 cell functions, and the regulation of apoptosis. Real time RT-qPCR developed focusing on 2 up-regulated genes (PD-L1 and A3H) together with an apoptosis associated gene PD-1 expressions in FIPV infected CRFK cells and in PBMCs from healthy and FIP diagnosed cats produced concordant results with transcriptome data.

CONCLUSION:
The possible roles of these genes, and their importance in feline coronaviruses infection, are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Feline Infectious Peritonitis/immunology*; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology*
Fulltext The abdominal cocoon: a case report

Kyaw K

Singapore Med J, 1994 Dec;35(6):653-4.
PMID: 7761900

A 15-year-old Chinese girl, with abdominal cocoon, is reported. The literature (in English) concerning the condition was reviewed. Also, a possible cause is suggested and the various terms used for this condition are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/complications; Peritonitis/diagnosis*; Peritonitis/etiology
Surgical ascites

Nadarajah C

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1940;3:423-4.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis, Tuberculous
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [SBP]

Chutaputti A

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl B:12-4.
PMID: 16108166
Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/diagnosis; Peritonitis/microbiology*; Peritonitis/prevention & control*
Fulltext Shewanella algae Peritonitis in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Shanmuganathan M, Goh BL, Lim C, NorFadhlina Z, Fairol I

Perit Dial Int, 2016 9 24;36(5):574-5.
PMID: 27659933 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2015.00287

Patients with peritonitis present with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and turbid peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid. Shewanella algae peritonitis has not yet been reported in PD patients in the literature. We present the first 2 cases of Shewanella algae peritonitis in PD patients. Mupirocin cream is applied on the exit site as prophylactic antibiotic therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/drug therapy*; Peritonitis/etiology; Peritonitis/microbiology*
Rothia dentocariosa repeat and relapsing peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: a case report and literature review

Keng TC, Ng KP, Tan LP, Chong YB, Wong CM, Lim SK

Ren Fail, 2012;34(6):804-6.
PMID: 22506572 DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2012.678208

Peritonitis is well recognized as the Achilles tendon of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Reoccurrence of peritonitis due to the same organism, defined as either repeat or relapsing peritonitis under the 2005 guidelines by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, often results in PD technique failure. Rothia dentocariosa, a low-virulent human oropharynx commensal, is a rarely reported pathogen in human infection, particularly infective endocarditis. R. dentocariosa PD-related peritonitis is exceedingly uncommon yet potentially results in repeat or relapsing peritonitis which requires catheter removal. We report a case of R. dentocariosa repeat and relapsing peritonitis in a PD patient who was treated successfully with antimicrobial therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/drug therapy; Peritonitis/microbiology*
Risk of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis in a Multi-Racial Asian Population

Ong LM, Ch'ng CC, Wee HC, Supramaniam P, Zainal H, Goh BL, et al.

Perit Dial Int, 2016 05 04;37(1):35-43.
PMID: 27147287 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2015.00141

♦ BACKGROUND: Peritonitis is one of the most common complications of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Understanding the risk factors of peritonitis in a multi-racial Asian population may help to improve outcomes on PD. ♦ METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study to identify risk factors for PD-related peritonitis over a 1-year period in 15 adult PD centers. All peritonitis episodes were independently adjudicated. ♦ RESULTS: A total of 1,603 participants with a mean age of 51.6 years comprising 52.7% females, 62.6% ethnic Malays, 27.0% Chinese, and 8.1% Indians were recruited. The overall peritonitis rate was 1 episode per 44.0 patient-months with 354 episodes recorded in 282 (17.6%) patients over 15,588 patient-months. Significant risk factors of peritonitis were severe obesity (incidence-rate ratio [IRR] 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30, 8.45), hypoalbuminemia (IRR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.46), Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage (IRR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.46, 3.50), and use of Fresenius system (Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA, USA) (IRR 2.49, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.89). The risk of peritonitis was lower in those on automated PD compared with standard PD (IRR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.74), and in centers with a patient-staff ratio of 15 to 29.9 (IRR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.90) and ≥ 30 (IRR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.80). Prevalent patients and exit-site care with topical antibiotics were also protective against peritonitis. Peritonitis rates varied between racial groups. The IRRs of overall peritonitis and gram-positive peritonitis in Chinese versus other racial groups were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.90) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.91), respectively. ♦ CONCLUSIONS: Multiple patient, center, and PD-system factors influence the risk of peritonitis. In the Asian population, there are racial differences in the risk of peritonitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/ethnology; Peritonitis/etiology*; Peritonitis/epidemiology*; Peritonitis/physiopathology
Review of the complications in peritoneal dialysis

Mukherjee AP

Med J Malaya, 1969 Sep;24(1):21-3.
PMID: 4243838
Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/etiology
Fulltext Rapid detection and identification of pathogens in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) associated peritonitis by 16s rRNA gene sequencing

Ahmadi SH, Neela V, Hamat RA, Goh BL, Syafinaz AN

Trop Biomed, 2013 Dec;30(4):602-7.
PMID: 24522129 MyJurnal

Peritonitis still remains a serious complication with high rate of morbidity and mortality in patients on CAPD. Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens causing peritonitis in a CAPD patient is essential for early and optimal treatment. The aim of this study was to use 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing to identify common bacterial and fungal pathogens directly from the peritoneal fluid without culturing. Ninety one peritoneal fluids obtained from 91 different patients on CAPD suspected for peritonitis were investigated for etiological agents by 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing. Data obtained by molecular method was compared with the results obtained by culture method. Among the 45 patients confirmed for peritonitis based on international society of peritoneal dialysis (ISPD) guidelines, the etiological agents were identified in 37(82.2%) samples by culture method, while molecular method identified the etiological agents in 40(88.9%) samples. Despite the high potential application of the 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing in comparison to culture method to detect the vast majority of etiological agents directly from peritoneal fluids; it could not be used as a standalone test as it lacks sensitivity to identify some bacterial species due to high genetic similarity in some cases and inadequate database in Gene Bank. However, it could be used as a supplementary test to the culture method especially in the diagnosis of culture negative peritonitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/diagnosis*
Fulltext Protocol for a randomised, open-label, parallel group, multicentre controlled study to evaluate the clinical performance and safety of Stay Safe Link compared with Stay Safe in patients with end-stage kidney disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Mak WY, Ong LM, Goh BL, Bavanandan S, Mushahar L, Leong CT, et al.

BMJ Open, 2019 03 08;9(3):e024589.
PMID: 30852538 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024589

INTRODUCTION: Peritonitis is a major complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the risk of which is significantly influenced by the type of PD transfer system. Although the Y-disconnect and double-bag system is more efficient in preventing peritonitis compared with the spike system, little information is available to differentiate risks between different brands of the Y-disconnect double-bag system. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a newly introduced system is needed to provide the necessary clinical evidence to guide policy decision-making.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study is an open-label randomised controlled trial. A total of 434 patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing CAPD will be enrolled and randomised to either the intervention group, Stay Safe Link, or the control group, Stay Safe. All study subjects will be followed up and monitored for 1 year. The primary safety outcome is the rate of peritonitis while the primary efficacy outcomes are the delivered dialysis dose and ultrafiltration volume.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee, National Institute of Health Malaysia. A written informed consent will be obtained from all participating subjects prior to any trial-related procedure and the study conduct will adhere strictly to Good Clinical Practice. The findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03177031; Pre-results.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/etiology; Peritonitis/prevention & control*
Peritonitis; a rare cause

McClosky AJ

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1904.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Peritonitis complicating acute peritoneal dialysis in Northeast Malaysia

Kamaliah MD, Roziawati Y

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Sep;31(3):540-6.
PMID: 11289017

A prospective observational study examing the incidence, predisposing factors and microbiological aspects of peritonitis complicating acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) was performed in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, a referral hospital situated in Northeast Malaysia. Over a 7- month period, a total of 126 acute IPD treatments were included involving 69 patients. The majority of patients suffered from chronic or end stage renal failure (92.7%) and nearly half (47.8%) have underlying diabetes mellitus. Peritonitis occured in 25 treatment sessions giving a frequency of 19.8% of procedures performed. The mean interval between starting dialysis and the first sign of peritonitis was 3.5 days, with 12% of peritonitis occuring before day 3 of treatment. Frequent catheter manipulation and/or leakages were identified as significant predisposing factors for peritonitis and the risk of peritonitis was increased with longer duration of IPD. Gram-negative infections were seen twice more commonly than gram-positive infections. We recommend the use of cloxacillin in combination with either an aminoglycoside or a cephalosporin as empirical antibiotic coverage until culture reports are available.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/etiology*; Peritonitis/epidemiology; Peritonitis/pathology
Peritonitis

Johns BM

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1939;3:305-14.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis
Fulltext Oral pefloxacin in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis

Tan HW, Kon SP, Chua CT, Ngeow NF

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Jun;47(2):128-33.
PMID: 1494333

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), a widely used replacement therapy for end stage renal failure, is frequently complicated by bacterial peritonitis. The infecting organisms are mainly staphylococci and gram negative aerobes. Pefloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone with good in-vitro activity against these pathogens. The objective of this open non comparative study is to determine the effectiveness and safety of oral pefloxacin mesylate as a single first line antimicrobial treatment of CAPD peritonitis. 28 episodes of CAPD peritonitis were treated with a stat dose of pefloxacin 800 mg. followed by 400 mg. 12 hourly for about 15-18 days. A pefloxacin sensitive organism was isolated in 17 episodes. 11 episodes were culture negative. Treatment results showed a cure in seventeen (60.7%), no treatment response in seven (25%), and relapses in four (14.2%). Side effects encountered were not serious except for one incident of a generalized seizure. We conclude that oral pefloxacin is convenient, safe and effective enough as a single first line antimicrobial treatment for CAPD peritonitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritonitis/drug therapy*; Peritonitis/etiology

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