Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations
    Abdullah AS, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1990 Oct;32(5):444-5.
    PMID: 2238442
    Brachiaria decumbens toxicity resulted in an altered reticulorumen environment in the sheep. This adversely affected the growth and activity of microorganisms in the rumen as reflected by greatly decreased concentrations of the volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in B decumbens-intoxicated sheep.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism
  2. Synthesis of precursor of anti-inflammatory agents by using highly reactive zinc
    Aishah AJ, Nobuhito K, Tokuda M
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:210-1.
    PMID: 15468892
    Highly reactive zinc metal was prepared by electrolysis of a N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution containing naphthalene and a supporting electrolyte in a one-compartment cell fitted with a platinum cathode and a zinc anode. This highly reactive electrogenerated zinc (EGZn/Naph) was used for transformation of ethyl 2-bromoacrylate into the corresponding organozinc compound, which can not be achieved by the use of usual zinc metals. Reaction of the organozinc compounds thus prepared with various aryl halides in the presence of 5 mol% of palladium catalyst gave the corresponding cross-coupling products in high yields. These cross-coupling reactions were successfully applied to a synthesis of the precursor of anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen, naproxen, cicloprofen and suprofen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/chemical synthesis
  3. Effects of phenolic monomers on the enzymes activities and volatile fatty acids production of Neocallimastix frontalis B9
    Zuhainis Saad W, Abdullah N, Alimon AR, Yin Wan H
    Anaerobe, 2008 Apr;14(2):118-22.
    PMID: 18083606
    The effects of phenolic monomers (i.e. rho-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rho-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin) on the enzymes and fermentation activities of Neocallimastix frontalis B9 grown in ball-milled filter paper and guinea grass media were studied. The enzymes studied were carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), filterpaperase (FPase), xylanase and beta-glucosidase. At 96 h of incubation, N. frontalis grown in ball-milled filter paper medium produced comparable xylanase and CMCase activities (0.41, 0.5 micromol/min/mg protein) while in guinea grass medium, N. frontalis produced higher xylanase activity than that of CMCase activity (2.35, 0.05 micromol/min/mg protein). The other enzymes activities were low. When N. frontalis was grown in ball-milled filter paper medium, only acetic acid was produced. However, when grown in guinea grass medium, the major end-product was acetate, but propionic, butyric and isovaleric were also produced in lesser amount. Vanillin showed the least inhibitory effects to enzyme activities of N. frontalis B9 grown in both ball-milled filter paper and guinea grass media. For total volatile fatty acid production, all phenolic monomers showed inhibitory effects, but rho-coumaric and ferulic acids were the stronger inhibitors than rho-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism
  4. Fermentation of Metroxylon sagu resistant starch type III by Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium bifidum
    Siew-Wai L, Zi-Ni T, Karim AA, Hani NM, Rosma A
    J Agric Food Chem, 2010 Feb 24;58(4):2274-8.
    PMID: 20121195 DOI: 10.1021/jf903820s
    The in vitro fermentability of sago (Metroxylon sagu) resistant starch type III (RS(3)) by selected probiotic bacteria was investigated. Sago RS(3) with 12% RS content was prepared by enzymatic debranching of native sago starch with pullulanase enzyme, followed by autoclaving, cooling, and annealing. The fermentation of sago RS(3) by L. acidophilus FTCC 0291, L. bulgaricus FTCC 0411, L. casei FTCC 0442, and B. bifidum BB12 was investigated by observing the bacterial growth, carbohydrate consumption profiles, pH changes, and total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced in the fermentation media. Comparisons were made with commercial fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), Hi-maize 1043, and Hi-maize 240. Submerged fermentations were conducted in 30 mL glass vials for 24 h at 37 degrees C in an oven without shaking. The results indicated that fermentation of sago RS(3) significantly (P < 0.05) yielded the highest count of Lactobacillus sp. accompanied by the largest reduction in pH of the medium. Sago RS(3) was significantly the most consumed substrate compared to FOS and Hi-maizes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism
  5. Determination of propionates and propionic acid in bakery products using gas chromatography
    Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Bahruddin, S., Noor Hasani Hashim, Afidah Abdul Rahim, Khairuddin Mohd Talib
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):1107-1112.
    MyJurnal
    A simple analytical method for the determination of propionic acid and propionates in bakery products using a simple sample preparation procedure is described. The method involves the conversion of propionates to the non-ionized molecular form by adding glacial acetic acid, which is at the same time efficiently extracted into dichloromethane. After vortexing for 1 min, the extract was directly injected into a capillary gas chromatographic column with flame ionization detector. The method was applied for the determination of propionates in 112 commercial bakery samples. The levels of propionic acid plus propionates in bread, cake/ rolls, burger/hot dog buns and pita breads ranged from 197-1273, 98-1846, 546-1932 and 479-1680 µg mL -1 , respectively. No propionate was detected in any of the 36 biscuit samples analyzed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  6. Fulltext Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents increase with gamma irradiation in two types of Malaysian honey
    Hussein SZ, Yusoff KM, Makpol S, Yusof YA
    Molecules, 2011 Jul 27;16(8):6378-95.
    PMID: 21796076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16066378
    Two types of monofloral Malaysian honey (Gelam and Nenas) were analyzed to determine their antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with and without gamma irradiation. Our results showed that both types of honey can scavenge free radicals and exhibit high antioxidant-reducing power; however, Gelam honey exhibited higher antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) than Nenas honey, which is in good correlation (r = 0.9899) with its phenolic contents. Interestingly, we also noted that both irradiated honeys have higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to nonirradiated honeys by Folin-Ciocalteu and UV-spectrophotometry methods, respectively. However, HPLC analysis for phenolic compounds showed insignificant increase between irradiated and nonirradiated honeys. The phenolic compounds such as: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, p- coumaric acid, quercetin and hesperetin as indicated by HPLC method were found to be higher in Gelam honey versus Nenas honey. In conclusion, irradiation of honey causes enhanced antioxidant activities and flavonoid compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  7. Volatile compounds and lactic acid bacteria in spontaneous fermented sourdough
    Kam W, Wan Aida W, Sahilah A, Maskat M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.
    The aim of this study is to identify the predominating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in a spontaneous fermented wheat sourdough. At the same time, an investigation towards volatile compounds that were produced was also carried out. Lactobacillus plantarum has been identified as the dominant species of lactobacilli with characters of a facultative heterofermentative strain. The generated volatile compounds that were produced during spontaneous fermentation were isolated by solvent extraction method, analysed by gas chromatography (GC), and identified by mass spectrophotometer (MS). Butyric acid has been found to be the main volatile compound with relative abundance of 6.75% and acetic acid at relative abundance of 3.60%. Esters that were formed at relatively low amount were butyl formate (1.23%) and cis 3 hexenyl propionate (0.05%). Butanol was also found at low amount with relative abundance of 0.60%. The carbohydrate metabolism of Lactobacillus plantarum may contributed to the production of acetic acid in this study via further catabolism activity on lactic acid that was produced. However, butyric acid was not the major product via fermentation by LAB but mostly carried out by the genus Clostridium via carbohydrate metabolism which needs further investigation
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  8. Applying the least squares method for the titrimetric determination of the concentration of VFA
    Lee SK, Yeoh HK, Chua AS, Ngoh GC
    Water Sci Technol, 2012;66(3):620-6.
    PMID: 22744694 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.216
    The titrimetric method is used for on-site measurement of the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in anaerobic treatment. In current practice, specific and interpolated pH-volume data points are used to obtain the concentration of VFA by solving simultaneous equations iteratively to convergence (denoted as SEq). Here, the least squares method (LSM) is introduced as an elegant alternative. Known concentrations of VFA (acetic acid and/or propionic acid) ranging from to 200 to 1,000 mg/L were determined using SEq and LSM. Using standard numbers of data points, SEq gave more accurate results compared with LSM. However, results favoured LSM when all data points in the range were included without any interpolation. For model refinement, unit monovalent activity coefficient (f(m) = 1) was found reasonable and arithmetic averages of dissociation constants and molecular weight of 80 mol% acetic acid were recommended in the model for VFA determination of mixtures. An accurate result was obtained with a mixture containing more VFA (butyric acid and valeric acid). In a typical VFA measurement of real anaerobic effluent, a satisfactory result with an error of 14% was achieved. LSM appears to be a promising mathematical model solver for determination of concentration of VFA in the titrimetric method. Validation of LSM in the presence of other electrolytes deserves further exploration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/analysis*
  9. Fulltext Events associated with apoptotic effect of p-Coumaric acid in HCT-15 colon cancer cells
    Jaganathan SK, Supriyanto E, Mandal M
    World J Gastroenterol, 2013 Nov 21;19(43):7726-34.
    PMID: 24282361 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7726
    AIM: To investigate the events associated with the apoptotic effect of p-Coumaric acid, one of the phenolic components of honey, in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-15) cells.

    METHODS: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium-bromide assay was performed to determine the antiproliferative effect of p-Coumaric acid against colon cancer cells. Colony forming assay was conducted to quantify the colony inhibition in HCT 15 and HT 29 colon cancer cells after p-Coumaric acid treatment. Propidium Iodide staining of the HCT 15 cells using flow cytometry was done to study the changes in the cell cycle of treated cells. Identification of apoptosis was done using scanning electron microscope and photomicrograph evaluation of HCT 15 cells after exposing to p-Coumaric acid. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HCT 15 cells exposed to p-Coumaric acid was evaluated using 2', 7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate. Mitochondrial membrane potential of HCT-15 was assessed using rhodamine-123 with the help of flow cytometry. Lipid layer breaks associated with p-Coumaric acid treatment was quantified using the dye merocyanine 540. Apoptosis was confirmed and quantified using flow cytometric analysis of HCT 15 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment after staining with YO-PRO-1.

    RESULTS: Antiproliferative test showed p-Coumaric acid has an inhibitory effect on HCT 15 and HT 29 cells with an IC₅₀ (concentration for 50% inhibition) value of 1400 and 1600 μmol/L respectively. Colony forming assay revealed the time-dependent inhibition of HCT 15 and HT 29 cells subjected to p-Coumaric acid treatment. Propidium iodide staining of treated HCT 15 cells showed increasing accumulation of apoptotic cells (37.45 ± 1.98 vs 1.07 ± 1.01) at sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle after p-Coumaric acid treatment. HCT-15 cells observed with photomicrograph and scanning electron microscope showed the signs of apoptosis like blebbing and shrinkage after p-Coumaric acid exposure. Evaluation of the lipid layer showed increasing lipid layer breaks was associated with the growth inhibition of p-Coumaric acid. A fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing ROS generation was observed in the p-Coumaric acid treated cells. Further apoptosis evaluated by YO-PRO-1 staining also showed the time-dependent increase of apoptotic cells after treatment.

    CONCLUSION: These results depicted that p-Coumaric acid inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through ROS-mitochondrial pathway.

    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  10. Insights into the stereospecificity of the d-specific dehalogenase from Rhizobium sp. RC1 toward d- and l-2-chloropropionate
    Sudi IY, Hamid AA, Shamsir MS, Jamaluddin H, Wahab RA, Huyop F
    Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment, 2014 Jul 04;28(4):608-615.
    PMID: 26740767
    Halogenated compounds are recalcitrant environmental pollutants prevalent in agricultural fields, waste waters and industrial by-products, but they can be degraded by dehalogenase-containing microbes. Notably, 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenases are employed to resolve optically active chloropropionates, as exemplified by the d-specific dehalogenase from Rhizobium sp. RCI (DehD), which acts on d-2-chloropropionate but not on its l-enantiomer. The catalytic residues of this dehalogenase responsible for its affinity toward d-2-chloropropionate have not been experimentally determined, although its three-dimensional crystal structure has been solved. For this study, we performed in silico docking and molecular dynamic simulations of complexes formed by this dehalogenase and d- or l-2-chloropropionate. Arg134 of the enzyme plays the key role in the stereospecific binding and Arg16 is in a position that would allow it to activate a water molecule for hydrolytic attack on the d-2-chloropropionate chiral carbon for release of the halide ion to yield l-2-hydroxypropionate. We propose that within the DehD active site, the NH group of Arg134 can form a hydrogen bond with the carboxylate of d-2-chloropropionate with a strength of ∼4 kcal/mol that may act as an acid-base catalyst, whereas, when l-2-chloropropionate is present, this bond cannot be formed. The significance of the present work is vital for rational design of this dehalogenase in order to confirm the involvement of Arg16 and Arg134 residues implicated in hydrolysis and binding of d-2-chloropropionate in the active site of d-specific dehalogenase from Rhizobium sp. RC1.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  11. Interactions of non-natural halogenated substrates with D-specific dehalogenase (DehD) mutants using in silico studies
    Sudi IY, Shamsir MS, Jamaluddin H, Wahab RA, Huyop F
    Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment, 2014 Sep 03;28(5):949-957.
    PMID: 26019583
    The D-2-haloacid dehalogenase of D-specific dehalogenase (DehD) from Rhizobium sp. RC1 catalyses the hydrolytic dehalogenation of D-haloalkanoic acids, inverting the substrate-product configuration and thereby forming the corresponding L-hydroxyalkanoic acids. Our investigations were focused on DehD mutants: R134A and Y135A. We examined the possible interactions between these mutants with haloalkanoic acids and characterized the key catalytic residues in the wild-type dehalogenase, to design dehalogenase enzyme(s) with improved potential for dehalogenation of a wider range of substrates. Three natural substrates of wild-type DehD, specifically, monochloroacetate, monobromoacetate and D,L-2,3-dichloropropionate, and eight other non-natural haloalkanoic acids substrates of DehD, namely, L-2-chloropropionate; L-2-bromopropionate; 2,2-dichloropropionate; dichloroacetate; dibromoacetate; trichloroacetate; tribromoacetate; and 3-chloropropionate, were docked into the active site of the DehD mutants R134A and Y135A, which produced altered catalytic functions. The mutants interacted strongly with substrates that wild-type DehD does not interact with or degrade. The interaction was particularly enhanced with 3-chloropropionate, in addition to monobromoacetate, monochloroacetate and D,L-2,3-dichloropropionate. In summary, DehD variants R134A and Y135A demonstrated increased propensity for binding haloalkanoic acid and were non-stereospecific towards halogenated substrates. The improved characteristics in these mutants suggest that their functionality could be further exploited and harnessed in bioremediations and biotechnological applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  12. Identification of functional residues essential for dehalogenation by the non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase from Rhizobium sp. RC1
    Hamid AA, Hamid TH, Wahab RA, Huyop F
    J Basic Microbiol, 2015 Mar;55(3):324-30.
    PMID: 25727054 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201570031
    The non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase DehE from Rhizobium sp. RC1 catalyzes the removal of the halide from α-haloalkanoic acid D,L-stereoisomers and, by doing so, converts them into hydroxyalkanoic acid L,D-stereoisomers, respectively. DehE has been extensively studied to determine its potential to act as a bioremediation agent, but its structure/function relationship has not been characterized. For this study, we explored the functional relevance of several putative active-site amino acids by site-specific mutagenesis. Ten active-site residues were mutated individually, and the dehalogenase activity of each of the 10 resulting mutants in soluble cell lysates against D- and L-2-chloropropionic acid was assessed. Interestingly, the mutants W34→A,F37→A, and S188→A had diminished activity, suggesting that these residues are functionally relevant. Notably, the D189→N mutant had no activity, which strongly implies that it is a catalytically important residue. Given our data, we propose a dehalogenation mechanism for DehE, which is the same as that suggested for other non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report detailing a functional aspect for DehE, and our results could help pave the way for the bioengineering of haloalkanoic acid dehalogenases with improved catalytic properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism*
  13. Fulltext Effects of Supplementation of Mulberry (Morus alba) Foliage and Urea-rice Bran as Fermentable Energy and Protein Sources in Sheep Fed Urea-treated Rice Straw Based Diet
    Yulistiani D, Jelan ZA, Liang JB, Yaakub H, Abdullah N
    Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2015 Apr;28(4):494-501.
    PMID: 25656207 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0406
    A digestibility study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing mulberry foliage and urea rice-bran as a source of fermentable energy and protein to 12 sheep fed diets based on urea-treated rice straw (TRS). The three dietary treatments were: T1, TRS with mulberry; T2, TRS with 50% mulberry replaced with rice bran and urea; and T3, TRS with rice bran and urea. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for each treatment. The sheep were fed one of the three diets and the supplements were offered at 1.2% of the body weight (BW) and the TRS was provided ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0.05) among the three treatment groups with respect to dry matter (DM) intake (76.8±4.2 g/kg BW(0.75)) and DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) digestibility (55.3±1.22; 69.9±0.85; 46.3±1.65% respectively for DM, OM, and CP). The digestibility of fiber (neutral detergent fiber [NDF] and acid detergent fiber) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for T3 (46.2 and 46.6 respectively) compared to T1 (55.8 and 53.7 respectively) and T2 (54.1 and 52.8 respectively). Nitrogen (N) intake by sheep on diet T3 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than sheep fed diet T1. However, N balance did not differ among the three diets (3.0±0.32 g/d). In contrast, the rumen ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations in sheep fed T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in sheep fed T1. The NH3-N concentrations for all three diets were above the critical value required for optimum rumen microbial growth and synthesis. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were highest (p<0.05) in T1 (120.3 mM), whilst the molar proportion of propionic acid was highest in T3 (36.9%). However, the microbial N supply in sheep fed T1 and T3 was similar but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for sheep fed T2. It was concluded that mulberry foliage is a potential supplement of fermentable energy and protein for sheep fed TRS based diet. The suggested level of supplementation is 1.2% of BW or 32% of the total diet since it resulted in similar effects on the intake of DM, OM, and NDF, digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, N utilization and microbial supply when compared to rice bran and urea supplementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  14. A facile enzymatic synthesis of geranyl propionate by physically adsorbed Candida rugosa lipase onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    Mohamad NR, Buang NA, Mahat NA, Lok YY, Huyop F, Aboul-Enein HY, et al.
    Enzyme Microb Technol, 2015 May;72:49-55.
    PMID: 25837507 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.02.007
    In view of several disadvantages as well as adverse effects associated with the use of chemical processes for producing esters, alternative techniques such as the utilization of enzymes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), have been suggested. In this study, the oxidative MWCNTs prepared using a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3 v/v) were used as a supportive material for the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) through physical adsorption process. The resulting CRL-MWCNTs biocatalysts were utilized for synthesizing geranyl propionate, an important ester for flavoring agent as well as in fragrances. Enzymatic esterification of geraniol with propionic acid was carried out using heptane as a solvent and the efficiency of CRL-MWCNTs as a biocatalyst was compared with the free CRL, considering the incubation time, temperature, molar ratio of acid:alcohol, presence of desiccant as well as its reusability. It was found that the CRL-MWCNTs resulted in a 2-fold improvement in the percentage of conversion of geranyl propionate when compared with the free CRL, demonstrating the highest yield of geranyl propionate at 6h at 55°C, molar ratio acid: alcohol of 1:5 and with the presence of 1.0g desiccant. It was evident that the CRL-MWCNTs biocatalyst could be reused for up to 6 times before a 50% reduction in catalytic efficiency was observed. Hence, it appears that the facile physical adsorption of CRL onto F-MWCNTs has improved the activity and stability of CRL as well as served as an alternative method for the synthesis of geranyl propionate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism*
  15. Effects of condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid on in vitro methane production and rumen fermentation
    Saminathan M, Sieo CC, Abdullah N, Wong CM, Ho YW
    J Sci Food Agric, 2015 Oct;95(13):2742-9.
    PMID: 25418980 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7016
    Molecular weights (MWs) and their chemical structures are the primary factors determining the influence of condensed tannins (CTs) on animal nutrition and methane (CH4 ) production in ruminants. In this study the MWs of five CT fractions from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang (LLR) were determined and the CT fractions were investigated for their effects on CH4 production and rumen fermentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism
  16. Fulltext An S188V mutation alters substrate specificity of non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase E (DehE)
    Hamid AA, Hamid TH, Wahab RA, Omar MS, Huyop F
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0121687.
    PMID: 25816329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121687
    The non-stereospecific α-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase E (DehE) degrades many halogenated compounds but is ineffective against β-halogenated compounds such as 3-chloropropionic acid (3CP). Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and site-directed mutagenesis we show here that introducing the mutation S188V into DehE improves substrate specificity towards 3CP. MD simulations showed that residues W34, F37, and S188 of DehE were crucial for substrate binding. DehE showed strong binding ability for D-2-chloropropionic acid (D-2CP) and L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-2CP) but less affinity for 3CP. This reduced affinity was attributed to weak hydrogen bonding between 3CP and residue S188, as the carboxylate of 3CP forms rapidly interconverting hydrogen bonds with the backbone amide and side chain hydroxyl group of S188. By replacing S188 with a valine residue, we reduced the inter-molecular distance and stabilised bonding of the carboxylate of 3CP to hydrogens of the substrate-binding residues. Therefore, the S188V can act on 3CP, although its affinity is less strong than for D-2CP and L-2CP as assessed by Km. This successful alteration of DehE substrate specificity may promote the application of protein engineering strategies to other dehalogenases, thereby generating valuable tools for future bioremediation technologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism*
  17. Fulltext Uridine from Pleurotus giganteus and Its Neurite Outgrowth Stimulatory Effects with Underlying Mechanism
    Phan CW, David P, Wong KH, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V
    PLoS One, 2015;10(11):e0143004.
    PMID: 26565787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143004
    Neurodegenerative diseases are linked to neuronal cell death and impairment of neurite outgrowth. An edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus was found to stimulate neurite outgrowth in vitro but the chemical constituents and the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The chemical constituents of P. giganteus (linoleic acid, oleic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, and uridine) were tested for neurite outgrowth activity. Uridine (100 μM) was found to increase the percentage of neurite-bearing cells of differentiating neuroblastoma (N2a) cells by 43.1 ± 0.5%, which was 1.8-fold higher than NGF (50 ng/mL)-treated cells. Uridine which was present in P. giganteus (1.80 ± 0.03 g/100g mushroom extract) increased the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt). Further, phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was also increased. MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR further induced phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and expression of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43); all of which promoted neurite outgrowth of N2a cells. This study demonstrated that P. giganteus may enhance neurite outgrowth and one of the key bioactive molecules responsible for neurite outgrowth is uridine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates
  18. Papaya (Carica papaya) leaf methanolic extract modulates in vitro rumen methanogenesis and rumen biohydrogenation
    Jafari S, Goh YM, Rajion MA, Jahromi MF, Ahmad YH, Ebrahimi M
    Anim Sci J, 2017 Feb;88(2):267-276.
    PMID: 27345820 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12634
    Papaya leaf methanolic extract (PLE) at concentrations of 0 (CON), 5 (LLE), 10 (MLE) and 15 (HLE) mg/250 mg dry matter (DM) with 30 mL buffered rumen fluid were incubated for 24 h to identify its effect on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). Total gas production was not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of PLE compared to the CON at 24 h of incubation. Methane (CH4 ) production (mL/250 mg DM) decreased (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/metabolism
  19. Synthesis of geranyl propionate in a solvent-free medium using Rhizomucor miehei lipase covalently immobilized on chitosan-graphene oxide beads
    Isah AA, Mahat NA, Jamalis J, Attan N, Zakaria II, Huyop F, et al.
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2017 Feb 07;47(2):199-210.
    PMID: 27341522 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1201681
    The chemical route of producing geranyl propionate involves the use of toxic chemicals, liberation of unwanted by-products as well as problematic separation process. In view of such problems, the use of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) covalently bound onto activated chitosan-graphene oxide (RML-CS/GO) support is suggested. Following analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry, properties of the RML-CS/GO were characterized. A response surface methodological approach using a 3-level-four-factor (incubation time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and stirring rate) Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the experimental conditions to maximize the yield of geranyl propionate. Results revealed that 76 ± 0.02% of recovered protein had yielded 7.2 ± 0.04 mg g(-1) and 211 ± 0.3% U g(-1) of the maximum protein loading and esterification activity, respectively. The actual yield of geranyl propionate (49.46%) closely agreed with the predicted value (49.97%) under optimum reaction conditions (temperature: 37.67°C, incubation time: 10.20 hr, molar ratio (propionic acid:geraniol): 1:3.28, and stirring rate: 100.70 rpm) and hence, verifying the suitability of this approach. Since the method is performed under mild conditions, the RML-CS/GO biocatalyst may prove to be an environmentally benign alternative for producing satisfactory yield of geranyl propionate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/chemical synthesis*
  20. Plasma metabolic biomarkers for discriminating individuals with alcohol use disorders from social drinkers and alcohol-naive subjects
    Mostafa H, Amin AM, Teh CH, Murugaiyah VA, Arif NH, Ibrahim B
    J Subst Abuse Treat, 2017 06;77:1-5.
    PMID: 28476260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.02.015
    BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorders (AUD) is a phase of alcohol misuse in which the drinker consumes excessive amount of alcohol and have a continuous urge to consume alcohol which may lead to various health complications. The current methods of alcohol use disorders diagnosis such as questionnaires and some biomarkers lack specificity and sensitivity. Metabolomics is a novel scientific field which may provide a novel method for the diagnosis of AUD by using a sensitive and specific technique such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

    METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted on three groups: individuals with alcohol use disorders (n=30), social drinkers (n=54) and alcohol-naive controls (n=60). 1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to obtain the metabolic profiles of plasma samples. Data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) followed by univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to produce the best fit-model for discrimination between groups.

    RESULTS: The OPLS-DA model was able to distinguish between the AUD group and the other groups with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 64.29%, 98.17% and 91.24% respectively. The logistic regression model identified two biomarkers in plasma (propionic acid and acetic acid) as being significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. The reproducibility of all biomarkers was excellent (0.81-1.0).

    CONCLUSIONS: The applied plasma metabolomics technique was able to differentiate the metabolites between AUD and the other groups. These metabolites are potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis of alcohol use disorders.

    Matched MeSH terms: Propionates/blood
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