Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 47 in total

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  1. "Notensil" in the treatment of tetanus. Report on a clinical trial
    MENON KA
    Med J Malaya, 1960 Mar;14:184-6.
    PMID: 13769480
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus/therapy*; Tetanus Toxoid*
  2. A review of tetanus neonatorum in Singapore during the years 1946-1950
    Loh SG
    Med J Malaya, 1951;5.
    Report on 174 cases of tetanus neonatorum collected between 1946 and 1950 in the General Hospital, Singapore. There is a marked reduction in the incidence, which is attributed to a better maternity service. The results of treatment are bad – with a mortality of 90% of cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus
  3. Acetazoleamide and glaucoma; a preliminary report
    KIAT RL
    Med J Malaya, 1957 Jun;11(4):302-7.
    PMID: 13482567
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus/complications*; Tetanus Toxoid*
  4. Fulltext Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) presenting with seizures secondary to anti-tetanus toxin vaccination
    Hamidon BB, Raymond AA
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):780-2.
    PMID: 15190671
    Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is known to occur spontaneously in association with specific and non-specific viral illnesses and after vaccination against various pathogens. Although it is often a self-limited monophasic illness, the fatality rate is estimated to be as high as 20%, and many patients suffer residual neurologic impairment 1. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and radiological findings. The clinical presentation varies from merely, an asymptomatic condition to loss of consciousness, seizures, ataxia, optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, and motor dysfunction. MRI of the brain is the single most important diagnostic radiological investigation and can facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This case report describes a patient with ADEM presenting with only seizures after vaccination with anti-tetanus toxin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Antitoxin/adverse effects*
  5. Fulltext Antenatal care (ANC) services utilization in maternal and child health (MCH) clinics of Kinabatangan (rural) and Sandakan (urban) of Sabah, Malaysia
    Win SS, Aung S, Tha TO, Myint T, Awang Besar J, Yayaha Z
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17(2):42-51.
    This paper investigates the antenatal care (ANC) services utilization in currently pregnant women during their visits to maternal and child health (MCH) clinics of rural (Kinabatangan) and urban (Sandakan), Sabah. A community clinic based, cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. In total, 800 currently pregnant women attending two MCH clinics, from April to September 2012, were participated using tested set questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was used for background characteristics and chi-square analysis was applied to identify the rural-urban differences among the variables.In both study areas, previous births delivered by skilled birth personnel were same. In pregnant women from rural, less income, more grand-multiparity, earlier antenatal care booking, more frequent post-natal care, more use of contraception compared to those in urban. In comparison, urban pregnant women had more anti-tetanus toxoid injection in their previous pregnancies, past history of antenatal care for at least four times, increase in household members. As this study found the differences in ANC services utilization at Rural and Urban, further study is needed to explore concrete reasons for above findings. By delivering services according to the needs of all clients, irrespective of their place of residence, it will improve ANC services utilization in both areas of Sabah and hence will improve more on existing health status of the Nation.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan, Kinabatangan and Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid
  6. Case Report: A Challenging Case of Tetanus Presenting with Headache
    Rahim AIA, Azlan EAM, Rahman MR, Pathi NM, Ismail M, Sulaiman WAW
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2023 Dec 06;109(6):1242-1244.
    PMID: 37955309 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0035
    Tetanus is a life-threatening infectious neurological condition that has become uncommon due to large-scale immunization campaigns. We describe a rare instance of generalized tetanus presenting with a headache on a tropical island in Malaysia. A 43-year-old woman presenting with headaches and generalized body weakness, which progressed into trismus and neck stiffness. Her medical history indicated a wound on the sole of her foot caused by shattered glass in an unhygienic area, but no tetanus prophylaxis had been administered. The patient was subsequently given immunoglobulin, tetanus toxoid, metronidazole, and sedatives in the recommended dosages. Her neurological condition improved remarkably, but she suffered blood pressure fluctuations due to dysautonomia. She was successfully discharged with complete recovery after 6 months of follow-up. The case demonstrates the significance of appropriate identification and care of tetanus, as well as the lethal effects of untreated wounds in vulnerable patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid
  7. Case of traumatic tetanus cured by inhalation of ether
    Smith GH
    Lancet, 1849;54:667-668.
    DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)71261-0
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus
  8. Control of vitamin a deficiency for reducing morbidity and mortality in children
    Muhilal
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1997;9(1):49-52.
    MyJurnal
    Various studies conducted in Indonesia have shown that administration of Vitamin A to pre-school children had decreased the mortality and morbidity rates among them. In the first study conducted in the province of Acheh in North Sumatra, a twice yearly high dose of vitamin A led to a 34% decrease in mortality. In a second study in Bogor, conducted by fortifying the nutritional additive MSG with vitamin A and distributing the product in a designated area, the mortality rate among preschool children was 45% less than in a control area. In the third study also conducted in Bogor, where vitamin A was given to lactating women 2 weeks after giving birth and then directly to the infants themselves after 5 months of age, the mortality rate was 38% lower. The prevalences of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections were statistically lower than in the control gorups. Another study on preschool children showed a two-fold increase of anti TT IgG on primary immunisation against tetanus when compared to a control group and a four-fold increase with a secondary immunisation. Other studies conducted in Bogor and other parts of the world have showed that smaller doses given more often are more effective than bigger doses given less often.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus; Tetanus Toxoid
  9. Fulltext Cost of management of adverse events of pertussis vaccine
    Siti Haniza, M., Syed Aljunid, Haniza, M.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(1):47-56.
    MyJurnal
    Whole-cell Pertussis (wcPertussis) vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are effective in preventing clinical pertussis. The study aimed at determining the cost of managing fever and convulsions and cost of adverse events associated with wcPertussis. Parents who brought their children to health clinics and parents of children who were admitted for febrile convulsions were interviewed using structured questionnaire and the information were used to determine the cost of managing adverse events. Mean cost of managing mild fever per case was RM249, mean cost of managing high fever per case was RM1,036 and mean cost of managing convulsions was RM1,225. Total cost of managing adverse events was RM261 million for mild fever, RM66.7 million for high fever and RM1.3 million for convulsions. Costs of managing mild and high fever were less than the cost of managing convulsions. Total cost of managing mild fever was highest at RM261 million compared with RM66.7 million for high fever and RM1.3 million for convulsions. Thus, lower risk of adverse events actually contributed to higher costs of managing the adverse event.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid
  10. Current trends in morbidity and mortality of children in Malaysia
    Lin, Hai Peng, Mohd Sham Kasim
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1997;9(2):104-132.
    MyJurnal
    Malaysia is a rapidly developing country with a very young population, about 36% of which are below the age of 15 years. The standard of child health has improved greatly. However, there are great changes in the morbidity and mortality patterns of childhood diseases relating mainly to an improved standard of living; availability of safe water supply and adequate sanitary latrines; a higher literacy rate; rapid industrialisation and urban migration. The infant mortality rate has droppedfrom 50.1 per 1,000 livebirths in 1986 to 10.4 in 1995, and similar trends apply also to neonatal, perinatal and toddler mortality rates. Nevertheless, current major child health problems are those relating to events in the perinatal period and to infections. Despite improvements in the standard of neonatal care with the use ofhigh technology, the commonest cause of certified deaths still occur in the neonatal period. A rapid and inexpensive screening test for G6PD deficiency, a disease present in 2-3% of the population, is now widely available and, together with the use of phototherapy is largely responsible for the declining incidence of kernicterus in the country. Infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality although their patterns have changed. The very high (>95%) WHO-EPI-vaccines coverage rate is linked to the great reduction in the incidence of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles. Childhood tuberculosis is less common now, with about 250 - 300 reported cases per year and TB meningitis is rare with about 30-40 reported cases/year. The hepatitis B carrier rate is high (5%) and the introduction of routine newborn hepatitis B vaccination in 1989 is expected to have a positive impact as is the immunisation of young girls against rubella introduced in 1985 in reducing the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome. The incidence of malaria has declined but remains prevalent in the interiors of PeninsularMalaysia and in Sabah and Sarawak. Filariasis is largely under control. Unfortunately, despite great efforts at mosquito control, dengue virus infection remains a major problem with thousands of cases reported every year. Children are most susceptible to dengue haemorrhagic fever with many dying from the shock syndrome. The incidence of acute gastroenteritis has also dropped with most cases being due to a viral aetiology. Acute respiratory infections, mostly viral in origin, account for most attendances at paediatric outpatient services. Although staphylococcal and streptococcal impetigo and pneumonia are common, the incidence of streptococcal related diseases like rheumatic fever and acute glomendonephritis is rapidly declining. The nutritional status of children has improved in tandem with the rise in the standard of living, but subclinical malnutrition is prevalent, particularly among urban squatters and the rural poor. There is a disturbing decline in breastfeeding among urban working mothers. Poor weaning practices and food habits are responsible for the common occurrence of nutritional anaemia (5%) among infants and young children. Greater prosperity, rapid industrialisation and urbanisation have resulted in changes in the childhood disease pattern where non-communicable diseases assume greater importance as the problems of malnutrition and infection are gradually overcome. Road traffic accidents are a major killer and home accidents, largely preventable, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Childhood cancer, with about 550 new cases a year, is an important cause of death beyond infancy. Major congenital malformations, with a 1% prevalence rate, cause much ill-health. Thalassaemia is a particularly common genetic disease with fl thalassaemia gene frequency of about 5%. The prevalence of asthma is increasing, with a rate of 13.9% in the Kiang Valley but the prevalence of asthma-related symptoms is much higher. Physical, sexual child abuse and neglect, abandoned babies, substance abuse are but signs of stress of modern city living and peoples inability to cope with it. Although the general standard of child health has greatly improved, there are several states where it is still not satisfactory. In Sabah where there is a large illegal immigrant population, the infant mortality and infection rates are relatively high. In Kelantan and Trengganu, it is common for parents to refuse permission for a lumbar puncture required to treat meningitis. Other still deeply entrenched, culturally-related adverse health practices include : a fatalistic attitude to illness; a preference for traditional practitioners of medicine resulting in late treatment; and 'doctor-hopping' with unrealistic expectations of 'instant cure'. Childhood illnesses that are uncommon in Malaysia include: cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Encopresis, enuresis and epiglottitis due to Haemophilus Influen:ae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus; Tetanus Toxoid
  11. DPT POLIO vaccine; Connaught
    Med J Malaya, 1959 Mar;13(3):248-60.
    PMID: 13666194
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus/prevention & control*; Tetanus Toxoid*; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine*; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines*
  12. Fulltext Diphtheria anti-toxoid antibody levels among pre-clinical students and staff in an institute of higher learning in Malaysia: are they protected?
    Hamat, R.A., Malina, O., Chua, Y.J., Seng, K.L., Zubaidah, M., Norhanim, K., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Little is known about the sero-prevalence of diphtheria anti-toxoid antibody levels among medical students in Malaysia. They too, just like other health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of contracting and transmitting diphtheria. Fortunately, this can be prevented by giving a specific vaccine: the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Nonetheless, data from local or regional surveys are needed before any decision is made by the respective authorities. General objective: We studied the epidemiology of diphtheria anti-toxoid antibody levels and vaccination history amongst medical students and staff in Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Specific objectives: We determined the level of diphtheria anti-toxoid antibodies amongst pre-clinical students and staff. Methodology: A total of 152 sera were collected from subjects aged 19 to 63, and diphtheria anti-toxoid levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: One hundred and fifty-two (94.4%) blood samples out of 161 participants were successfully withdrawn, which comprised 105 (69.1%) and 47 (30.9%) medical students and staff, respectively. A total of 77.6% and the other 22.4% of the subjects had full and basic protection, respectively. Higher levels were predominant amongst males and they were 1.3 times more protected than females in 20-29 year-old group (85.1% vs 66.2%; odd ratios 1.25 [95% CI 1.03-1.50]; P=0.03). No significant difference in the levels of immunity among subjects for ethnicity and academic position (P>0.05). Recommendations: Level of full protection against diphtheria toxin should be clearly defined by broad population based studies using several comparable detection methods. Medical students and staff with basic protection should be closely monitored or should be given a booster dose for those who are at high risk of acquiring the disease. Thus, a standard degree of coverage should be clearly determined for health workers to prevent a potential outbreak. Conclusion: Students and staff possess immunity towards diptheria toxin however the level of full protective antibody is yet to be determined in future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus; Tetanus Toxoid
  13. Fulltext Economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine "Pentaxim® and hepatitis B" to fully combined vaccine "Hexaxim®" in the Malaysian National Immunization Program
    Aljunid SM, Al Bashir L, Ismail AB, Aizuddin AN, Rashid SAZA, Nur AM
    BMC Health Serv Res, 2022 Jan 05;22(1):34.
    PMID: 34986870 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07428-7
    BACKGROUND: The decision to implement new vaccines should be supported by public health and economic evaluations. Therefore, this study was primarily designed to evaluate the economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine (Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B) to fully combined vaccine (Hexaxim®) in the Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) and to investigate healthcare professionals (HCPs)' and parents'/caregivers' perceptions.

    METHODS: In this economic evaluation study, 22 primary healthcare centers were randomly selected in Malaysia between December 2019 and July 2020. The baseline immunization schedule includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses), whereas the alternative scheme includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (one dose) administered at birth. Direct medical costs were extracted using a costing questionnaire and an observational time and motion chart. Direct non-medical (cost for transportation) and indirect costs (loss of productivity) were derived from parents'/caregivers' questionnaire. Also, HCPs' and parent's/caregivers' perceptions were investigated using structured questionnaires.

    RESULTS: The cost per dose of Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B vs. Hexaxim® for the baseline scheme was Malaysian ringgit (RM) 31.90 (7.7 United States dollar [USD]) vs. 17.10 (4.1 USD) for direct medical cost, RM 54.40 (13.1 USD) vs. RM 27.20 (6.6 USD) for direct non-medical cost, RM 221.33 (53.3 USD) vs. RM 110.66 (26.7 USD) for indirect cost, and RM 307.63 (74.2 USD) vs. RM 155.00 (37.4 USD) for societal (total) cost. A similar trend was observed for the alternative scheme. Compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B, total cost savings per dose of Hexaxim® were RM 137.20 (33.1 USD) and RM 104.70 (25.2 USD) in the baseline and alternative scheme, respectively. Eighty-four percent of physicians and 95% of nurses supported the use of Hexaxim® in the NIP. The majority of parents/caregivers had a positive perception regarding Hexaxim® vaccine in various aspects.

    CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of Hexaxim® within Malaysian NIP is highly recommended because the use of Hexaxim® has demonstrated substantial direct and indirect cost savings for healthcare providers and parents/caregivers with a high percentage of positive perceptions, compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine*
  14. Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) supplementation on the immune response to tetanus toxoid vaccination in a mouse model
    Chu WL, Quynh le V, Radhakrishnan AK
    J Diet Suppl, 2013 Sep;10(3):229-40.
    PMID: 23927690 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.822452
    The aim of this study was to investigate whether Spirulina (Arthrospira) supplementation could enhance the immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine in a mouse model. Vaccination of TT was performed on day 7 and 21 in mice fed daily with Spirulina (50 and 150 mg/kg body weight). Both Spirulina supplementation and TT vaccination did not significantly affect body weight gain of the mice. Supplementation of Spirulina significantly enhanced IgG level (p = .01) after the first but not after the second TT vaccination. The anti-TT IgG levels of the groups that received low dose and high dose of Spirulina were not significantly different. Spirulina supplementation did not show significant effects on in vitro splenocyte proliferation and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-4) production induced by Con A and TT. This study showed that Spirulina supplementation could enhance primary immune response in terms of antibody production, but not secondary immune response following TT vaccination in a mouse model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid/immunology; Tetanus Toxoid/pharmacology*
  15. Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers
    Mahalingam D, Radhakrishnan AK, Amom Z, Ibrahim N, Nesaretnam K
    Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011 Jan;65(1):63-9.
    PMID: 20859299 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.184
    Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that has been shown to induce favorable effects on animal and human immune systems. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on immune response following tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine challenge in healthy female volunteers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage; Tetanus Toxoid/immunology*
  16. Four is better than nine. a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine for routine immunization in Malaysia
    Wong SL, Soosai P, Teoh YL, Han HH, Lefevre I, Bock HL
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2008 May;39(3):474-83.
    PMID: 18564687
    Malaysian infants would have to receive nine injections during the first few months of life in order to be protected against disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) if single HBV and Hib vaccines were used. We evaluated a combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine administered at 1.5, 3 and 5 months after a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HBV). One month after completion of the primary vaccination, 99% of subjects had seroprotective anti-HBV antibody levels, and at least 98% had seroprotective antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, and Hib, and were seropositive for pertussis antibodies. The immune response to the combined vaccine was comparable to that induced by separate injections with DTPw, HBV and Hib vaccines. Overall, the DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine was as well tolerated as separate administration of DTPw, HBV and Hib vaccines. The combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine induces protection against five diseases as recommended in the Malaysian routine vaccination schedule. Use of the combined DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine can reduce the required number of injections from nine to four in the first few months of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage*; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/adverse effects; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/immunology
  17. Influence of immunization schedule on immunization coverage
    Chen ST
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1989 Dec;92(6):386-90.
    PMID: 2607571
    The infant immunization coverage for triple antigen (DPT) from 1968 and trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) from 1972 to 1985 for Peninsular Malaysia are presented. It shows that immunization coverage improved when the recommended age for first dose of DPT was changed from the fourth to the second month of life in 1972 and declined when the recommended age for the first dose of DPT and TOPV was revised again from the second to the third month of life in 1980. The advantages of immunizing children early in life are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage*
  18. Intensive therapy in neonatal tetanus
    Ganendran A
    Anaesthesia, 1974 May;29(3):356-62.
    PMID: 4599155
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus/drug therapy; Tetanus/etiology; Tetanus/epidemiology; Tetanus/therapy*; Tetanus Antitoxin/therapeutic use
  19. Fulltext K-Ras Peptide Mimotope Induces Antigen Specific Th1 and B-Cell Immune Responses against G12A-Mutated K-Ras Antigen in Balb/c Mice
    Siak PY, Wong KY, Song AA, Rahim RA, In LLA
    Vaccines (Basel), 2021 Feb 26;9(3).
    PMID: 33652552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030195
    KRAS G12A somatic point mutation in adenocarcinomas is categorized clinically as ineligibility criteria for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody therapies. In this study, a modified G12A-K-ras epitope (139A) with sequence-specific modifications to improve immunogenicity was developed as a potential vaccine against G12A-mutant KRAS cancers. Additionally, coupling of the 139A epitope with a tetanus toxoid (TTD) universal T-cell epitope to improve antigenicity was also reported. To facilitate convenient oral administration, Lactococcus lactis, which possesses innate immunomodulatory properties, was chosen as a live gastrointestinal delivery vehicle. Recombinant L. lactis strains secreting a G12A mutated K-ras control and 139A with and without TTD fusion were generated for comparative immunogenicity assessment. BALB/c mice were immunized orally, and high survivability of L. lactis passage through the gastrointestinal tract was observed. Elevations in B-cell count with a concomitant titre of antigen-specific IgG and interferon-γ secreting T-cells were observed in the 139A treated mice group. Interestingly, an even higher antigen-specific IgA response and interferon-γ secreting T-cell counts were observed in 139A-TTD mice group upon re-stimulation with the G12A mutated K-ras antigen. Collectively, these results indicated that an antigen-specific immune response was successfully stimulated by 139A-TTD vaccine, and a TTD fusion was successful in further enhancing the immune responses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus Toxoid
  20. Maternal education and tetanus immunisation in Indonesia
    Mohamed WN
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25(4):19-29.
    This paper examines the influence of maternal education on the acceptance of tetanus toxoid vaccine, using data from two villages in rural Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Maternal education results in increased tetanus toxoid uptake. Irrespective of the level of formal education, correct knowledge of the function of tetanus toxoid is positively associated with the probability of using the vaccine. It is therefore recommended that health education campaign be run to provide correct information on the importance of tetanus toxoid. This study can be used as a model for health programmes in other population with low levels of women education.
    Key words: Neonatal tetanus, maternal education, tetanus toxoid, binomial logistic regression, multinomial logistic regression.
    Kertas ini mengkaji pengaruh pendidikan ibu ke atas penerimaan vaksin tetanus toxoid, dengan menggunakan data daripada dua buah kampung di pendalaman Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kajian ini mendapati pendidikan ibu dapat meningkatkan kadar pengambilan tetanus toxiod. Pengetahuan yang tepat tentang kepentingan vaksin tersebut didapati mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan pengambilannya, tanpa mengira tahap pendidikan wanita. Dengan itu dicadangkan agar kempen pendidikan kesihatan dijalankan untuk menyebarkan maklumat yang jelas ten tang kepentingan tetanus toxoid. Kajian ini boleh dijadikan model bagi program kesihatan untuk populasi lain yang mempunyai tahap pendidikan wanita yang rendah.
    Kata kunci: Tetanus neonatal, pendidikan ibu, tetanus toxoid, regresi logistik binomial, regresi logistik multinomial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tetanus; Tetanus Toxoid
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