MyMedR

Fulltext Variations in motility and biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Kalai Chelvam K, Chai LC, Thong KL

Gut Pathog, 2014;6(1):2.

PMID: 24499680 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-2

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) exhibits unique characteristics as an intracellular human pathogen. It causes both acute and chronic infection with various disease manifestations in the human host only. The principal factors underlying the unique lifestyle of motility and biofilm forming ability of S. Typhi remain largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to explore and investigate the motility and biofilm forming behaviour among S. Typhi strains of diverse background.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Variable Responses to Carbon Utilization between Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of a Human Carrier Strain of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Kalai Chelvam K, Yap KP, Chai LC, Thong KL

PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0126207.

PMID: 25946205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126207

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a foodborne pathogen that causes typhoid fever and infects only humans. The ability of S. Typhi to survive outside the human host remains unclear, particularly in human carrier strains. In this study, we have investigated the catabolic activity of a human carrier S. Typhi strain in both planktonic and biofilm cells using the high-throughput Biolog Phenotype MicroArray, Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) biofilm inoculator (96-well peg lid) and whole genome sequence data. Additional strains of S. Typhi were tested to further validate the variation of catabolism in selected carbon substrates in the different bacterial growth phases. The analyzes of the carbon utilization data indicated that planktonic cells of the carrier strain, S. Typhi CR0044 could utilize a broader range of carbon substrates compared to biofilm cells. Pyruvic acid and succinic acid which are related to energy metabolism were actively catabolised in the planktonic stage compared to biofilm stage. On the other hand, glycerol, L-fucose, L-rhamnose (carbohydrates) and D-threonine (amino acid) were more actively catabolised by biofilm cells compared to planktonic cells. Notably, dextrin and pectin could induce strong biofilm formation in the human carrier strain of S. Typhi. However, pectin could not induce formation of biofilm in the other S. Typhi strains. Phenome data showed the utilization of certain carbon substrates which was supported by the presence of the catabolism-associated genes in S. Typhi CR0044. In conclusion, the findings showed the differential carbon utilization between planktonic and biofilm cells of a S. Typhi human carrier strain. The differences found in the carbon utilization profiles suggested that S. Typhi uses substrates mainly found in the human biliary mucus glycoprotein, gallbladder, liver and cortex of the kidney of the human host. The observed diversity in the carbon catabolism profiles among different S. Typhi strains has suggested the possible involvement of various metabolic pathways that might be related to the virulence and pathogenesis of this host-restricted human pathogen. The data serve as a caveat for future in-vivo studies to investigate the carbon metabolic activity to the pathogenesis of S. Typhi.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/microbiology

Usefulness of the Widal test in diagnosing childhood typhoid fever in endemic areas

Choo KE, Razif AR, Oppenheimer SJ, Ariffin WA, Lau J, Abraham T

J Paediatr Child Health, 1993 Feb;29(1):36-9.

PMID: 8461177

Data are presented for 2382 children investigated for fever in a Malaysian hospital between 1984 and 1987 when Widal tests and blood cultures were a routine part of every fever screen. There were 145 children who were culture positive (TYP-CP) for Salmonella typhi, while 166 were culture negative but were diagnosed as having typhoid (TYP-CN). Analyses of the sensitivity and specificity of combinations of initial Widal titres in predicting a positive S. typhi culture in a febrile child (culture positive vs the rest) showed the best model to be an O- and/or H-titre of > or = 1 in 40 (sensitivity 89%; specificity 89%). While the negative predictive value of the model was high (99.2%) the positive predictive value remained below 50% even for very high titres of O and H (> 1 in 640), at which point the specificity was 98.5%, supporting the clinical view that a high proportion of the TYP-CN patients really were typhoid but were missed by culture. The TYP-CN patients showed a very similar clinical and age profile to TYP-CP patients. The length of history of fever did not affect the initial Widal titre in culture positive cases. The Widal test in children remains a sensitive and specific 'fever screen' for typhoid although it will not identify all cases. In children, lower cut-off points for O- and H-titres should be used than are generally recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/blood; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*; Typhoid Fever/immunology; Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology

Fulltext Unusual hepatic manifestations in typhoid fever

Ramanathan M

Singapore Med J, 1991 Oct;32(5):335-7.

PMID: 1788579

This paper deals with two patients with typhoid fever in whom hepatic manifestations were the dominant and presenting features of the illness. The ability of typhoid hepatitis to simulate other common infectious diseases in this region is highlighted. It is recommended that typhoid hepatitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever and jaundice particularly in the tropics.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*

Typhoid toxoid for specific prophylaxis of typhoid fever

Yu H

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1940;3:374-83.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Typhoid thyroiditis

Jasmi AY, Rohaizak, Meah FA, Sulaiman BT

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Mar;53(1):109-11.

PMID: 10968149

Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a 62 year old lady with enteric fever is reported. Plain radiography of the neck showed a distinct localised abscess cavity with air fluid level. A rare causative agent Salmonella typhi was isolated. Needle aspiration and antibiotics resulted in complete recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*

Fulltext Typhoid fever: present and future

Merican I

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Sep;52(3):299-308; quiz 309.

PMID: 10968104

Typhoid fever (TF), a systemic prolonged febrile illness, continues to be a worldwide health problem especially in developing countries where there is poor sanitation and poor standards of personal hygiene. The worldwide incidence of TF is estimated to be approximately 16 million cases annually with 7 million cases occurring annually in SE Asia alone. More than 600,000 people die of the disease annually. The pathogenesis of TF is beginning to be understood. The clinical features and diagnosis of TF are well known. New diagnostic methods have yet to gain universal acceptance. Traditional treatment with the first-line antibiotics (i.e. chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) though still being used in most developing countries are gradually being replaced with shorter courses of treatment with third generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones especially with the growing incidence of multi-drug resistant S typhi strains (MDR-ST). MDR-ST strains are particularly common in the Indian subcontinent; Pakistan and China. The presently available vaccines are far from satisfactory in terms of safety, efficacy and costs. Newer vaccines have been developed and are presently undergoing clinical trials in human volunteers.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy*; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology

Typhoid fever. With special reference to the value of new antisera in therapy and eosinopenia in diagnosis

Landor JV

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1941;35:1-11.

DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(41)90065-2

1. (1) The injection of serum prepared especially against strains of typhoid bacilli strong in "O" and "Vi" antigens appeared during the epidemic at Singapore to be of value in the treatment of serious cases of typhoid fever, even at a comparatively late stage of the disease. The time for the routine use of such serum in treatment has perhaps not yet come, but strong indications for its use are severe toxaemia, or failure to improve with general treatment. 2. (2) The absence of eosinophil cells in a differential white blood count is of value in the diagnosis though it is not an absolute sign in either a negative or positive direction. 3. (3) Congenital immunity against typhoid fever appears to be powerful for several years of childhood, in Malaya and presumably elsewhere also. 4. (4) Compulsory inoculation is advocated as a public health measure of protection against typhoid fever in countries where the disease is endemic, but not earlier than the 5th year of age. c 1941

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever--important issues still remain

Pang T, Levine MM, Ivanoff B, Wain J, Finlay BB

Trends Microbiol., 1998 Apr;6(4):131-3.

PMID: 9587187

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/prevention & control

Fulltext Typhoid fever presenting as acute cerebellar ataxia and severe thrombocytopenia

Cheong BM

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Mar;63(1):77-8.

PMID: 18935745 MyJurnal

Typhoid fever being a systemic infection can present in a multitude of ways, involving various systems. Here we describe a case of typhoid fever presenting with acute cerebellar ataxia and marked thrombocytopenia. This atypical presentation is not common in typhoid fever and can lead to misdiagnosis as well as a delay in the initiation of appropriate therapy. Prompt clinical improvement and the return of platelet counts to normal were noted after the patient was started on IV Ceftriaxone.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis

Typhoid fever in hospitalized children in Kelantan, Malaysia

Choo KE, Razif A, Ariffin WA, Sepiah M, Gururaj A

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1988 Dec;8(4):207-12.

PMID: 2467604

A retrospective study of 137 patients with blood culture-positive typhoid fever admitted to the paediatric unit of the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia was carried out to study epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and treatment aspects of typhoid fever in Kelantanese children in hospital. The male:female ratio was 1:1.1. School-children were the most affected. Cases were seen throughout the year. The five most frequently presenting features were fever, hepatomegaly, diarrhoea, vomiting and cough. Rose spots were seen in only two patients. Complications included gastritis, bronchitis, ileus, psychosis, encephalopathy, gastro-intestinal bleeding and myocarditis. Relative bradycardia was not seen. Blood and stool cultures were positive in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks of illness. There was no significant difference between percentages of elevated O and H titres, whether done during or after the 1st week of illness. A four-fold rise in (O) titres occurred in 50% of cases tested. We would miss 50% of typhoid fever cases if a titre (O) equal to more than 1/160 were relied upon for diagnosis. Altogether, 46% of patients had leucopenia. Chloramphenicol was the most commonly used antibiotic. There were two deaths.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Fulltext Typhoid fever in children--a retrospective study of 54 cases from Malaysia

Yap YF, Puthucheary SD

Singapore Med J, 1998 Jun;39(6):260-2.

PMID: 9803814

Typhoid fever, which is endemic in Malaysia, affects all age groups and it has been stated that classical features described in textbooks were absent in children. The aim of this study was to find out whether this was true in the local setting and hence a retrospective study was undertaken.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy; Typhoid Fever/pathology*

Fulltext Typhoid fever in Malaysian children

Malik AS, Malik RH

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56(4):478-90.

PMID: 12014769

A prospective study of 102 children with bacteriologically confirmed typhoid fever, admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over 5 years was conducted. The average age at presentation was 91.3 (range 6 - 159) months. Fever (900%), abdominal pain (56%) and diarrhoea (44%) were common symptoms. Findings included: hepatomegaly (85.3%), splenomegaly (27.5%), anaemia (31%), leukopenia (15%). thrombocytopenia (26%), positive Widal (62.5%) and Typhidot test (96%). Patients were treated with ampicillin (n = 54) or chloramphenicol (n = 49) and 1/3 developed complications like hepatitis (n = 19), bone marrow suppression (n = 8) and paralytic ileus (n = 7). A patient with splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia or leukopenia was at higher risk of developing complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/therapy

Typhoid fever

Gurdeep PS

Family Practitioner, 1984;7:20-22.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Typhoid diet

Smith CE

Malayan Medical Journal, 1933;8:206.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Typhoid and malaria co-infection - an interesting finding in the investigation of a tropical Fever

Sulaiman W

Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jul;13(2):64-5.

PMID: 22589607 MyJurnal

Malaysia is endemic for both these diseases and one should not be too surprised when faced with a diagnosis of co-infection of typhoid and malaria, as have been described in India and Canada. Here we describe one such case of Salmonella typhi and Plasmodium vivax infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric Fever isolates - a three year report from a tertiary care centre

Gupta V, Singla N, Bansal N, Kaistha N, Chander J

Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Jul;20(4):71-5.

PMID: 24043999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of multidrug resistant enteric fever is increasing alarmingly. This study was planned to determine the rate of isolation of Salmonella spp. and to compare the isolates for their epidemiological parameters and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at our center.

METHODS: The study was conducted over a span of three years with a total of 8142, 8134, and 8114 blood culture samples processed for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol was determined using an agar dilution method. The MIC for ciprofloxacin was also confirmed by Epsilon-test (E -test) strips.

RESULTS: Of the total 302 Salmonella spp. isolated, 257 were Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (85.1%) and 45 (14.9%) were S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A. The majority of the isolates recovered were from the pediatric age group (54.6%) and males (60.6%). Complete susceptibility was observed to chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin over the last two years (2009 and 2010), with an increase in resistance to nalidixic acid (100%) and ciprofloxacin (13.6%).

CONCLUSION: In our study, we found augmentation of resistance to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones and complete sensitivity to ceftriaxone along with reemergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity for Salmonella isolates. This report emphasises the necessity of continuous surveillance of antibiograms of enteric fever isolates in an area.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Travellers take heed: Outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid fever in Pakistan and a warning from the US CDC

Saleem Z, Hassali MA

Travel Med Infect Dis, 2018 10 16;27:127.

PMID: 30339826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.10.013

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/transmission

Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms and typhoid susceptibility in Asian Malay population in Malaysia

Bhuvanendran S, Hussin HM, Meran LP, Anthony AA, Zhang L, Burch LH, et al.

Microbes Infect, 2011 Sep;13(10):844-51.

PMID: 21612766 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.04.007

Typhoid fever is a major health problem with frequent outbreaks in Kelantan, Malaysia. Prevalence of TLR4 gene polymorphisms varies with ethnic groups (0-20%) and predisposean individual to gram-negative infections. The prevalence rate of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399lle polymorphisms in the Malay population or the influence of these on typhoid fever susceptibility is not yet reported. 250 normal and 304 susceptible Malay individuals were investigated for these polymorphisms using allele-specific PCR and analysed for its association with typhoid fever susceptibility. The total prevalence of polymorphisms in the normal population was 4.8% in comparison to 12.5% in the susceptible population (p = 0.002). An increased frequency of both polymorphisms was observed in the susceptible population (p typhoid fever in Kelantan could be attributed to the higher percentage of Malays (95%) in this state. In order to reduce the incidence of this disease, people with these polymorphisms, can be prioritised for prophylactic strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/genetics*; Typhoid Fever/immunology

Fulltext The worst flood in 100 years : Johore experience

Marzukhi, M.I., Daud, A.R., Badrul Hisham, A.S.

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(3):1-14.

MyJurnal

Past major flooding events for the state of Johore, Malaysia were recorded in 1926, 1967, 1968 and 1971. However, major meteorological phenomena that hit Johore on the 19th December 2006 (first wave) and the 12th January 2007 (second wave) were claimed to be the worst flood disaster in Johore in a 100 years. All eight districts were affected displacing 157,018 and 155,368 population during the first and the second wave event respectively. The Johore Health Department deployed substantial number of medical and health personnel to deal with the Johore flood crisis. Flood-related data were collected on daily basis between 19th December 2006 and 19th February 2007 using spreadsheet format from Flood Operational Rooms located at respective District Health Offices. Among flood victims 34,530 were found to have non-communicable diseases and 19,670 with communicable diseases. No major food- and water-borne disease outbreaks, such as cholera and typhoid, were reported in Johore. High success of public health measures was depending on the workforce of medical and health personnel on the ground. On the other hand, voluntary services offered by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), private sector and other volunteers should be well coordinated without compromising regulatory and ethical requirements. Crisis guidelines and plan of actions shall be updated so that they would be more relevant to the crises encountered on the ground.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 124 in total