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Enhancing photosynthesis and root development for better fruit quality, aroma, and lessening of radioactive materials in key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) using Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis

Salem A, Khandaker MM, Mahmud K, Alsufyani SJ, Majrashi AA, Rashid ZM, et al.

Plant Physiol Biochem, 2024 Jan;206:108295.
PMID: 38154296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108295

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis alone or with gradual levels of NPK on photosynthesis, growth, fruit quality, aroma improvement and reduced radionuclides of key lime fruits. The lemon seedlings were treated with (T0) without fertilizers as control, (T1) 100g of NPK at 100%, (T2) 5 g of Trichoderma. harzianum at 50% + 50 g of NPK at 50%, (T3) 5 g of Bacillus thuringiensis at 50% + 50 g of NPK at 50 %, (T4) 7.5 g of Trichoderma harzianum at 75% + 25 g of NPK at 25 %, (T5) 7.5 g of Bacillus thuringiensis at 75% + 25 g of NPK at 25 %, (T6) 10 g of Trichoderma harzianum at 100 % and (T7)10 g of Bacillus thuringiensis at 100 %. The results showed that T2 increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, fresh and dry root biomass by 209%, 74%, 56%, 376%, 69.4% and 71.6%, while, T5 increased root volume, root length, and root tip number by 27.1%, 167%, and 67%, respectively over the control trees. The microbial treatments developed cortex, vascular cylinder and tracheal elements of the root. Fruit number, length, diameter, weight, pulp thickness, pulp/peel ratio, juice, total soluble solids (TSS), pigment contents and antioxidant activity increased significantly in the T2 treatment. Vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, and total sugar content increased by 1.59-, 1.66-, 1.44- and 2.07- fold in T5 treated fruits compared to the control. The two microbes increased volatile compounds and decreased radionucleotides in the fruit, moreover, 27 identified and 2 (two) unmatched volatile compounds were identified by GCMS analysis. It is concluded that T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis with 25-50 g NPK treatments improved photosynthesis, root structure, fruit growth, fruit quality, aroma and lessened radionuclides in key lime fruits.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Production of Trichoderma harzianum K179 bioagent for maize diseases control: complete laboratory stage bioprocess development

Mitrović I, Vučurović D, Al-Ani LKT, Mitrović B, Bajić B, Dodić S, et al.

J Appl Microbiol, 2023 Jun 01;134(6).
PMID: 37279914 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad115

AIMS: In order to be competitive on the market, the production of biopreparations needs to be optimized, modelled, and assessed in the early stages of its development. The aim of this paper was to optimize medium for the production of Trichoderma harzianum K179 biocontrol agent, to analyze its kinetics at enlarged laboratory scale and finally economic analysis of the production of this high-value product through simulation modelling.
METHODS AND RESULTS: The results showed that the bioprocess of T. harzianum K179 bioagent production in a laboratory bioreactor on the medium with optimal composition (dextrose 10 g l-1, soy flour 6.87 g l-1, K2HPO4 1.51 g l-1, KCl 0.5 g l-1, and MgSO4 × 7H2O 0.5 g l-1), at stirring speed of 1.75 × g and aeration intensity of 1.5 vvm, can be shortened from 96 to 36 h. The results of bioprocess economic analysis showed that with a 25-year project lifetime and an investment payback time of 7.58 years, this project represents an economically viable system.
CONCLUSIONS: Complete analysis of the bioprocess of T. harzianum K179 biocontrol agent production showed that the biologically produced preparation can be competitive on the market with synthetic preparations.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Molecular interactions of trichoderma β-1,4-glucosidase (ThBglT12) with mycelial cell wall components of phytopathogenic Macrophomina phaseolina

Mohammad Hood MH, Tengku Abdul Hamid TH, Abdul Wahab RA, Huyop FZ, Kaya Y, Abdul Hamid AAA

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 Apr;41(7):2831-2847.
PMID: 35174777 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2039772

Efficacy of a β-1,4-glucosidase from Trichoderma harzianum T12 (ThBglT12) in disrupting the cell wall of the phytopathogenic fungus M. phaseolina (Macrophomina phaseolina) was studied, as the underlying molecular mechanisms of cell wall recognition remains elusive. In this study, the binding location identified by a consensus of residues predicted by COACH tool, blind docking, and multiple sequence alignment revealed that molecular recognition by ThBglT12 occurred through interactions between the α-1,3-glucan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,3/1,4-glucan, and chitin components of M. phaseolina, with corresponding binding energies of -7.4, -7.6, -7.5 and -7.8 kcal/mol. The residue consensus verified the participation of Glu172, Tyr304, Trp345, Glu373, Glu430, and Trp431 in the active site pocket of ThBglT12 to bind the ligands, of which Trp345 was the common interacting residue. Root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), total energy, and minimum distance calculation from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further confirmed the stability and the closeness of the binding ligands into the ThBglT12 active site pocket. The h-bond occupancy by Glu373 and Trp431 instated the role of the nucleophile for substrate recognition and specificity, crucial for cleaving the β-1,4 linkage. Further investigation showed that the proximity of Glu373 to the anomeric carbon of β-1,3/1,4-glucan (3.5 Å) and chitin (5.5 Å) indicates the nucleophiles' readiness to form enzyme-substrate intermediates. Plus, the neighboring water molecule appeared to be correctly positioned and oriented towards the anomeric carbon to hydrolyze the β-1,3/1,4-glucan and chitin, in less than 4.0 Å. In a nutshell, the study verified that the ThBglT12 is a good alternative fungicide to inhibit the growth of M. phaseolina.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Fulltext Effect of decomposing oil palm trunk fibers on plant growth and soil microbial community composition

Uke A, Nakazono-Nagaoka E, Chuah JA, Zain NA, Amir HG, Sudesh K, et al.

J Environ Manage, 2021 Oct 01;295:113050.
PMID: 34198177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113050

Oil palm trunks (OPT) are logged for replantation and the fiber residues are disposed of into the palm plantation area. The fiber residues are expected to increase soil fertility through recycling of carbon and minerals via fiber decomposition. This study investigated the effects of OPT fiber disposal and other lignocellulosic biomass on plant growth and microbial diversity in the soil environment. Four treatment plots were tested: (A) soil+OPT fiber (1:20), (B) soil+sugarcane bagasse (1:20), (C) soil+cellulose powder (1:20), and (D) unamended soil as a negative control. Low plant height, decreased chlorophyll content, and low biomass was observed in corn grown on soil mixed with OPT fiber, cellulose, and sugarcane bagasse, when compared with those of the control. The plants grown with OPT fiber were deficient in total nitrogen and magnesium when compared with those without fiber amendment, which suggested that nitrogen and minerals in soil might be taken up by changing microflora because of the OPT fibers presence. To confirm differences in the soil microflora, metagenomics analysis was performed on untreated soil and soil from each lignocellulose treatment. The microflora of soils mixed with OPT fiber, cellulose and sugarcane bagasse revealed substantial increases in bacteria such as families Cytophagaceae and Oscillospiraceae, and two major fungal genera, Trichoderma and Trichocladium, that are involved in lignocellulose degradation. OPT fiber resulted in a drastic increase in the ratios and amounts of Trichocladium in the soil when compared with those of cellulose and sugarcane bagasse. These results indicate that unregulated disposal of OPT fiber into plantation areas could result in nutrient loss from soil by increasing the abundance of microorganisms involved in lignocellulose decomposition.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies on β-glucosidase and xylanase Trichoderma asperellum to predict degradation order of cellulosic components in oil palm leaves for nanocellulose preparation

Bahaman AH, Wahab RA, Abdul Hamid AA, Abd Halim KB, Kaya Y

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2021 Apr;39(7):2628-2641.
PMID: 32248752 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1751713

Literature has shown that oil palm leaves (OPL) can be transformed into nanocellulose (NC) by fungal lignocellulosic enzymes, particularly those produced by the Trichoderma species. However, mechanism of β-glucosidase and xylanase selectivity to degrade lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in OPL for NC production remains relatively vague. The study aimed to comprehend this aspect by an in silico approach of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and Molecular-mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) analysis, to compare interactions between the β-glucosidase- and xylanase from Trichoderma asperellum UC1 in complex with each substrate. Molecular docking of the enzyme-substrate complex showed residues Glu165-Asp226-Glu423 and Arg155-Glu210-Ser160 being the likely catalytic residues of β-glucosidase and xylanase, respectively. The binding affinity of β-glucosidase for the substrates are as follows: cellulose (-8.1 kcal mol-1) > lignin (-7.9 kcal mol-1) > hemicellulose (-7.8 kcal mol-1), whereas, xylanase showed a corresponding preference for; hemicellulose (-6.7 kcal mol-1) > cellulose (-5.8 kcal mol-1) > lignin (-5.7 kcal mol-1). Selectivity of both enzymes was reiterated by MD simulations where interactions between β-glucosidase-cellulose and xylanase-hemicellulose were the strongest. Notably low free-binding energy (ΔGbind) of β-glucosidase and xylanase in complex with cellulose (-207.23 +/- 47.13 kJ/mol) and hemicellulose (-131.48 +/- 24.57 kJ/mol) were observed, respectively. The findings thus successfully identified the cellulose component selectivity of the polymer-acting β-glucosidase and xylanase of T. asperellum UC1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Identification patterns of Trichoderma strains using morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and lignocellulolytic activities

Asis A, Shahriar SA, Naher L, Saallah S, Fatihah HNN, Kumar V, et al.

Mol Biol Rep, 2021 Apr;48(4):3285-3301.
PMID: 33880673 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06321-0

Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with an abundance of reports of its economic importance in the agriculture industry. Thus, the correct identification of Trichoderma species is necessary for its commercial purposes. Globally, Trichoderma species are routinely identified from micro-morphological descriptions which can be tedious and prone to errors. Thus, we emphasize that the accurate identification of Trichoderma strains requires a three-pronged approach i.e. based on its morphological characteristics, multilocus gene sequences of the rDNA [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions], translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α), Calmodulin (CAL) and its lignocellulolytic activities. We used this approach to identify a total of 53 Trichoderma strains which were isolated from a wet paddy field located at Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. The 53 strains were positively identified as belonging to three Trichoderma species, namely T. asperellum (43 strains), T. harzianum (9 strains), and T. reesei (one strain) on the basis of its morphological characteristics and multilocus gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on the UPGMA method of the ITS 1 and 2 regions of the rDNA, TEF-1α and CAL revealed three distinct groups with the T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. reesei strains placed under the section of Trichoderma, Pachybasium and Longibrachiatum, respectively. In addition, the lignocellulolytic activities of the isolates were measured based on the diameters of the halo zones produced when degrading cellulose, lignin, and starch, respectively. This diagnostic assay can be used to identify Trichoderma as it produces polyphenol oxidase when Tannic Acid Media is used for the lignin test, endoglucanases when Jensen media is used for cellulose, and it hydrolyzes starch to glucose when the modified Melin-Nokrans media is used for the starch test. Accurate identification of Trichoderma species is needed as these strains can potentially be used as a biocontrol agent to prevent diseases and to increase yield in agriculture crops.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma/classification*; Trichoderma/enzymology; Trichoderma/genetics
Endophytic strains of Trichoderma increase plants' photosynthetic capability

Harman GE, Doni F, Khadka RB, Uphoff N

J Appl Microbiol, 2021 Feb;130(2):529-546.
PMID: 31271695 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14368

The world faces two enormous challenges that can be met, at least in part and at low cost, by making certain changes in agricultural practices. There is need to produce enough food and fibre for a growing population in the face of adverse climatic trends, and to remove greenhouse gases to avert the worst consequences of global climate change. Improving photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants can help meet both challenges. Fortuitously, when crop plants' roots are colonized by certain root endophytic fungi in the genus Trichoderma, this induces up-regulation of genes and pigments that improve the plants' photosynthesis. Plants under physiological or environmental stress suffer losses in their photosynthetic capability through damage to photosystems and other cellular processes caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). But certain Trichoderma strains activate biochemical pathways that reduce ROS to less harmful molecules. This and other mechanisms described here make plants more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. The net effect of these fungi's residence in plants is to induce greater shoot and root growth, increasing crop yields, which will raise future food production. Furthermore, if photosynthesis rates are increased, more CO2 will be extracted from the atmosphere, and enhanced plant root growth means that more sequestered C will be transferred to roots and stored in the soil. Reductions in global greenhouse gas levels can be accelerated by giving incentives for climate-friendly carbon farming and carbon cap-and-trade programmes that reward practices transferring carbon from the atmosphere into the soil, also enhancing soil fertility and agricultural production.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
A new peptaibol, RK-026A, from the soil fungus Trichoderma sp. RK10-F026 by culture condition-dependent screening

Rawa MSA, Nogawa T, Okano A, Futamura Y, Nakamura T, Wahab HA, et al.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2021 Jan 07;85(1):69-76.
PMID: 33577647 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa051

A new peptaibol, RK-026A (1) was isolated from a fungus, Trichoderma sp. RK10-F026, along with atroviridin B (2), alamethicin II (3), and polysporin B (4) as a cytotoxic compound, which was selected by principal component analysis of the MS data from 5 different culture conditions. The structure of 1 was determined as a new atroviridin B derivative containing Glu at the 18th residue instead of Gln by NMR and HR-MS analyses including the investigation of detailed MS/MS fragmentations. 1 showed cytotoxicity toward K562 leukemia cells at an IC50 value of 4.1 µm.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma/growth & development; Trichoderma/chemistry*
Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum-enriched coconut fibre against Fusarium wilts of cherry tomato

Hasan ZAE, Mohd Zainudin NAI, Aris A, Ibrahim MH, Yusof MT

J Appl Microbiol, 2020 Oct;129(4):991-1003.
PMID: 32324939 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14674

AIMS: Agro-based wastes were evaluated as a medium for mass micropropagule production and optimal efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum B1092 in controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and promoting tomato growth. This study focused on biological control because pathogen persistence in the soil makes the disease difficult to control.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Rice bran, biochar, empty fruit bunches, coconut fibres, compost, top soil and mixed soil were evaluated as media for mass multiplication of T. asperellum, which is effective in controlling plant pathogens. Yielding the most colony forming units (CFU) among the media, coconut fibre was deemed most suitable for promoting sporulation. After 120 days on the medium, T. asperellum B1902 produced 9·053 × 105 CFU per gram coconut fibre; oil palm empty fruit bunches was second highest (7·406 × 105 CFU per gram). In field tests of T. asperellum B1092 against F. oxysporum f. sp lycopersici (causing Fusarium wilt of cherry tomato), B1092 significantly promoted plant growth compared to the control. The efficacy of this formulation resulted in increased growth of roots and shoots tomato plants and total lycopene, sugar, K, N, Ca, P and Mg content after 120 days.
CONCLUSIONS: Trichoderma asperellum B1092 showed great field potential for improving productivity and quality of tomatoes and in controlling Fusarium wilt of cherry tomato.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This innovative approach using a cheap agro-waste to control the persistent soil-borne Fusarium pathogen of cherry tomato should increase soil survival rate of Trichoderma and has potential for upscaling in the field for other crops.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Substrate docking and molecular dynamic simulation for prediction of fungal enzymes from Trichoderma species-assisted extraction of nanocellulose from oil palm leaves

Bahaman AH, Abdul Wahab R, Hamid AAA, Halim KBA, Kaya Y, Edbeib MF

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020 Sep;38(14):4246-4258.
PMID: 31608812 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1679667

Fungi of the Trichoderma species are valued industrial enzymes in support of the 'zero-waste' technology to convert agro-industrial biomass into valuable products, i.e. nanocellulose (NC). In this study, an in silico approach using substrate docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was used to predict the order of which the multilayers of cellulosic polymers, i.e. lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in oil palm leaves (OPL) are degraded by fungal enzymes, endocellulase and exocellulase. The study aimed to establish the catalytic tendencies of the enzymes to optimally degrade the cellulosic components of OPL for high yield production of NC. Energy minimized endocellulase and exocellulase models revealed satisfactory scores of PROCHECK (90.0% and 91.2%), Verify3D (97.23% and 98.85%) and ERRAT (95.24% and 91.00%) assessments. Active site prediction by blind docking, COACH meta-server and multiple sequence alignment indicated the catalytic triads for endocellulase and exocellulase were Ser116-His205-Glu249 and Ser382-Arg124-Asp385, respectively. Binding energy of endocellulase docked with hemicellulose (-6.0 kcal mol-1) was the most favourable followed by lignin (-5.6 kcal mol-1) and cellulose (-4.4 kcal mol-1). Exocellulase, contrarily, bonded favorably with lignin (-8.7 kcal mol-1), closely followed by cellulose (-8.5 kcal mol-1) and hemicellulose (-8.4 kcal mol-1). MDs simulations showed that interactions of complexes, endocellulase-hemicellulose and the exocellulase-cellulose being the most stable. Thus, the findings of the study successfully identified the specific actions of sugar-acting enzymes for NC production. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
In-Silico Characterization of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 1 β-Glucosidase from Trichoderma asperellum UPM1

Mohamad Sobri MF, Abd-Aziz S, Abu Bakar FD, Ramli N

Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jun 04;21(11).
PMID: 32512945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114035

β-glucosidases (Bgl) are widely utilized for releasing non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues. Nevertheless, feedback inhibition by glucose end product has limited its application. A noticeable exception has been found for β-glucosidases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 1, which exhibit tolerance and even stimulation by glucose. In this study, using local isolate Trichoderma asperellum UPM1, the gene encoding β-glucosidase from GH family 1, hereafter designated as TaBgl2, was isolated and characterized via in-silico analyses. A comparison of enzyme activity was subsequently made by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The presence of N-terminal signature, cis-peptide bonds, conserved active site motifs, non-proline cis peptide bonds, substrate binding, and a lone conserved stabilizing tryptophan (W) residue confirms the identity of Trichoderma sp. GH family 1 β-glucosidase isolated. Glucose tolerance was suggested by the presence of 14 of 22 known consensus residues, along with corresponding residues L167 and P172, crucial in the retention of the active site's narrow cavity. Retention of 40% of relative hydrolytic activity on ρ-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (ρNPG) in a concentration of 0.2 M glucose was comparable to that of GH family 1 β-glucosidase (Cel1A) from Trichoderma reesei. This research thus underlines the potential in the prediction of enzymatic function, and of industrial importance, glucose tolerance of family 1 β-glucosidases following relevant in-silico analyses.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Fulltext Production of chitosan oligosaccharides using β-glycosidic degrading enzyme: optimization using response surface methodology

Yusof Nurhayati, Abdul Manaf Ali

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2020;5(2):30-44.
MyJurnal

Many researchers have focused chitosan as a source of potential bioactive material during the past few decades. However, chitosan has several drawbacks to be utilised in biological applications, including poor solubility under physiological conditions. Therefore, a new interest has recently emerged on partially hydrolysed chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). In this study, degradation of chitosan was performed by Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei® 1.5L and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the hydrolysis temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. Optimization of cellulase T. reesei® using central composite design (CCD) was to obtain optimum parameters and all the factors showed significant effects (p˂0.05). The maximum response, Celluclast® activity (1.268 U) was obtained by assaying the process at 49.79oC, pH 4.5, 3% (v/w) of enzyme concentration and 25% (w/v) concentration of chitosan for 24 hours.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Raw oil palm frond leaves as cost-effective substrate for cellulase and xylanase productions by Trichoderma asperellum UC1 under solid-state fermentation

Ezeilo UR, Lee CT, Huyop F, Zakaria II, Wahab RA

J Environ Manage, 2019 Aug 01;243:206-217.
PMID: 31096173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.113

Production of cellulases and xylanase by a novel Trichoderma asperellum UC1 (GenBank accession no. MF774876) under solid state fermentation (SSF) of raw oil palm frond leaves (OPFL) was optimized. Under optimum fermentation parameters (30 °C, 60-80% moisture content, 2.5 × 106 spores/g inoculum size) maximum CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase and xylanase activity were recorded at 136.16 IU/g, 26.03 U/g, 130.09 IU/g and 255.01 U/g, respectively. Cellulases and xylanase were produced between a broad pH range of pH 6.0-12.0. The enzyme complex that comprised of four endo-β-1,4-xylanases and endoglucanases, alongside exoglucanase and β-glucosidase showed thermophilic and acidophilic characteristics at 50-60 °C and pH 3.0-4.0, respectively. Glucose (16.87 mg/g) and fructose (18.09 mg/g) were among the dominant sugar products from the in situ hydrolysis of OPFL, aside from cellobiose (105.92 mg/g) and xylose (1.08 mg/g). Thermal and pH stability tests revealed that enzymes CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase and xylanase retained 50% residual activities for up to 15.18, 4.06, 17.47 and 15.16 h of incubation at 60 °C, as well as 64.59, 25.14, 68.59 and 19.20 h at pH 4.0, respectively. Based on the findings, it appeared that the unique polymeric structure of raw OPFL favored cellulases and xylanase productions.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Effect of bioformulations on the biocontrol efficacy, microbial viability and storage stability of a consortium of biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of banana

Wong CKF, Saidi NB, Vadamalai G, Teh CY, Zulperi D

J Appl Microbiol, 2019 Aug;127(2):544-555.
PMID: 31077517 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14310

AIMS: This study sought to investigate the effect of bioformulation on the biocontrol efficacy, microbial viability and storage stability of a consortium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRB1 and Trichoderma harzianum CBF2 against Foc Tropical Race 4 (Foc-TR4).
MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Four bioformulations consisting of dry (pesta granules, talc powder and alginate beads) and liquid formulations were evaluated for their ability to control Foc-TR4, sustain microbial populations after application and maintain microbial stability during storage. All tested bioformulations reduced disease severity (DS) by more than 43·00% with pesta granules producing the highest reduction in DS by 66·67% and the lowest area under the disease progress curve value (468·75) in a glasshouse trial. Microbial populations of DRB1 and CBF2 were abundant in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and within the roots of bananas after pesta granules application as compared to talc powder, alginate beads and liquid formulations 84 days after inoculation (DAI). The stability of both microbial populations after 180 days of storage at 4°C was the greatest in the pesta granule formulation.
CONCLUSION: The pesta granule formulation was a suitable carrier of biological control agents (BCA) without compromising biocontrol efficacy, microbial population and storage stability as compared to other bioformulations used in this study.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Pesta granules could be utilized to formulate BCA consortia into biofertilizers. This formulation could be further investigated for possible applications under agricultural field settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*
Fulltext Enzymatic synthesis of polyphenol glycosides catalyzed by transglycosylation reaction of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase derived from Trichoderma viride

Nazir S, Sulistyo J, Hashmi MI, Ho AL, Khan MS

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 Aug;55(8):3026-3034.
PMID: 30065412 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3223-x

Present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma viride as a source of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase that has shown transglycosylation activity in the presence of polyphenolic constituents extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves as its acceptor and wheat flour as its substrate to catalyze synthesis of polyphenolic glycosides as transglycosylation (transfer) reaction products. The enzymatic synthesized polyphenolic glycosides were then purified using octa-dodecyl-functionalized silica gel column chromatography prior to analysis using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The high performance liquid chromatogram performed that the isolated transglycosylation products had retention times and concentration at 1.446 min (0.0017 mg/ml), 1.431 min (0.14 mg/ml), and 1.474 min (0.012 mg/ml), respectively, compared to the retention time of arbutin (1.474 min) that was applied as authentic standard for polyphenol glycoside. Moreover, observation using 1H NMR as well as 13C NMR showed that structures of the transglycosylation products were identified as gallic acid-4-O-β-glucopyranoside, ellagicacid-4-O-β-glucopyranoside, and catechin-4'-O-glucopyranoside, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Fulltext Chemical and structural changes of pretreated empty fruit bunch (EFB) in ionic liquid-cellulase compatible system for fermentability to bioethanol

Elgharbawy AA, Alam MZ, Moniruzzaman M, Kabbashi NA, Jamal P

3 Biotech, 2018 May;8(5):236.
PMID: 29744268 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1253-8

The pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was conducted using an integrated system of IL and cellulases (IL-E), with simultaneous fermentation in one vessel. The cellulase mixture (PKC-Cel) was derived from Trichoderma reesei by solid-state fermentation. Choline acetate [Cho]OAc was utilized for the pretreatment due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The treated EFB and its hydrolysate were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The results showed that there were significant structural changes in EFB after the treatment in IL-E system. The sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis by the PKC-Cel was increased from 0.058 g/g of EFB in the crude sample (untreated) to 0.283 and 0.62 ± 06 g/g in IL-E system after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively. The EFB hydrolysate showed the eligibility for ethanol production without any supplements where ethanol yield was 0.275 g ethanol/g EFB in the presence of the IL, while lower yield obtained without IL-pretreatment. Moreover, it was demonstrated that furfural and phenolic compounds were not at the level of suppressing the fermentation process.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Fulltext Solid-state fermentation of oil palm frond petiole for lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich cocktail production

Mohamad Ikubar MR, Abdul Manan M, Md Salleh M, Yahya A

3 Biotech, 2018 May;8(5):259.
PMID: 29765817 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1268-1

In current practice, oil palm frond leaflets and stems are re-used for soil nutrient recycling, while the petioles are typically burned. Frond petioles have high commercialization value, attributed to high lignocellulose fiber content and abundant of juice containing free reducing sugars. Pressed petiole fiber is the subject of interest in this study for the production of lignocellulolytic enzyme. The initial characterization showed the combination of 0.125 mm frond particle size and 60% moisture content provided a surface area of 42.3 m2/g, porosity of 12.8%, and density of 1.2 g/cm3, which facilitated fungal solid-state fermentation. Among the several species of Aspergillus and Trichoderma tested, Aspergillus awamori MMS4 yielded the highest xylanase (109 IU/g) and cellulase (12 IU/g), while Trichoderma virens UKM1 yielded the highest lignin peroxidase (222 IU/g). Crude enzyme cocktail also contained various sugar residues, mainly glucose and xylose (0.1-0.4 g/L), from the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. FT-IR analysis of the fermented petioles observed reduction in cellulose crystallinity (I900/1098), cellulose-lignin (I900/1511), and lignin-hemicellulose (I1511/1738) linkages. The study demonstrated successful bioconversion of chemically untreated frond petioles into lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich enzyme cocktail under SSF condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma
Biodegradation of Mordant orange-1 using newly isolated strain Trichoderma harzianum RY44 and its metabolite appraisal

Hadibarata T, Syafiuddin A, Al-Dhabaan FA, Elshikh MS, Rubiyatno

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2018 May;41(5):621-632.
PMID: 29349549 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1897-0

Herein, we systematically reported the capability of T. harzianum RY44 for decolorization of Mordant orange-1. The fungi strains were isolated from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia tropical rain forest. For initial screening, the decolorization was conducted using 50 strains of the fungi for 20 days incubation time and the best performance was selected. Then, the decolorization capability and fungal biomass were evaluated using different dye concentrations, namely, 0, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. Effects of the carbon sources (fructose, glucose, and galactose), nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and yeast extract), surfactant (tween 80), aromatic compounds (benzoic acid, catechol and salicylic acid), and pH on the decolorization efficiency were examined. This study has found that the employed carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and aromatic compounds strongly enhance the decolorization efficiency. In addition, increasing the surfactant volume and pH generally decreased the decolorization efficiencies from 19.5 to 9.0% and 81.7 to 60.5%, respectively. In the mechanism philosophy, the present work has found that Mordant orange-1 were initially degraded by T. harzianum RY44 to benzoic acid and finally transformed into salicylic acid.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma/isolation & purification; Trichoderma/metabolism*
Status of the effectiveness of contact lens disinfectants in Malaysia against keratitis-causing pathogens

Abjani F, Khan NA, Jung SY, Siddiqui R

Exp Parasitol, 2017 Dec;183:187-193.
PMID: 28919333 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.007

The aim of this study was (i) to assess the antimicrobial effects of contact lens disinfecting solutions marketed in Malaysia against common bacterial eye pathogens and as well as eye parasite, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and (ii) to determine whether targeting cyst wall would improve the efficacy of contact lens disinfectants. Using ISO 14729 Stand-Alone Test for disinfecting solutions, bactericidal and amoebicidal assays of six different contact lens solutions including Oxysept®, AO SEPT PLUS, OPTI-FREE® pure moist®, Renu® fresh™, FreshKon® CLEAR and COMPLETE RevitaLens™ were performed using Manufacturers Minimum recommended disinfection time (MRDT). The efficacy of contact lens solutions was determined against keratitis-causing microbes, namely: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Acanthamoeba castellanii. In addition, using chlorhexidine as an antiamoebic compound and cellulase enzyme to disrupt cyst wall structure, we determined whether combination of both agents can enhance efficacy of marketed contact lens disinfectants against A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts, in vitro. The results revealed that all contact lens disinfectants tested showed potent bactericidal effects exhibiting 100% kill against all bacterial species tested. In contrast, none of the contact lens disinfectants had potent effects against Acanthamoeba cysts viability. When tested against trophozoites, two disinfectants, Oxysept Multipurpose and AO-sept Multipurpose showed partial amoebicidal effects. Using chlorhexidine as an antiamoebic compound and cellulase enzyme to disrupt cyst wall structure, the findings revealed that combination of both agents in contact lens disinfectants abolished viability of A. castellanii cysts and trophozoites. Given the inefficacy of contact lens disinfectants tested in this study, these findings present a significant concern to public health. These findings revealed that targeting cyst wall by using cyst wall degrading molecules in contact lens disinfecting solutions will enhance their efficacy against this devastating eye infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma/enzymology
Trichoderma asperellum cultured in reduced concentrations of synthetic medium retained dye decolourization efficacy

Marcharchand S, Ting ASY

J Environ Manage, 2017 Dec 01;203(Pt 1):542-549.
PMID: 28693968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.068

Trichoderma asperellum (Ta) was first cultured in synthetic medium (Potato Dextrose Broth, PDB) of various concentrations (100, 75, 50, 25%). The biomass was harvested and inoculated into dye solutions (crystal violet, CV; methyl violet, MV; malachite green, MG; and cotton blue, CB). Reduced concentrations (20, 50, 75%) affected growth rate but their decolourization efficacies remained unaffected. This was attributed to similar numbers and types of functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, ester-lipid, alkane groups) found on the surface of fungal biomass, as revealed by the Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Their production of NADH-reductase for degradation, and their biosorption activities were also unaffected. In general, Ta cultured in reduced concentrations (20, 50, 75%) retained the ability to perform biosorption and biodegradation, similar to cultures from control (100% PDB). This suggested that reduced nutrient levels (as a cost-feasible strategy) could be used to cultivate biomass of Ta for dye removal activities.

Matched MeSH terms: Trichoderma*

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