Displaying publications 181 - 200 of 298 in total

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  1. Status of Onchocerca volvulus infection and transmission by blackflies after 15 years of ivermectin distribution at Adani, Nigeria
    Onah IE, Ubachukwu PO, Eyo JE
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):174-185.
    PMID: 33612728
    The nuisance bites of blackflies and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus, which causes onchocerciasis, constitutes a threat to public health and an impediment to food production in rural and riverine communities in Nigeria. The entomological profile of onchocerciasis at Adani, Nigeria, was investigated from August 2010 to January 2011 to determine the transmission of O. volvulus after 15 years of ivermectin distribution in the area. A total of 548 adult female blackflies of the Simulium damnosum complex were caught using human baits and dissected. Of this number, 248 flies were caught in the wet season (August to October), while 300 flies were caught in the dry season (November to January). The relative abundance of flies at Adani varied from 21 in December to 243 in January. The monthly catches between September and October and between December and January were significantly different. The monthly population density of the flies ranged from 0.5Flies/Man/Hour (FMH) in December to 5.5FMH in January. The diurnal biting pattern of the S. damnosum complex at the site showed a bimodal peak of activity with the evening peak being higher than the morning peak except in October when the morning peak was higher than the evening peak. The morning peaks were observed between 7.00 am and 10.00 am, whereas the evening peaks occurred between 4.00 pm and 6.00 pm. The morning and evening biting peaks in all the months were not significantly different. Nulliparous flies accounted for 75.7% of the total catch, whereas 24.3% of the flies caught were parous. The infection, infective bites and transmission of O. volvulus during the study period were zero. This study suggests that transmission of O. volvulus has been halted and the flies are presently more nuisance biters than disease vectors since no stage of O. volvulus was found in the flies dissected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  2. The effect of Plasmodium vivax infection on SOCS gene expression in Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Kittiwattanawong K, Ponlawat A, Boonrotpong S, Nanakorn N, Kongchouy N, Moonmake S, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):397-408.
    PMID: 33612809
    The Anopheles dirus mosquito is a primary malaria vector that transmits many species of Plasmodium parasites in Thailand and is widely spread across its geographic area. In the current study, the levels of expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) gene in An. dirus mosquitoes infected with P. vivax were examined. The level of the gene's expression determined by mRNA extraction in An. dirus females (n=2,400) was studied at different times (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after feeding), with different types of blood feeding (non-feeding, parasite-negative blood feeding, parasite-positive blood feeding) and in different parts of the body of mosquito samples (thorax and abdomen). The datasets were analyzed based on their relative expression ratio by the 2-ΔΔCT method and were tested for significant differences with ANOVA. The results showed that the An. dirus SOCS gene was stimulated in the abdomen 12 h and 24 h after blood feeding about three times more highly than in unfed females, with the difference being significant. At 24 h after P. vivax-infected blood feeding, the SOCS gene in the abdomen was expressed more highly than 24 h after parasite-negative blood feeding and expression was almost 36 times higher than in the control group who were not fed blood. However, in the thorax at all times after feeding and non-feeding, there was no expression of the SOCS gene. Therefore, the SOCS gene in An. dirus was most highly expressed 24 h post-feeding with a P. vivax-infected bloodmeal, which indicates that the SOCS gene in the major malaria vector in Thailand plays an important role in its immune system and its response to P. vivax infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  3. Fulltext Chikungunya virus in macaques, Malaysia
    Sam IC, Chua CL, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Fu JY, Tong C, Sitam FT, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2015 Sep;21(9):1683-5.
    PMID: 26291585 DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150439
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/virology
  4. Thermal application of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis for dengue vector control
    Seleena P, Lee HL, Chiang YF
    J Vector Ecol, 2001 Jun;26(1):110-3.
    PMID: 11469179
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors*
  5. Field evaluation of deltamethrin/S-bioallethrin/piperonyl butoxide and cyfluthrin against dengue vectors in Malaysia
    Sulaiman S, Pawanchee ZA, Othman HF, Jamal J, Wahab A, Sohadi AR, et al.
    J Vector Ecol, 2000 Jun;25(1):94-7.
    PMID: 10925801
    Deltacide (S-bioallethrin 0.71% w/v, deltamethrin 0.5% w/v, piperonyl butoxide 8.9% w/v excipients to 100% w/v) and Solfac UL 015 (cyfluthrin 1.5% w/v) were evaluated against the sentinel sugar-fed adults and 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti at 17 storey high-rise apartments in Malaysia using ULV applications. The impact of both insecticides on field populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae was monitored weekly using bottle containers. Both Deltacide and Solfac UL 015 showed adulticidal and larvicidal effects. This was the first field trial using Deltacide against dengue vectors in Malaysia and showed its potential for use in dengue vector control programs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors*
  6. Fulltext Evaluation of sticky traps for adult Aedes mosquitoes in Malaysia: a potential monitoring and surveillance tool for the efficacy of control strategies
    Roslan MA, Ngui R, Vythilingam I, Sulaiman WYW
    J Vector Ecol, 2017 12;42(2):298-307.
    PMID: 29125255 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12270
    The present study compared the performance of sticky traps in order to identify the most effective and practical trap for capturing Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Three phases were conducted in the study, with Phase 1 evaluating the five prototypes (Models A, B, C, D, and E) of sticky trap release-and-recapture using two groups of mosquito release numbers (five and 50) that were released in each replicate. Similarly, Phase 2 compared the performance between Model E and the classical ovitrap that had been modified (sticky ovitrap), using five and 50 mosquito release numbers. Further assessment of both traps was carried out in Phase 3, in which both traps were installed in nine sampling grids. Results from Phase 1 showed that Model E was the trap that recaptured higher numbers of mosquitoes when compared to Models A, B, C, and D. Further assessment between Model E and the modified sticky ovitrap (known as Model F) found that Model F outperformed Model E in both Phases 2 and 3. Thus, Model F was selected as the most effective and practical sticky trap, which could serve as an alternative tool for monitoring and controlling dengue vectors in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/virology
  7. Fulltext The impact of insecticides and plant extracts on the suppression of insect vector (Bemisia tabaci) of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)
    Younas M, Zou H, Laraib T, Rajpoot NA, Khan NA, Zaidi AA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(9):e0256449.
    PMID: 34529693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256449
    Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is an important constraint in successful production of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in many countries, including Pakistan. The MYMV spreads by insect vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management tactics for MYMV. Twenty mungbean varieties/lines were screened against insect vector of MYMV under field condition in the current study. Resistance levels for varieties/lines were assessed through visual scoring of typical disease symptoms. Furthermore, the impacts of two insecticides 'Imidacloprid' and 'Thiamethoxam' and two plant extracts, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were tested on the suppression of whitefly. Field screening indicated that none of the tested varieties/lines proved immune/highly resistant, while significant variations were recorded among varieties/lines for resistance level. All varieties/lines were systemically infected with MYMV. The varieties 'AARI-2006' and 'Mung-14043' were considered as resistant to MYMV based on visual symptoms and the lowest vector population. These varieties were followed by 'NM-2006' and 'NL-31', which proved as moderately resistant to MYMV. All remaining varieties/lines were grouped as moderately to highly susceptible to MYMV based on visual symptoms' scoring. These results revealed that existing mungbean germplasm do not possess high resistance level MYMV. However, the lines showing higher resistance in the current study must be exploited in breeding programs for the development of resistant mungbean varieties/lines against MYMV. Imidacloprid proved as the most effective insecticide at all concentrations to manage whitefly population. Therefore, use of the varieties with higher resistance level and spraying Imidacloprid could lower the incidence of MYMV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects*
  8. Fulltext EVALUATION OF SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF Ipomoea cairica LINN. EXTRACT ON LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF DENGUE VECTORS
    Zuharah WF, Ahbirami R, Dieng H, Thiagaletchumi M, Fadzly N
    Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2016;58:44.
    PMID: 27253746 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658044
    Plant derived insecticides have considerable potential for mosquito control because these products are safer than conventional insecticides. This study aimed to investigate sublethal activities of Ipomoea carica or railway creeper crude acethonilic extract against life history trait of dengue vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. The late third instar larvae of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti were exposed to a sublethal dose at LC50 and larvae that survived were further cultured. Overall, Ipomea cairica crude extracts affected the whole life history of both Aedes species. The study demonstrated significantly lower egg production (fecundity) and eggs hatchability (fertility) in Ae. albopictus. The sublethal dose of crude extracts reduced significantly the width of larval head capsule and the wing length of both sexes in both Aedes species. The significance of sublethal effects of I. cairica against Aedes mosquitoes was an additional hallmark to demonstrate further activity of this plant despite its direct toxicity to the larvae. The reduced reproductive capacity as well as morphological and physiological anomalies are some of the effects that make I. cairica a potential candidate to be used as a new plant-based insecticide to control dengue vectors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects*
  9. Breeding-site productivity of the swamp forest mosquitoes Mansonia bonneae and Ma. dives in Sarawak, east Malaysia
    Chang MS, Jute N, Lah J
    Med Vet Entomol, 1988 Jan;2(1):19-28.
    PMID: 2908782
    Studies on larval population densities and adult emergence rates of the Brugian filariasis vectors Mansonia bonneae Edwards and Ma. dives Schiner were conducted in freshwater swamp forest bordering the Sadong River, Serian District, Sarawak, East Malaysia, during 1984-85. Three species of aquatic host-plants in the Family Araceae were identified as supporting immature stages of the Ma. bonneae/dives complex. Proportions of positive plants were 4.7%, 6.5% and 3.4% with 6.4 +/- 2.6, 7.3 +/- 2.8 and 10.1 +/- 1.1 larvae per positive plant, respectively, for the plant species Homalomena cordata Schott, H. rostrata Griffiths and Hydrostemma motleyi (Hook. f.) Mabberley. These data indicate no significant preferences between the three types of host-plant. Detailed monitoring of the host-plant H. cordata revealed no significant monthly fluctuations in larval density per plant nor the proportion of positive plants. 11.6% of larvae were Ma. dives and 88.4% were Ma. bonneae. Mean daily yields of Ma. bonneae/dives adults per square metre of H. cordata vegetated water surface were 0.45 males plus 0.57 females during the wet season (December-February) compared with 0.2 males plus 0.31 females during the dry season (June-August). Thus output of adults per plant was approximately halved, and suitable breeding areas were further reduced, during the dry season. By extrapolation from these rates, a crude mean estimate for productivity of Ma. bonneae/dives females is 1.6 million per hectare per annum in swamp forest habitats vegetated with any of the host-plants studied.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/growth & development*
  10. Fulltext Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019
    Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020 Jul;14(7):e0008302.
    PMID: 32730249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors*
  11. Fulltext Novel tools for the surveillance and control of dengue: findings by the DengueTools research consortium
    Wilder-Smith A, Tissera H, AbuBakar S, Kittayapong P, Logan J, Neumayr A, et al.
    Glob Health Action, 2018;11(1):1549930.
    PMID: 30560735 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1549930
    BACKGROUND: Dengue fever persists as a major global disease burden, and may increase as a consequence of climate change. Along with other measures, research actions to improve diagnosis, surveillance, prevention, and predictive models are highly relevant. The European Commission funded the DengueTools consortium to lead a major initiative in these areas, and this review synthesises the outputs and findings of this work conducted from 2011 to 2016. Research areas: DengueTools organised its work into three research areas, namely [1] Early warning and surveillance systems; [2] Strategies to prevent dengue in children; and [3] Predictive models for the global spread of dengue. Research area 1 focused on case-studies undertaken in Sri Lanka, including developing laboratory-based sentinel surveillance, evaluating economic impact, identifying drivers of transmission intensity, evaluating outbreak prediction capacity and developing diagnostic capacity. Research area 2 addressed preventing dengue transmission in school children, with case-studies undertaken in Thailand. Insecticide-treated school uniforms represented an intriguing potential approach, with some encouraging results, but which were overshadowed by a lack of persistence of insecticide on the uniforms with repeated washing. Research area 3 evaluated potential global spread of dengue, particularly into dengue-naïve areas such as Europe. The role of international travel, changing boundaries of vectors, developing models of vectorial capacity under different climate change scenarios and strategies for vector control in outbreaks was all evaluated.

    CONCLUDING REMARKS: DengueTools was able to make significant advances in methods for understanding and controlling dengue transmission in a range of settings. These will have implications for public health agendas to counteract dengue, including vaccination programmes.

    OUTLOOK: Towards the end of the DengueTools project, Zika virus emerged as an unexpected epidemic in the central and southern America. Given the similarities between the dengue and Zika viruses, with vectors in common, some of the DengueTools thinking translated readily into the Zika situation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/virology
  12. Fulltext Entomological study of chikungunya infections in the State of Kelantan, Malaysia
    Rozilawati H, Faudzi AY, Rahidah AA, Azlina AH, Abdullah AG, Amal NM, et al.
    Indian J Med Res, 2011 Jun;133:670-3.
    PMID: 21727669
    Chikungunya infection has become a public health threat in Malaysia since the 2008 nationwide outbreaks. Aedes albopictus Skuse has been identified as the chikungunya vector in Johor State during the outbreaks. In 2009, several outbreaks had been reported in the State of Kelantan. Entomological studies were conducted in Kelantan in four districts, namely Jeli, Tumpat, Pasir Mas and Tanah Merah to identify the vector responsible for the virus transmission.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/virology*
  13. Fulltext Detection of Wolbachia from field collected Aedes albopictus Skuse in Malaysia
    Noor Afizah A, Roziah A, Nazni WA, Lee HL
    Indian J Med Res, 2015 Aug;142(2):205-10.
    PMID: 26354218 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.164259
    Wolbachia-based vector control strategies have been proposed as a mean to augment the existing measures for controlling dengue vector. Prior to utilizing Wolbachia in novel vector control strategies, it is crucial to understand the Wolbachia-mosquito interactions. Many studies have only focused on the prevalence of Wolbachia in female Aedes albopictus with lack of attention on Wolbachia infection on the male Ae. albopictus which also affects the effective expression of Wolbachia induced- cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In this study, field surveys were conducted to screen for the infection status of Wolbachia in female and male Ae. albopictus from various habitats including housing areas, islands and seashore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/genetics
  14. Fulltext Plasmodium knowlesi malaria an emerging public health problem in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia (2009-2013): epidemiologic and entomologic analysis
    Vythilingam I, Lim YA, Venugopalan B, Ngui R, Leong CS, Wong ML, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:436.
    PMID: 25223878 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-436
    While transmission of the human Plasmodium species has declined, a significant increase in Plasmodium knowlesi/Plasmodium malariae cases was reported in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. Thus, a study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and the vectors involved in the transmission of knowlesi malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/classification; Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  15. Larvicidal, oviposition, and ovicidal effects of Artemisia annua (Asterales: Asteraceae) against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Cheah SX, Tay JW, Chan LK, Jaal Z
    Parasitol Res, 2013 Sep;112(9):3275-82.
    PMID: 23835922 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3506-0
    This study focuses on the larvicidal, oviposition, and ovicidal effects of a crude extract of Artemisia annua against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Dried cells of Artemisia annua from cell suspension cultures were extracted using hexane. The extract showed moderate larvicidal effects against mosquitoes. At 24-h post treatment, the LC50 values for Anopheles sinensis, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus were recorded as 244.55, 276.14, and 374.99 ppm, respectively. The percentage mortality of larvae was directly proportional to the tested concentration. Anopheles sinensis was found to be the most susceptible species, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus was the most tolerant to the Artemisia annua extract. The results indicated that the Artemisia annua extract showed concentration-dependent oviposition deterrent activity and had a strong deterrent effect. At 500 ppm, the percentage effective repellency was more than 85% compared with the control group for all the species, with oviposition activity index values of -0.94, -0.95, and -0.78 for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the ovicidal assay, the percentage hatchability of eggs after treatment with 500 ppm of Artemisia annua extract was significantly lower than the control, with values of 48.84 ± 4.08, 38.42 ± 3.67, and 79.35 ± 2.09% for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. Artemisia annua was found to be more effective against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles sinensis compared with Culex quinquefasciatus. This study indicated that crude extract of A. annua could be a potential alternative for use in vector management programs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects; Insect Vectors/physiology
  16. Monkey malaria kills four humans
    Galinski MR, Barnwell JW
    Trends Parasitol, 2009 May;25(5):200-4.
    PMID: 19345613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.02.002
    Four human deaths caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria species, are stimulating a surge of public health interest and clinical vigilance in vulnerable areas of Southeast Asia. We, and other colleagues, emphasize that these cases, identified in Malaysia, are a clear warning that health facilities and clinicians must rethink the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases presumed to be caused by a less virulent human malaria species, Plasmodium malariae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/classification; Insect Vectors/parasitology
  17. Fulltext Bionomics of Anopheles latens in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo in relation to the transmission of zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi
    Tan CH, Vythilingam I, Matusop A, Chan ST, Singh B
    Malar J, 2008;7:52.
    PMID: 18377652 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-52
    A large focus of human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian parasite naturally found in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques was discovered in the Kapit Division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. A study was initiated to identify the vectors of malaria, to elucidate where transmission is taking place and to understand the bionomics of the vectors in Kapit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/classification; Insect Vectors/parasitology
  18. Comparative field evaluation of residual-sprayed deltamethrin WG and deltamethrin WP for the control of malaria in Pahang, Malaysia
    Rohani A, Zamree I, Lim LH, Rahini H, David L, Kamilan D
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2006 Nov;37(6):1139-48.
    PMID: 17333767
    The bioefficacy of indoor residual-sprayed deltamethrin wettable granule (WG) formulation at 25 mg a.i./m2 and 20 mg a.i./m2 for the control of malaria was compared with the current dose of 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin wettable powder (WP) in aboriginal settlements in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The malaria vector has been previously identified as Anopheles maculatus. The assessment period for the 20 mg/m2 dosage was six months, but for the 25 mg/m2 dosage, the period was 9 months. Collections of mosquitoes using the bare-leg techniques were carried out indoors and outdoors from 7:00 PM to 7:00 AM. All mosquitoes were dissected for sporozoites and parity. Larval collections were carried out at various locations to assess the extent and distribution of breeding of vectors. A high incidence of human feeds was detected during May 2005 and a low incidence during January 2005 for all the study areas. Our study showed that deltamethrin WG at 25 mg/m2 suppressed An. maculatus biting activity. More An. maculatus were caught in outdoor landing catches than indoor landing catches for all the study areas. The results indicate that 25 mg/m2 WG is good for controlling malaria for up to 9 months. Where residual spraying is envisaged, the usual two spraying cycles per year with 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin may be replaced with 25 mg/m2 deltamethrin WG every 9 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects; Insect Vectors/parasitology
  19. Effects of ribavirin and hydroxyurea on oral infection of Aedes aegypti (L.) with dengue virus
    Lee HL, Phong TV, Rohani A
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2012 Nov;43(6):1358-64.
    PMID: 23413698
    This study was conducted to determine the inhibitory effects of ribavirin and hydroxyurea on dengue virus replication in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were infected with dengue-2 virus and fed ribavirin at a dose of 0.3 mg/ml and/or hydroxyurea at a dose of 6 mg/ml via artificial membrane feeding technique. The virus in infected mosquitoes was isolated using C6/36 cell culture. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) staining was used to detect dengue-infected C6/36 cells and to quantify the level of infection by determining the presence of infected cells. In mosquitoes treated with ribavirin alone, hydroxyurea alone or both drugs in combination had reductions in dengue infection rates of 87.72, 89.47 and 95.61%, respectively. The mortalities of female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes fed with these drugs were significantly higher than the control. Ribavirin also had an inhibitory effect on the fecundity of female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects; Insect Vectors/virology
  20. Earthworm-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A potent tool against hepatocellular carcinoma, Plasmodium falciparum parasites and malaria mosquitoes
    Jaganathan A, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Madhiyazhagan P, Dinesh D, Vadivalagan C, et al.
    Parasitol Int, 2016 Jun;65(3):276-84.
    PMID: 26873539 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.003
    The development of parasites and pathogens resistant to synthetic drugs highlighted the needing of novel, eco-friendly and effective control approaches. Recently, metal nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective tools towards cancer cells and Plasmodium parasites. In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (EW-AgNP) using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as reducing and stabilizing agents. EW-AgNP showed plasmon resonance reduction in UV-vis spectrophotometry, the functional groups involved in the reduction were studied by FTIR spectroscopy, while particle size and shape was analyzed by FESEM. The effect of EW-AgNP on in vitro HepG2 cell proliferation was measured using MTT assays. Apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry showed diminished endurance of HepG2 cells and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. EW-AgNP were toxic to Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae, LC(50) were 4.8 ppm (I), 5.8 ppm (II), 6.9 ppm (III), 8.5 ppm (IV), and 15.5 ppm (pupae). The antiplasmodial activity of EW-AgNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. EW-AgNP IC(50) were 49.3 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 55.5 μg/ml (CQ-r), while chloroquine IC(50) were 81.5 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 86.5 μg/ml (CQ-r). EW-AgNP showed a valuable antibiotic potential against important pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Concerning non-target effects of EW-AgNP against mosquito natural enemies, the predation efficiency of the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis towards the II and II instar larvae of A. stephensi was 68.50% (II) and 47.00% (III), respectively. In EW-AgNP-contaminated environments, predation was boosted to 89.25% (II) and 70.75% (III), respectively. Overall, this research highlighted the EW-AgNP potential against hepatocellular carcinoma, Plasmodium parasites and mosquito vectors, with little detrimental effects on mosquito natural enemies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/drug effects; Insect Vectors/parasitology
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