Displaying publications 201 - 220 of 261 in total

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  1. Nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans
    Bellini WJ, Harcourt BH, Bowden N, Rota PA
    J Neurovirol, 2005 Oct;11(5):481-7.
    PMID: 16287690
    Nipah virus is a recently emergent paramyxovirus that is capable of causing severe disease in both humans and animals. The first outbreak of Nipah virus occurred in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999 and, more recently, outbreaks were detected in Bangladesh. In humans, Nipah virus causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate. The reservoir for Nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with infected bats or by contact with an intermediate animal host such as pigs. Person to person spread of the virus has also been described. Nipah virus retains many of the genetic and biologic properties found in other paramyxoviruses, though it also has several unique characteristics. However, the virologic characteristics that allow the virus to cause severe disease over a broad host range, and the epidemiologic, environmental and virologic features that favor transmission to humans are unknown. This review summarizes what is known about the virology, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and control of this novel pathogen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Viral/diagnosis*; Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology*
  2. Generation of soluble, disulfide-rich JEV NS1 protein recognizable by anti-NS1 antibodies through a simplified, in vitro refolding approach
    Chong HY, Leow CY, Leow CH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Aug 31;185:485-493.
    PMID: 34174313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.146
    Co-existence of Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) with highly homologous antigenic epitopes results in antibody-based serodiagnosis being inaccurate at detecting and distinguishing JEV from other flaviviruses. This often causes misdiagnosis and inefficient treatments of flavivirus infection. Generation of JEV NS1 protein remains a challenge as it is notably expressed in the form of inactive aggregates known as inclusion bodies using bacterial expression systems. This study evaluated two trxB and gor E. coli strains in producing soluble JEV NS1 via a cold-shock expression system. High yield of JEV NS1 inclusion bodies was produced using cold-shocked expression system. Subsequently, a simplified yet successful approach in generating soluble, active JEV NS1 protein through solubilization, purification and in vitro refolding of JEV NS1 protein from inclusion bodies was developed. A step-wise dialysis refolding approach was used to facilitate JEV NS1 refolding. The authenticity of the refolded JEV NS1 was confirmed by specific antibody binding on indirect ELISA commercial anti-NS1 antibodies which showed that the refolded JEV NS1 was highly immunoreactive. This presented approach is cost-effective, and negates the need for mammalian or insect cell expression systems in order to synthesize this JEV NS1 protein of important diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in Japanese Encephalitis disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification*
  3. Fulltext The Development of Drugs against Acanthamoeba Infections
    Siddiqui R, Aqeel Y, Khan NA
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2016 11;60(11):6441-6450.
    PMID: 27600042 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00686-16
    For the past several decades, there has been little improvement in the morbidity and mortality associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis and Acanthamoeba encephalitis, respectively. The discovery of a plethora of antiacanthamoebic compounds has not yielded effective marketed chemotherapeutics. The rate of development of novel antiacanthamoebic chemotherapies of translational value and the lack of interest of the pharmaceutical industry in developing such chemotherapies have been disappointing. On the other hand, the market for contact lenses/contact lens disinfectants is a multi-billion-dollar industry and has been successful and profitable. A better understanding of drugs, their targets, and mechanisms of action will facilitate the development of more-effective chemotherapies. Here, we review the progress toward phenotypic drug discovery, emphasizing the shortcomings of useable therapies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Encephalitis/drug therapy*; Infectious Encephalitis/parasitology
  4. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infects the Thalamus Early Followed by Sensory-Associated Cortex and Other Parts of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
    Fu TL, Ong KC, Tan SH, Wong KT
    J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2019 12 01;78(12):1160-1170.
    PMID: 31675093 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz103
    Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a known CNS viral infection that often involves the thalamus early. To investigate the possible role of sensory peripheral nervous system (PNS) in early neuroinvasion, we developed a left hindlimb footpad-inoculation mouse model to recapitulate human infection by a mosquito bite. A 1-5 days postinfection (dpi) study, demonstrated focal viral antigens/RNA in contralateral thalamic neurons at 3 dpi in 50% of the animals. From 4 to 5 dpi, gradual increase in viral antigens/RNA was observed in bilateral thalami, somatosensory, and piriform cortices, and then the entire CNS. Infection of neuronal bodies and adjacent nerves in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), trigeminal ganglia, and autonomic ganglia (intestine, etc.) was also observed from 5 dpi. Infection of explant organotypic whole brain slice cultures demonstrated no viral predilection for the thalamus, while DRG and intestinal ganglia organotypic cultures confirmed sensory and autonomic ganglia susceptibility to infection, respectively. Early thalamus and sensory-associated cortex involvement suggest an important role for sensory pathways in neuroinvasion. Our results suggest that JE virus neuronotropism is much more extensive than previously known, and that the sensory PNS and autonomic system are susceptible to infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology*
  5. Lactobacilli-fermented cow's milk attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment in vitro and in vivo
    Musa NH, Mani V, Lim SM, Vidyadaran S, Abdul Majeed AB, Ramasamy K
    J Dairy Res, 2017 Nov;84(4):488-495.
    PMID: 29154736 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029917000620
    Nutritional interventions are now recommended as strategies to delay Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect (anti-inflammation) of lactic acid bacteria (either Lactobacillus fermentum LAB9 or L. casei LABPC) fermented cow's milk (CM) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial BV2 cells in vitro. The ability of CM-LAB in attenuating memory deficit in LPS-induced mice was also investigated. ICR mice were orally administered with CM-LAB for 28 d before induction of neuroinflammation by LPS. Learning and memory behaviour were assessed using the Morris Water Maze Test. Brain tissues were homogenised for measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidative, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and nitrosative stress (NO) parameters. Serum was collected for cytokine analysis. CM-LAB9 and CM-LABPC significantly (P < 0·05) decreased NO level but did not affect CD40 expression in vitro. CM-LAB attenuated LPS-induced memory deficit in mice. This was accompanied by significant (P < 0·05) increment of antioxidants (SOD, GSH, GPx) and reduction of MDA, AChE and also pro-inflammatory cytokines. Unfermented cow's milk (UCM) yielded greater cytokine lowering effect than CM-LAB. The present findings suggest that attenuation of LPS-induced neuroinflamation and memory deficit by CM-LAB could be mediated via anti-inflammation through inhibition of AChE and antioxidative activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis/chemically induced; Encephalitis/prevention & control*
  6. Fulltext Tonabersat Prevents Inflammatory Damage in the Central Nervous System by Blocking Connexin43 Hemichannels
    Kim Y, Griffin JM, Nor MNM, Zhang J, Freestone PS, Danesh-Meyer HV, et al.
    Neurotherapeutics, 2017 Oct;14(4):1148-1165.
    PMID: 28560708 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0536-9
    The cis benzopyran compound tonabersat (SB-220453) has previously been reported to inhibit connexin26 expression in the brain by attenuating the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We show here that tonabersat directly inhibits connexin43 hemichannel opening. Connexin43 hemichannels have been called "pathological pores" based upon their role in secondary lesion spread, edema, inflammation, and neuronal loss following central nervous system injuries, as well as in chronic inflammatory disease. Both connexin43 hemichannels and pannexin channels released adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia in an in vitro ischemia model, but only connexin43 hemichannels contributed to ATP release during reperfusion. Tonabersat inhibited connexin43 hemichannel-mediated ATP release during both ischemia and reperfusion phases, with direct channel block confirmed using electrophysiology. Tonabersat also reduced connexin43 gap junction coupling in vitro, but only at higher concentrations, with junctional plaques internalized and degraded via the lysosomal pathway. Systemic delivery of tonabersat in a rat bright-light retinal damage model (a model for dry age-related macular degeneration) resulted in significantly improved functional outcomes assessed using electroretinography. Tonabersat also prevented thinning of the retina, especially the outer nuclear layer and choroid, assessed using optical coherence tomography. We conclude that tonabersat, already given orally to over 1000 humans in clinical trials (as a potential treatment for, and prophylactic treatment of, migraine because it was thought to inhibit cortical spreading depression), is a connexin hemichannel inhibitor and may have the potential to be a novel treatment of central nervous system injury and chronic neuroinflammatory disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis/metabolism; Encephalitis/prevention & control*
  7. Fulltext Nipah Virus Infection
    Ang BSP, Lim TCC, Wang L
    J Clin Microbiol, 2018 06;56(6).
    PMID: 29643201 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01875-17
    Nipah virus, a paramyxovirus related to Hendra virus, first emerged in Malaysia in 1998. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Malaysia has had no more cases since 1999, but outbreaks continue to occur in Bangladesh and India. In the Malaysia-Singapore outbreak, transmission occurred primarily through contact with pigs, whereas in Bangladesh and India, it is associated with ingestion of contaminated date palm sap and human-to-human transmission. Bats are the main reservoir for this virus, which can cause disease in humans and animals. There are currently no effective therapeutics, and supportive care and prevention are the mainstays of management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis/epidemiology; Encephalitis/virology
  8. Human Hendra virus infection causes acute and relapsing encephalitis
    Wong KT, Robertson T, Ong BB, Chong JW, Yaiw KC, Wang LF, et al.
    Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 2009 Jun;35(3):296-305.
    PMID: 19473296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00991.x
    To study the pathology of two cases of human Hendra virus infection, one with no clinical encephalitis and one with relapsing encephalitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Viral/immunology; Encephalitis, Viral/pathology*; Encephalitis, Viral/virology
  9. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia
    Chua KB
    J Clin Virol, 2003 Apr;26(3):265-75.
    PMID: 12637075
    Nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to Hendra virus emerged in northern part of Peninsular Malaysia in 1998. The virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. The outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and Singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. Nipah virus caused systemic infections in humans, pigs and other mammals. Histopathological and radiological findings were characteristic of the disease. Fruitbats of Pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. Evidence suggested that climatic and anthropogenic driven ecological changes coupled with the location of piggeries in orchard and the design of pigsties allowed the spill-over of this novel paramyxovirus from its reservoir host into the domestic pigs and ultimately to humans and other animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Viral/mortality; Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Viral/virology
  10. Late clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up of Nipah virus infection
    Lim CC, Lee WL, Leo YS, Lee KE, Chan KP, Ling AE, et al.
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2003 Jan;74(1):131-3.
    PMID: 12486285
    The Nipah virus is a newly identified paramyxovirus responsible for an outbreak of fatal encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore. This paper reports the follow up clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 affected subjects. Of 13 patients with encephalitis, one died, one was lost to follow up, and seven recovered. Among the four remaining patients, one had residual sixth nerve palsy, another suffered from severe clinical depression, and a third patient had evidence of retinal artery occlusion. One patient with delayed onset Horner syndrome had a single lesion in the cervical spinal cord. The brain magnetic resonance findings were stable or improved in nine patients over 18 months of follow up. Among a second group of nine asymptomatic seropositive abattoir workers, magnetic resonance examination in seven subjects revealed discrete small lesions in the brain; similar to those detected in encephalitis patients. These findings suggest that in addition to encephalitis, the newly discovered Nipah virus affects the spinal cord and the retina. Late clinical and radiological findings can occur in Nipah virus infections as with other paramyxoviruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis/diagnosis*; Encephalitis/epidemiology; Encephalitis/physiopathology*
  11. Fulltext Field demonstration of the usefulness of a model of 3D printed mosquito light trap made in Sabah
    Shigeharu Sato, Tomonori Hoshi, Bumpei Tojo, Samson Yodot, Joni Jain
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):80-80.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Collecting mosquitoes is essential for research in mosquito-borne diseases, but the light traps used for that purpose are expensive and often difficult to obtain around research fields. We designed a new 3D-printable mosquito light trap that can be made inexpensively anywhere where electricity is available (Hoshi et al, Scientific Reports, in press). In this study, we produced that trap in Sabah and demonstrated its usefulness in the field. Meth-ods: With a 3D printer, the main parts of the trap - body, lid, lamp stand and collection box - were printed in Kota Kinabalu using black polylactic acid (PLA) filaments purchased online. All other parts such as the computer fan and batteries were commercially available at local shops in Sabah. The parts were assembled into the complete units at Universiti Malaysia Sabah’s Rural Medical Education Centre (RMEC) in Sikuati, Kudat. Demonstration was performed at two sites in the Kudat district: RMEC campus and the premises of a local farm in Kampung Paradason. Results: The 3D traps collected 6 and 7 different species of mosquitoes at RMEC and Paradason sites, respectively. The numbers of mosquito species collected by the commercially-available CDC model-512 traps in parallel experiments were 2 (RMEC) and 10 (Paradason). The species collected by the 3D traps included Aedes albopictus (vector transmitting Dengue virus), Anopheles barbumbrosus (malaria), Culex quinquefasciatus (Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including Japanese encephalitis and Zika viruses) and Mansonia indiana (Brugia malayi). Conclu-sion: The 3D light trap which was produced in Sabah demonstrated its usefulness in the field tests performed in the Kudat district. This model can be used as an alternative to the rather expensive commercial light traps to collect the vector insects transmitting mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Zika fever and filariasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese
  12. Fulltext Detection of mumps virus of genotype g in Bangladeshi children suffering from encephalitis
    Daisuke, Mori, Wahida Khanam, Kamruddin Ahmed
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021;15(1):73-79.
    MyJurnal
    Although mumps virus (MuVi) is an important agent of encephalitis, however, mumps vaccine has not yet been included in the national immunization programme of Bangladesh. Furthermore, the genotype distribution of this virus in Bangladesh is unknown. Cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from 97 children with encephalitis from April 2009 to March 2010 were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to determine the causative agents. MuVi was detected in two samples, these samples were further subjected to conventional PCR using specific primers, then amplicons were sequenced, and genotype was determined as genotype G. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains were clustered with strains from Nepal, India, the UK, Thailand, and the USA. By Bayesian inference, we also determined that the ancestor of Bangladeshi and Indian MuVi were same and segregated only about two decades back. These results will help future surveillance and the detection of invading MuVi strains from other countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  13. Ovarian teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 12-year-old girl
    Lwin S, San Yi M, Mardiana K, Woon SY, Nwe TM
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 11;75(6):731-733.
    PMID: 33219185
    The association of ovarian teratoma and anti-N-Methyl-Daspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) is one of the most common autoimmune encephalitis syndromes and it is a serious and potentially fatal pathology that occurs in young women. This case report describes of a pediatric patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A-12-year-old girl presented with abnormal behavior for one week came to Emergency Department of Sarawak General Hospital, Malaysia. She had psychotic spectrum symptoms including suicidal tendency. She was diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis as positive antibody was seen in her cerebrospinal fluid. She was treated with Injection Immunoglobulin. She turned out to have teratoma which was successfully removed later. Her progress was remarkable after the surgery with the Immunoglobulin. A multi-disciplinary team involving a psychiatrist, neurologist and gynaecologist liaised with intensivist to successfully manage the case and achieve the good outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
  14. Toxoplasma encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report
    Yoong KY, Cheong I, Choy KC
    Family Physician, 1995;7:24-27.
    A 32 year old HIV positive intravenous drug user (IVDU) with a promiscuous lifestyle in the past presented with altered behaviour and was diagnosed to have pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis and tuberculous osteomyelitis. After initial response to anti-tuberculous therapy, his symptoms recurred with the appearance of cerebral mass lesions. A presumptive diagnosis of toxoplasma encephalitis was made based on clinical, serological and radiological evidence. He showed clinical improGement with anti-toxoplasmic therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  15. Fulltext Determining the Utility of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome Classification Criteria
    Tan CY, Razali SNO, Goh KJ, Shahrizaila N
    J Clin Neurol, 2021 Apr;17(2):273-282.
    PMID: 33835749 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.273
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) exist, but their frequencies vary in different populations and do not always meet the inclusion criteria of the existing diagnostic criteria. However, the GBS classification criteria by Wakerley and colleagues recognize and define the clinical characteristics of each variant. We applied these criteria to a GBS and MFS cohort with the aim of determining their utility.

    METHODS: Consecutive GBS and MFS patients presenting to our center between 2010 and 2020 were analyzed. The clinical characteristics, electrophysiological data, and antiganglioside antibody profiles of the patients were utilized in determining the clinical classification.

    RESULTS: This study classified 132 patients with GBS and its related disorders according to the new classification criteria as follows: 64 (48.5%) as classic GBS, 2 (1.5%) as pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (PCB) variant, 7 (5.3%) as paraparetic GBS, 29 (22%) as classic MFS, 3 (2.3%) as acute ophthalmoparesis, 2 (1.5%) as acute ataxic neuropathy, 2 (1.5%) as Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE), 17 (12.9%) as GBS/MFS overlap, 4 (3%) as GBS/BBE overlap, 1 (0.8%) as MFS/PCB overlap, and 1 (0.8%) as polyneuritis cranialis. The electrodiagnosis was demyelinating in 55% of classic GBS patients but unclassified in 79% of classic MFS patients. Anti-GM1, anti-GD1a, anti-GalNAc-GD1a, and anti-GD1b IgG ganglioside antibodies were more commonly detected in the axonal GBS subtype, whereas the anti-GQ1b and anti-GT1a IgG ganglioside antibodies were more common in classic MFS and its subtypes.

    CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients in the present cohort met the criteria of either classic GBS or MFS, but variants were seen in one-third of patients. These findings support the need to recognize variants of both syndromes in order to achieve a more-complete case ascertainment in GBS.

    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  16. Thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis and LGI1-encephalitis, with nephrotic syndrome post-thymectomy
    Hor JY, Lim TT, Cheng MC, Chia YK, Wong CK, Lim SM, et al.
    J Neuroimmunol, 2018 04 15;317:100-102.
    PMID: 29395322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.011
    Thymoma is associated with a wide spectrum of autoimmune paraneoplastic syndromes, though it is uncommon for multiple paraneoplastic syndromes to be present in a single individual. We report a rare case of an elderly gentleman who was found to have thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis and LGI1-encephalitis with myokymia, who presented with nephrotic syndrome (minimal change glomerulopathy) after thymectomy. The latter two paraneoplastic syndromes had manifested when prednisolone was tapered down to low dose. This case serves to remind neurologists that apart from paraneoplastic neurological manifestations, thymoma may also be associated with renal disease. Nephropathy in myasthenia patients with thymoma should be properly evaluated, as it is treatable with immunotherapy, and it may even occur post-thymectomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  17. Fulltext Toxoplasma gondii recombinant surface antigen (SAG 1; P 30) and its applications in serodiagnosis and vaccine development for toxoplasmosis
    Wan Omar Abdullah
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(1):1-18.
    MyJurnal
    Toxoplasmosis, caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is widespread throughout the world. The disease is of major medical and veterinary importance, being a cause of congenital disease and abortion in humans and in domestic animals.[1] In addition, it has gained importance recently due to toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients.[2] T. gondii was discovered 100 years ago. Its identification was rapidly followed by the recognition that it was a human pathogen. During the past 100 years, the spectrum of diseases caused by this ubiquitous pathogen has expanded to include both congenital and acute infections as well as the recognition of diseases caused by this pathogen in the immune-compromised host. Recent data on behavioural changes in animals due to chronic toxoplasmosis is leading to research on the effect of this pathogen on the behaviour of humans.[3] Experimental studies on T. gondii have resulted in it becoming a model organism for studies on host pathogen interactions. Integration of clinical and experimental data on T. gondii should continue to lead to important insights into improvements in diagnosis for clinical management and vaccine development for control of toxoplasmosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  18. Fulltext Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis with ovarian teratoma: a dilemma in diagnosis
    Lee, CL, Zainuddin AA, Abdul Karim AK, Yulianty A, Law, ZK, Md.Isa N, et al.
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2016;6(1):66-69.
    MyJurnal
    We report a rare case of altered mental status in a young patient with immature ovarian teratoma. A 22-year-old woman presented with seizures, hallucination, amnesia and orofacial dyskinesia. Examination and investigation revealed an ovarian massand asalphing-oophorectomy was performed. The histopathological examination result showed an immature teratoma grade 2 with thepresence of immature primitive glial tissue. Her CSF N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor (Anti-NMDAR) antibodytest was positive. N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor antibody associated limbic encephalitis is an autoimmune antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorder. Resection of the tumour and immunotherapy resulted in full recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Limbic Encephalitis
  19. Fulltext Survivability of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from clinical and environmental specimens during axenization
    Nurul Farhana Jufri, Anisah Nordin, Mohamed Kamel Abd Ghani, Yusof Suboh, Noraina Abd Rahim
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2011;9(1):1-3.
    MyJurnal
    Acanthamoeba is a free living protozoa that can cause keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Physiological characteristics of this amoeba are found to have a medical importance in which it can be related to the pathogenicity potential of the organism. This study was carried out to investigate the physiological characteristics of survivability during axenization. Six Acanthamoeba strains from three clinical isolates (HSB 1, HKL 48 and HKL 95) and three environmental isolates (PHS 2, PHS 11 and PHS 15) were used in this study. Axenization test was done by treating cysts with hydrochloric acid (3%) and Page saline containing Gentamicin (100 µg/ml). Cysts were then cultured into PYG enrich media, incubated at 30oC and the presence and proliferation of trophozoites of Acanthamoeba were observed. This study showed that PHS 15, HSB 1, HKL 48 and HKL 95 could be axenized but they have poor proliferation rate in PYG enrich media. The result showed that the difference between both clinical and environmental isolates was observed in two strains; PHS 2 and PHS 11. This indicates that there is a possibility that the physiological traits of strains from both isolates are the same and strains from the environment are able to show the pathogenic potential and capable of causing infection to human.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis
  20. Fulltext Organic disorder with neuropsychiatric symptoms - case report of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with neuropsychiatric manifestations
    Sivarooban, V., Yogitagavari, Y., Che, C.K., Lee, C.W.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;26(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Neuropsychiatric symptoms are symptoms that caused by organic brain
    disorders. Multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms can occur concurrently in the
    course of brain related organic disorders. Two main components of
    neuropsychiatric symptoms are cognitive impairment and disturbance of
    consciousness while other neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as hallucinations,
    delusions, mood disorders, anxiety, apathy, behavioural and personality
    changes also commonly occur. Some of the mild neuropsychiatric symptoms
    could possibly be the earliest manifestations of brain related organic
    disorders. Clinicians should carefully evaluate organic factors in the
    treatment of psychosis, especially in patients of very young age or older age.
    They should have enough knowledge and experience in the integrating
    neuroscience, that is, neuropsychiatry. The present report illustrates a case of
    organic disorder with neuropsychiatric manifestations. It is about a young
    male patient who was diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and
    subsequently developed acute delirium secondary to the illness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
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