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Fulltext Environmental radon/thoron concentrations and radiation levels in Sarawak and Sabah

Sulaiman, I., Omar, M.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(1):1-13.
MyJurnal

The indoor and outdoor radon/thoron progenies concentrations and natural background radiation levels throughout Sarawak and Sabah were measured. The measurements were carried out at 234 locations in 40 towns in Sarawak and Sabah. The mean indoor and outdoor radon equilibrium equivalent concentrations (EEC) in Sarawak were found to be 1.2 Bqm-3 and 1.5 Bqm-3 respectively. In Sabah, the mean indoor and outdoor radon equilibrium equivalent concentrations were 1.7 Bqm-3. The mean indoor and outdoor thoron equilibrium equivalent concentrations of 0.4 Bqm-3 and 0.3Bqm-3 respectively, were the same for Sarawak and Sabah. The mean indoor and outdoor radiation levels of 46 nGyh-1 and 42 nGyh-1 in Sarawak were slightly lower than the respective values in Sabah, i.e. 53 nGyh-1 and 46 nGy h-1.

Matched MeSH terms: Background Radiation
Fulltext E-beam irradiation and activated sludge system For treatment of mixed textiles and food base industrial wastewater

Khomsaton Abu Bakar, Selambakkannu, Sarala, Jamaliah Sharif, Khairul Zaman Mohd Dahlan, Ming, Ting Teo, Natasha lsnin, et al.

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2012;24(2):79-85.
MyJurnal

The combination of irradiation and biological technique was chosen to study COD, BOD5 and colour removal from textiles effluent in the presence of food industry wastewater. Two biological treatments, the first consisting a mix of non irradiated textile and food industry wastewater and the second a mix of irradiated textiles wastewater and food industry wastewater were operated in parallel. Reduction percentage of COD in textiles wastewater increased from 29.4% after radiation to 62.4% after further undergoing biological treatment. After irradiation, the BOD5 of textiles wastewater was reduced by 22.1%, but reverted to the original value of 36mg/1 after undergoing biological treatment. Colour had decreased from 899.5 ADMI to 379.3 ADM1 after irradiation and continued to decrease to 109.3 ADMI after passing through biological treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Fulltext Upgrading of real-time radiation data logging and web based radiation monitoring system

Mohd Fauzi Haris, Saaidi Ismail, Mohamad Safuan Sulaiman, Mohd Dzul Aiman Aslan, Siti Nurbahyah Hamdan, Maslina Mohd Ibrahim, et al.

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2014;26(1):36-42.
MyJurnal

The remote measurements of radiation level at an identified location, are not only important for
collecting data or monitoring radiation level per se, but also crucial for workers who deal with
radiation sources. A device for checking an on-site radiation level has been developed quite a
long time ago under the name of Geiger Muller and widely known as a Geiger counter. The
reading of the output can be seen on the device on-site and on real-time basis. Nowadays, with
the fast evolution of computer and networking technology, those reading not only can be read
real-time but also from a remote location that makes workers able to enter the risky area more
safely. The collected data reading also can be analyzed for predicting the future trending
pattern. The data is transferred from the monitoring devices to a server through a network. This
paper discusses about several critical issues on the design, implementation and deployment that
relates to the devices, interface programs, hardware and software that allow all parameters such
as radiation levels reading and the timestamp of the data-logging can be collected and stored in
a central storage for further processes. The compatibility issue with regards to technology
change from the previous system will also be discussed. The system has many advantages
compared to previous system and conventional method of doing the area monitoring in term of
sustainability and availability.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Monitoring
Photobiomodulation therapy on wound treatment subsequent to Q-switched Nd: YAG laser tattoo removal in rat model

Imrigha NAA, Bidin N, Lau PS, Musa N, Zakaria N, Krishnan G

J Biophotonics, 2017 Oct;10(10):1287-1291.
PMID: 28464516 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600295

Q-switched Nd: YAG laser is the most effective laser for tattoo removal. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is an alternative method applied to accelerate the wound healing. This paper investigated the effects of PBM therapy using 808 nm diode laser on tattooed skin after laser tattoo removal. Forty-five rats were selected and tattooed with black ink on their dorsal, and then distributed into three groups. G0 was received non-laser irradiation. G1 was treated by laser tattoo removal using 1064 nm with energy density of 3.4 J/cm2 without PBM therapy, while G2 was treated daily with PBM therapy using 808 nm diode laser of 5 J/cm2 after a single session of laser tattoo removal. The effects of tattoo removal and healing progress of the wound were analyzed using histological studies. Findings showed 808 nm laser promotes the healing process through enhancing epithelialization and collagen deposition. Moreover, PBM therapy stimulated immune cells to improve phagocytosis process for removing the tattoo ink fragments effectively. The PBM therapy treated group was capable of improving the healing process and increasing the quality of skin following the laser tattoo removal. It was also found that stimulation of cellular function by PBM therapy increased tattoo clearance efficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Skin/radiation effects; Wound Healing/radiation effects*; Cell Proliferation/radiation effects
Variations of metabolites and proteome in Lonicera japonica Thunb. buds and flowers under UV radiation

Zhu W, Zheng W, Hu X, Xu X, Zhang L, Tian J

Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom, 2017 Apr;1865(4):404-413.
PMID: 28087425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.01.004

Lonicera japonica Thunb., also known as Jin Yin Hua and Japanese honeysuckle, is used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries. Its flowers have been used in folk medicine in the clinic and in making food or healthy beverages for over 1500years in China. To investigate the molecular processes involved in L. japonica development from buds to flowers exposed to UV radiation, a comparative proteomics analysis was performed. Fifty-four proteins were identified as differentially expressed, including 42 that had increased expression and 12 that had decreased expression. The levels of the proteins related to glycolysis, TCA/organic acid transformation, major carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative pentose phosphate, stress, secondary metabolism, hormone, and mitochondrial electron transport were increased during flower opening process after exposure to UV radiation. Six metabolites in L. japonica buds and flowers were identified and relatively quantified using LC-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity was performed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, which revealed that L. japonica buds had more activity than the UV irradiated flowers. This suggests that UV-B radiation induces production of endogenous ethylene in L. japonica buds, thus facilitating blossoming of the buds and activating the antioxidant system. Additionally, the higher metabolite contents and antioxidant properties of L. japonica buds indicate that the L. japonica bud stage may be a more optimal time to harvest than the flower stage when using for medicinal properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid Cycle/radiation effects; Glycolysis/radiation effects; Metabolome/radiation effects*
Fulltext Dose exposure work planning using dmu kinematics tools

Rosli Darmawan

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2011;23(2):12-18.
MyJurnal

The study on the possibility of using DMU Kinematics module in CAE tools for dose exposure work planning was carried out. A case scenario was created using 3D CAD software and transferred to DMU Kinematics module in a CAE software. The work plan created using DMU Kinematics module was animated to simulate a real time scenario. Data on the phantom position against the radioactive source was collected by activating positioning sensors in the module. The data collected was used to calculate the estimated dose rate exposure for the phantom. The results can be used to plan the safest and optimum procedures in carrying out the radiation related task.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Fulltext Ground receiving station (GRS) of UMS – receiving and processing the electromagnetic wave data from satellite

Mohammad Syahmi Nordin, Fauziah Abdul Aziz

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):199-208.
MyJurnal

The low resolution Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is being received and recorded in real-time mode at ground receiving station in School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The system is suitable for the developing and undeveloped countries in south and Southeast Asia and is said to be acceptable for engineering, agricultural, climatological and environmental applications. The system comprises a personal computer attached with a small APT receiver. The data transmission between the ground receiving station and NOAA satellites is using the electromagnetic wave. The relation for receiving and processing the electromagnetic wave in the transmission will be discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Radiation
Fulltext Lattice constants analysis of BaXSr1-XTIO3 ceramic for x=0.3; 0.5 and 0.7 by visual basic program

Jamal, Z., Idris, M.S., Irzaman, Barmawi, M.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):137-142.
MyJurnal

Ceramic of BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) for x =0.3; 0.5 and 0.7 were successfully deposited by solid solution method. The BST ceramic were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectra was recorded on a Philips type PW 3701 diffractometer using CuKD (Oco = 1.54056 Å) radiation at 30 KV and 30 mA (900 watt). The spectra shows that BST ceramic are polycrystalline with tetragonal structure. The lattice constants analysis of the grown ceramics was analyzed by visual basic program. Using Cohen’s and Cramer’s algorithms in visual basic program, , the lattice constants are a = b = 3.877 Å; c = 3.970 Å for Ba0.3Sr0.7TiO3 ceramic, a = b = 3.979 Å; c = 3.981 Å. for Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 ceramic and a = b = 3.965 Å; c = 4.005 Å for Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 ceramic, respectively. The reform value of the lattice constant of BST ceramic is possibly associated with the anti site defects of Ba and Sr.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Indoor thermal comfort study: A case study at higher institution in East Coast of Malaysia

Rosli Abu Bakar, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Norfadzilah Jusoh, Abdul Mutalib Leman

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2012;9(3):65-72.
MyJurnal

This paper discuss thermal comfort studies of an under air conditioning in hot and humid climate which at one of the higher institution in East Coast of Malaysia. Indoor thermal environment is important as it affects the health and productivity of building occupants. The paper reports on an experimental investigation of indoor thermal comfort characteristics under the control of air conditioning. Firstly, the well known Fanger’s thermal comfort model was simplified for the current experimental investigation. This is followed by reporting the experimental results of indoor thermal comfort characteristics under the control of temperature, with eight different of temperatures which are 22oC to 29oC. Finally, indoor thermal comfort was merely affected by the increment ventilation and outdoor climate. PMV value was higher when near from the window because of the effects of the wall radiations and the metabolic heat.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Fulltext Properties of concrete/boron carbide as neutron shielding materials

Mohd Reusmaazran Yusof, Yusof Abdullah, Rusnah Mustaffa, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Nurhaslinda Ee Abdullah, Fatin Nabilah Tajul Ariffin

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2011;2011(2):15-25.
MyJurnal

Cement and concrete has been widely used as shielding material in reactor nuclear in order to minimize exposure to individuals. In this paper we present boron based concrete as neutron shielding for nuclear reactor applications. Concrete specimens with dimension of 10x10x10 cm were used and irradiated with neutron radiation of 252-californium. Characterization of physical, mechanical and radiation attenuation properties of concrete were carried out. The results show that the shielding performance is better than ordinary concrete. From the result, we confirmed that the performance of the concrete/boron carbide is suitable for practical use.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Fulltext Statistical prediction of environmental external gamma radiation doses of Perak, Malaysia

Zalina Rahmat, Ismail Bahari, Muhammad Samudi Yasir, Redzuwan Yahaya, Amran Ab. Majid

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(1):63-72.
MyJurnal

Concentrations of Natural Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and terrestrial gamma radiation have been shown to be associated with certain lithology and soil types. An attempt was made to statistically predict and validate environmental gamma radiation dose rates based on limited number of actual field measurements using sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) detector. Statistical analysis including the correlations between the actual and predicted dose were made based on 32 different lithology and soil type combinations. Results of field measurements, have shown that more than 50% of the predicted data were not significantly different from the actual measured data. The interpolation method in GIS was used to produce an isodose map based on the prediction equation. A correlation of multiple regression on the predicted versus lithology and soils dose rates gave relationships of DP = 0.35 DL + 0.82 DS – 0.02, r2 = 0.736. A predicted isodose map was subsequently plotted base on 4 dose rates classes, ranging from 0.1 – 0.3 μSvhr-1.

Matched MeSH terms: Background Radiation
Fulltext Dicentric assay technique for the assessment of whole body dose to low let radiation

Noriah Jamal, Noraisyah Mohd Yusof, Rahimah Abdul Rahim, Juliana Mahamad Napiah, Bo, Nelly Nai Lee, Yahaya Talib, et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(1):77-83.
MyJurnal

For more than two decades, biodosimetry has been used in biomonitoring of occupational and envir onmental exposure to ionising radiation. Chromosome aberration analysis is a method used to dete ct unstable aberrations in the lymphocytes of irradiated personnel. The Malaysian National Biodosi metry Laboratory is a referance centre for activity relating to biodosimetry in the country. This pap er aims at presenting dicentric assay technique for the assessment of whole body dose to low LET ra diation at the Malaysian National Biodosimetry Laboratory.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation, Ionizing
Geological influence on the activity concentration of terrestrial radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Tela Abba H, Wan Hassan WMS, Saleh MA, Aliyu AS, Ramli AT, Abdulsalam H

Isotopes Environ Health Stud, 2018 Oct;54(5):522-534.
PMID: 29847152 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1474879

The Jos Plateau has been reported to have elevated levels of natural background radiation. A few earlier studies have measured the levels of natural radioactivity for specific locations in the area. Our interest is to investigate how geology of the study area influences the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. Thus, the activity concentrations of terrestrial radionuclides in soil samples collected across the geological formations of the Jos Plateau were determined by gamma spectrometry technique. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to exceed their corresponding world reference values of 35, 40 and 400 Bq kg-1, respectively. Data were compared using statistical methods, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests. The results revealed in some instances significant influences of geological types on the activity concentrations in the area. The spatial distribution maps of activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were geostatistically interpolated by ordinary Kriging method using ArcGIS software.

Matched MeSH terms: Background Radiation; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Monitoring/methods
Estimation of effective dose and radiation risk in pediatric barium studies procedures

Sulieman A, Elhag B, Alkhorayef M, Babikir E, Theodorou K, Kappas C, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2018 Aug;138:40-44.
PMID: 28757351 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.07.013

The objectives of this study are to assess pediatric radiation exposure in certain barium studies and to quantify the organ and effective doses and radiation risk resultant from patients' irradiation. A total of 69 pediatric barium studies for upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Patients' radiation dose was quantified in terms of Entrance surface air kerma (ESAKs) using exposure parameters and DosCal software. Organ and effective doses (E) were extrapolated using national Radiological Protection Board software (NRPB-R279). The mean ± (SD) and the range of patient doses per procedure were 3.7 ± 0.4 (1.0-13.0)mGy, 7.4 ± 1.7(5.5-8.0)mGy and 1.4 ± 0.9 (0.5-3.6)mGy for barium meal, swallow and enema, respectively. The mean effective doses were 0.3 ± 0.03 (0.08-1.1)mSv, 0.2 ± 1.6 (0.44-0.7)mSv and 0.3 ± 0.9 (0.1-0.8)mSv at the same order. The radiation dose were higher compared to previous studies. Therefore, pediatrics are exposed to avoidable radiation exposure. Certain optimization measures are recommended along with establishing national diagnostic reference level (DRL) to reduce the radiation risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Gastrointestinal Tract/radiation effects*
Fulltext Dosimetric evaluation of high energy photons and electrons using ImageJ software in comparison to dosimetric film scanner

Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof, Nur Amirah Nabila Ramli, Mohd Fahrizuan Md Yusop, Reduan Abdullah

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2017;29(2):10-20.
MyJurnal

This study evaluates the ImageJ software as dosimetric tools for analyzing the film dosimeter in high energy photons and electrons. The percentage depth dose of photons of 6 and 10 MV and electrons of 6 and 9 MeV were measured using the Gafchromic EBT2 film dosimeter. The films were scanned and analyzed using the Verisoft software and ImageJ. The beam profiles at nominal photon and electron beam parameters were also evaluated using the two methods. The PDD measured in ImageJ at high energy photons were in good agreement within 1% percentage of discrepancy at all depths in comparison to the Verisoft software. The PDD measured in ImageJ at high energy electrons also showed good agreement to Verisoft software within 8% percentage of discrepancy at all depths. The measured flatness of beam profiles at Dmax, R50, R80 and R90 in ImageJ were also in good agreement to Verisoft software with flatness value between 4 and 8%. The results indicated the suitability of ImageJ software as dosimetric tool for analyzing EBT2 film dosimeter at high energy photon and electrons.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosimeters
Fulltext Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation- measurement and modelling

Gradoni G, Russer J, Baharuddin MH, Haider M, Russer P, Smartt C, et al.

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 2018 Oct 29;376(2134).
PMID: 30373944 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0455

This paper reviews recent progress in the measurement and modelling of stochastic electromagnetic fields, focusing on propagation approaches based on Wigner functions and the method of moments technique. The respective propagation methods are exemplified by application to measurements of electromagnetic emissions from a stirred, cavity-backed aperture. We discuss early elements of statistical electromagnetics in Heaviside's papers, driven mainly by an analogy of electromagnetic wave propagation with heat transfer. These ideas include concepts of momentum and directionality in the realm of propagation through confined media with irregular boundaries. We then review and extend concepts using Wigner functions to propagate the statistical properties of electromagnetic fields. We discuss in particular how to include polarization in this formalism leading to a Wigner tensor formulation and a relation to an averaged Poynting vector.This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's 'Electromagnetic Theory''.

Matched MeSH terms: Electromagnetic Radiation
Fulltext A Polarization Independent Quasi-TEM Metamaterial Absorber for X and Ku Band Sensing Applications

Hoque A, Tariqul Islam M, Almutairi AF, Alam T, Jit Singh M, Amin N

Sensors (Basel), 2018 Nov 30;18(12).
PMID: 30513675 DOI: 10.3390/s18124209

In this paper, a dual-band metamaterial absorber (MMA) ring with a mirror reflexed C-shape is introduced for X and Ku band sensing applications. The proposed metamaterial consists of two square ring resonators and a mirror reflexed C-shape, which reveals two distinctive absorption bands in the electromagnetic wave spectrum. The mechanism of the two-band absorber particularly demonstrates two resonance frequencies and absorption was analyzed using a quasi-TEM field distribution. The absorption can be tunable by changing the size of the metallic ring in the frequency spectrum. Design and analysis of the proposed meta-absorber was performed using the finite-integration technique (FIT)-based CST microwave studio simulation software. Two specific absorption peaks value of 99.6% and 99.14% are achieved at 13.78 GHz and 15.3 GHz, respectively. The absorption results have been measured and compared with computational results. The proposed dual-band absorber has potential applications in sensing techniques for satellite communication and radar systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation
Eye lens dose of medical personnel involved in fluoroscopy and interventional procedures at a Malaysian Hospital

Wong JHD, Anem LEA, Tan S, Tan SK, Ng KH

Phys Med, 2019 Dec;68:47-51.
PMID: 31739145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.007

OBJECTIVE: This study measured the radiation exposure of the eye lens of medical personnel performing fluoroscopy and interventional procedures at the Sarawak General Hospital in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. This study was the first in Malaysia to utilise in vivo radiation measurement relatively near the eye lens.
METHODS: 41 medical personnel performing 79 procedures were monitored for their eye lens exposure using the NanoDot™ optically-stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLD) taped to the outer canthus of their eyes. The air-kerma area product (KAP), fluoroscopy time (FT) and number of procedure runs were also recorded.
RESULTS: KAP, FT and number of runs were strongly correlated. However, only weak to moderate correlations were observed between these parameters with the measured eye lens doses. The average median equivalent eye lens dose was 0.052 mSv (ranging from 0.0155 to 0.672 mSv). The eye lens doses of primary operators were found to be significantly higher than their assistants due to the closer proximity to the patient and X-ray tube. The left eye lens of the operators received the highest amount of radiation due to their habitual positioning towards the radiation source.
CONCLUSION: KAP and FT were not useful in predicting the equivalent eye lens dose exposure in interventional radiological procedures. Direct in vivo measurements were needed to provide a better estimate of the eye lens doses received by medical personnel during these procedures. This study highlights the importance of using direct measurement, such as OSLDs, instead of just indirect factors to monitor dose in the eye lens in radiological procedures.

Matched MeSH terms: Lens, Crystalline/radiation effects*; Radiation Dosage*
Perubahan Kepekatan Aktiviti Ra-226 dan Ra-228 di Sepanjang Sungai Langat dan Sungai Semenyih, Selangor (Variation in Concentration of Ra-226 and Ra-228 Activities Along Langat and Semenyih River, Selangor)

Phuah CS, Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Zaharuddin Ahmad

Sains Malaysiana, 2004;33.

Concentration of Ra-226 and Ra-228 activities in water and sediment samples were measured using the Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) and High Purity Germanium Gamma Spectrometry (HPGe). respectively. Concentrations of Ra-226 activity in sediment samples range from 18.93 Bg/ kg to 236.06 Bq/kg and for Ra-228 activity range from 12.59 Bg/kg to 410.60 Bq/kg. Meanwhile, concentrations of Ra-226 activity obtained in water samples range from 0.064 Bg/L to 0.199 Bq/L. These data indicate, that the distribution of Ra-228 and Ra-226 in the study area were varied from one sampling stations to another and is probably related to the contents of suspended particles.
Penentuan kepekatan aktiviti Ra-226 dan Ra-228 dalam sampel air dan sedimen dilakukan masing-masing dengan Pembilang Sintilasi Cecair (LSC) dan Spektrometri Gamma Germanium Lampau Tulen (HPGe). Kepekatan aktiviti Ra-226 dalam sampel sedimen adalah berjulat dari 18.93 Bg/kg hingga 236.06 Bq/kg dan kepekatan aktiviti Ra-228 berjulat dari 12.59 Bg/kg hingga 410.60 Bq/kg. Kepekatan aktiviti Ra-226 dalam sampel air yang diperolehi pula berjulat dari 0.064 Bg/L hingga 0.199 Bq/L. Ini menunjukkan taburan Ra-228 dan Ra-226 di kawasan kajian adalah berubah mengikut lokasi kajian dan berkemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh sifat kandungan bahan terampai.

Matched MeSH terms: Background Radiation
An Interaction Model Based on An Interpretation of the First-Quantized Relativistic Schrodinger Equation

Khalid Md. Nor, Ithnin Abdul Jalil, Hassan Abu Kasim

Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25.

The relativistic Schrodinger equation is reinterpreted as describing a classical particle that mutually-interacts with other objects via electromagnetic-like gravity waves. The accompanying derivation equates the usual quantum mechanical energy and momentum operators to the effects of negative or attractive energy. Lorentz-like transformation equations are obtained that yield the uncertainty principle such that quantum uncertainty is ascribed to the disregard of a magnetic-like component of a gravity wave. Finally, quantum-level Maxwell-like equations that involve the above gravity waves are derived.
Persamaan Schrodinger kerelatifan ditafsirkan sebagai memperihalkan suatu zarah klasik yang berinteraksi dengan jasad-jasad lain melalui gelombang graviti yang berciri keelektromagnetan. Terbitan sampingan menyamakan pengoperasi-pengeoperasi tenaga dan momentum mekanik kuantum dengan kesan-kesan tenaga negatif atau tarikan. Persamaan-persamaan bermirip transformasi Lorentz diperolehi yang menerbitkan prinsip ketakpastian dan memberi ketakpastian kuantum sebagai kesan pengabaian bahagian gelombang graviti yang bermirip kemagnetan. Akhir sekali, persamaan-persamaan diparas kuntum yang bermirip persamaan-persamaan Maxwell diterbitkan dan melibatkan gelombang graviti yang tersebut di atas.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation

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