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  1. Synthesis, crystal structure and luminescent properties of some Zn(II) Schiff base complexes: experimental and computational study
    Eltayeb NE, Teoh SG, Adnan R, Teh JB, Fun HK
    J Fluoresc, 2011 Jul;21(4):1393-400.
    PMID: 21222144 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0822-y
    A series of Zn(II)-Schiff bases I, II and III complexes were synthesized by reaction of o-phenylenediamine with 3-methylsalicylaldehyde, 4-methylsalicylaldehyde and 5-methylsalicylaldehyde. These complexes were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis, elemental analysis and conductivity. Complex III was characterized by XRD single crystal, which crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, with lattice parameters a=9.5444(2) Å, b=11.9407(2) Å, c=21.1732(3) Å, V=2390.24(7) Å(3), D ( c )=1.408 Mg m(-3), Z=4, F(000)=1050, GOF=0.981, R1=0.0502, wR2=0.1205. Luminescence property of these complexes was investigated in DMF solution and in the solid state. Computational study of the electronic properties of complex III showed good agreement with the experimental data.
  2. The use of graphic rules in grade one to help identify children at risk of handwriting difficulties
    Khalid PI, Yunus J, Adnan R, Harun M, Sudirman R, Mahmood NH
    Res Dev Disabil, 2010 Nov-Dec;31(6):1685-93.
    PMID: 20554150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.005
    Previous researches on elementary grade handwriting revealed that pupils employ certain strategy when writing or drawing. The relationship between this strategy and the use of graphic rules has been documented but very little research has been devoted to the connection between the use of graphic rules and handwriting proficiency. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the relative contribution of the use of graphic rules to the writing ability. A sample of 105 first graders who were average printers and 65 first graders who might experience handwriting difficulty, as judged by their teachers, of a normal primary school were individually tested on their use of graphic rules. It has been found that pupils who are below average printers use more non-analytic strategy than average printers to reproduce the figures. The results also reveal that below average printers do not acquire the graphic principles that foster an analytic approach to production skills. Although the findings are not sufficient to allow definitive conclusions about handwriting ability, it can be considered as one of the screening measures in identifying pupils who are at risk of handwriting difficulties.
  3. The manganese(III) complex with chelating Schiff base ligand: X-ray structure, spectroscopic and computational studies
    Eltayeb NE, Teoh SG, Kusrini E, Adnan R, Fun HK
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2010 Jan;75(1):453-7.
    PMID: 20004137 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.11.006
    A new Mn(III) complex, [MnCl(H(2)O)(L)].H(2)O.C(2)H(5)OH, where L=2,2'-[1,2-phenylenebis[nitrilomethylylidene]]bis(6-methoxyphenolate), has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. There is a good agreement between calculated and experimental structural data. The complex is crystallized in orthorhombic with space group Pbca. The Mn1 atom is coordinated with one Schiff base ligand, one water molecule and one chloride anion, forming a six-coordination number. The electronic and fluorescence spectra of the complex were also studied.
  4. Outcome of 2 different types of operative techniques practiced for chronic subdural hematoma in Malaysia: an analysis
    Zakaraia AM, Adnan JS, Haspani MS, Naing NN, Abdullah JM
    Surg Neurol, 2008 Jun;69(6):608-15; discussion 616.
    PMID: 18486703 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.01.054
    Traumatic chronic subdural hematomas in Malaysia are increasingly common in young patients after road traffic accidents as well as the elderly who fall at home. Most surgeons in this country manage these pathologies without irrigation, with only a drainage system. This has led to criticism that the recurrence rate might be higher when no irrigation is done and that rates are lower with irrigation and drainage. Thus, a study was done to look into the outcome of TCSH operated with and without irrigation, followed by drainage, to guide the surgeons in Malaysia as to what best could be done for these cases.
  5. The use of an In House Scoring System Scale versus Glasgow Coma Scale in non-traumatic altered states of consciousness patients: can it be used for triaging patients in Southeast Asian developing countries?
    Maheswaran M, Adnan WA, Ahmad R, Ab Rahman NH, Naing NN, Abdullah J
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2007 Nov;38(6):1126-40.
    PMID: 18613557
    Non-traumatic Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) are a non-specific consequence of various etiologies, and are normally monitored by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS gives varriable results among untrained emergency medicine personel in developing countries where English is not the first language. An In House Scoring System (IHSS) scale was made by the first author for the purpose of triaging so as to quickly asses patients when seen by medical personel. This IHSS scale was compared to the GCS to determine it's specificity and sensitivity in the accident and emergency department (ED) of Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM). All patients with non-traumatic ASC were selected by purposive sampling according to pre-determined criteria. Patients were evaluated by the two systems, IHSS and GCS, by emergency physicians who were on call. Patient demographics, clinical features, investigations, treatment given and outcomes were collected and followed for a period of 14 days. A total of 221 patients with non-traumatic ASC were studied, 54.3% were males. The mean age of the patients was 56 years old. The mean overall GCS score on presentation to the ED was 10.3. The mean duration of ASC was 11.6 hours. One hundred thirty patients (58.8%) experienced ASC secondary to general or focal cerebral disorders. The mortality rate was 40.3% 2 weeks after the ED visit. Fifty-four point three percent of the patients were awake and considered to have good outcomes while 45.7% of the patients had poor outcomes (comatose or dead) 2 weeks after the ED visit. The mean overall GCS score, verbal and motor subscores as well as the IHSS had significantly decreased (worsened) after treatment in the ED. A poor IHSS scale, hypertension, current smoking, abnormal pupillary reflexes and acidosis were associated with a worse 2-week outcome. The mean age and WBC count was lower and the mean overall GCS score and eye, verbal and motor subscores were higher as well as those having a lower IHSS scale for the good outcome category. Multivariate analysis revealed that smokers and hypertensives were at higher risk for a poor outcome. Higher eye scores on the GCS were associated fewer poor outcomes. There was significant agreement between the IHSS scale and GCS scores in the assessment of non-traumatic ASC. The sensitivity and specificity of the IHSS score versus GCS were 71.9% and 100.0%, respectively.
  6. Identification and analysis of a prepro-chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone II (preprocGnRH-II) precursor in the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, based on an EST-based assessment of its brain transcriptome
    Tan SL, Mohd-Adnan A, Mohd-Yusof NY, Forstner MR, Wan KL
    Gene, 2008 Mar 31;411(1-2):77-86.
    PMID: 18280674 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.008
    Using a novel library of 5637 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the brain tissue of the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), we first characterized the brain transcriptome for this economically important species. The ESTs generated from the brain of L. calcarifer yielded 2410 unique transcripts (UTs) which comprise of 982 consensi and 1428 singletons. Based on database similarity, 1005 UTs (41.7%) can be assigned putative functions and were grouped into 12 functional categories related to the brain function. Amongst others, we have identified genes that are putatively involved in energy metabolism, ion pumps and channels, synapse related genes, neurotransmitter and its receptors, stress induced genes and hormone related genes. Subsequently we selected a putative preprocGnRH-II precursor for further characterization. The complete cDNA sequence of the gene obtained was found to code for an 85-amino acid polypeptide that significantly matched preprocGnRH-II precursor sequences from other vertebrates, and possesses structural characteristics that are similar to that of other species, consisting of a signal peptide (23 residues), a GnRH decapeptide (10 residues), an amidation/proteolytic-processing signal (glycine-lysine-argine) and a GnRH associated peptide (GAP) (49 residues). Phylogenetic analysis showed that this putative L. calcarifer preprocGnRH-II sequence is a member of the subcohort Euteleostei and divergent from the sequences of the subcohort Otocephalan. These findings provide compelling evidence that the putative L. calcarifer preprocGnRH-II precursor obtained in this study is orthologous to that of other vertebrates. The functional prediction of this preprocGnRH-II precursor sequence through in silico analyses emphasizes the effectiveness of the EST approach in gene identification in L. calcarifer.
  7. Comparative population structure of Cynopterus fruit bats in peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand
    Campbell P, Schneider CJ, Adnan AM, Zubaid A, Kunz TH
    Mol Ecol, 2006 Jan;15(1):29-47.
    PMID: 16367828
    The extent to which response to environmental change is mediated by species-specific ecology is an important aspect of the population histories of tropical taxa. During the Pleistocene glacial cycles and associated sea level fluctuations, the Sunda region in Southeast Asia experienced concurrent changes in landmass area and the ratio of forest to open habitat, providing an ideal setting to test the expectation that habitat associations played an important role in determining species' response to the opportunity for geographic expansion. We used mitochondrial control region sequences and six microsatellite loci to compare the phylogeographic structure and demographic histories of four broadly sympatric species of Old World fruit bats in the genus, Cynopterus. Two forest-associated species and two open-habitat generalists were sampled along a latitudinal transect in Singapore, peninsular Malaysia, and southern Thailand. Contrary to expectations based on habitat associations, the geographic scale of population structure was not concordant across ecologically similar species. We found evidence for long and relatively stable demographic history in one forest and one open-habitat species, and inferred non-coincident demographic expansions in the second forest and open-habitat species. Thus, while these results indicate that Pleistocene climate change did not have a single effect on population structure across species, a correlation between habitat association and response to environmental change was supported in only two of four species. We conclude that interactions between multiple factors, including historical and contemporary environmental change, species-specific ecology and interspecific interactions, have shaped the recent evolutionary histories of Cynopterus fruit bats in Southeast Asia.
  8. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Old World fruit bats in the Cynopterus brachyotis complex
    Campbell P, Schneider CJ, Adnan AM, Zubaid A, Kunz TH
    Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2004 Dec;33(3):764-81.
    PMID: 15522802
    Taxonomic relationships within the Old World fruit bat genus, Cynopterus, have been equivocal for the better part of a century. While nomenclature has been revised multiple times on the basis of phenotypic characters, evolutionary relationships among taxa representing the entire geographic range of the genus have not been determined. We used mitochondrial DNA sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships among the three most broadly distributed members of the genus: C. brachyotis, C. horsfieldi, and C. sphinx, and to assess whether C. brachyotis represents a single widespread species, or a complex of distinct lineages. Results clearly indicate that C. brachyotis is a complex of lineages. C. sphinx and C. horsfieldi haplotypes formed monophyletic groups nested within the C. brachyotis species complex. We identified six divergent mitochondrial lineages that are currently referred to C. brachyotis. Lineages from India, Myanmar, Sulawesi, and the Philippines are geographically well-defined, while in Malaysia two lineages, designated Sunda and Forest, are broadly sympatric and may be ecologically distinct. Demographic analyses of the Sunda and Forest lineages suggest strikingly different population histories, including a recent and rapid range expansion in the Sunda lineage, possibly associated with changes in sea levels during the Pleistocene. The resolution of the taxonomic issues raised in this study awaits combined analysis of morphometric characters and molecular data. However, since both the Indian and Malaysian Forest C. brachyotis lineages are apparently ecologically restricted to increasingly fragmented forest habitat, we suggest that reevaluation of the conservation status of populations in these regions should be an immediate goal.
  9. Fulltext Optical absorption and photoluminescence studies of gold nanoparticles deposited on porous silicon
    Amran TS, Hashim MR, Al-Obaidi NK, Yazid H, Adnan R
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2013 Jan 18;8(1):35.
    PMID: 23331761 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-8-35
    We present an investigation on a coupled system consists of gold nanoparticles and silicon nanocrystals. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded into porous silicon (PSi) were prepared using the electrochemical deposition method. Scanning electron microscope images and energy-dispersive X-ray results indicated that the growth of AuNPs on PSi varies with current density. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of cubic gold phases with crystallite sizes around 40 to 58 nm. Size dependence on the plasmon absorption was studied from nanoparticles with various sizes. Comparison with the reference sample, PSi without AuNP deposition, showed a significant blueshift with decreasing AuNP size which was explained in terms of optical coupling between PSi and AuNPs within the pores featuring localized plasmon resonances.
  10. Head injury from fan blades among children
    Alias A, Krishnapillai R, Teng HW, Abd Latif AZ, Adnan JS
    Asian J Surg, 2005 Jul;28(3):168-70.
    PMID: 16024308
    OBJECTIVE: Head injury caused by fan blades is rare among children. We analysed 14 cases of such injury and discuss the causes, type of injury and preventive measures.

    METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 14 cases of children who were admitted to the Pediatric Neurosurgical Unit of Hospital Kuala Lumpur after sustaining head injuries caused by fan blades between January 2000 and December 2002 was performed.

    RESULTS: The causes of fan-blade head injury included jumping on the upper bunk of a bunk-bed, climbing on a ladder, climbing up onto a table, and being lifted by an adult. Thirteen patients were injured by ceiling fans and one by falling onto an uncovered table fan. School-aged boys were the predominant victims. Mean patient age was 7.9 years (range, 1.0-12.2 years). There was a twin peak incidence of when the accidents occurred: just before lunch in the afternoon and bedtime at night. The types of injury were scalp lacerations, compound depressed fractures and multiple intracranial haemorrhages. Two patients had the complication of wound infection, and one of these patients developed cerebral spinal fluid leak. One patient died from severe head injuries.

    CONCLUSION: Safety awareness among parents and caretakers are important as fan-blade head injury among children is preventable.

  11. Leptospirosis; A Zoonotic, Morbid and Fatal Disease: A Record Viewing Study
    Mallhi TH, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Sarriff A, Jummaat F, Khan YH
    Value Health, 2015 Nov;18(7):A843.
    PMID: 26534509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.390
  12. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Dengue Viral Infection During The Hospitalization At Tertiary Care Hospital
    Mallhi TH, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Sarriff A, Jummaat F, Khan YH
    Value Health, 2015 Nov;18(7):A841.
    PMID: 26534496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.378
  13. Fulltext Clinico-laboratory spectrum of dengue viral infection and risk factors associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever: a retrospective study
    Mallhi TH, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Sarriff A, Khan YH, Jummaat F
    BMC Infect Dis, 2015 Sep 30;15:399.
    PMID: 26423145 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1141-3
    BACKGROUND: The incidence of dengue is rising steadily in Malaysia since the first major outbreak in 1973. Despite aggressive measures taken by the relevant authorities, Malaysia is still facing worsening dengue crisis over the past few years. There is an urgent need to evaluate dengue cases for better understanding of clinic-laboratory spectrum in order to combat this disease.

    METHODS: A retrospective analysis of dengue patients admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital during the period of six years (2008 - 2013) was performed. Patient's demographics, clinical and laboratory findings were recorded via structured data collection form. Patients were categorized into dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Appropriate statistical methods were used to compare these two groups in order to determine difference in clinico-laboratory characteristics and to identify independent risk factors of DHF.

    RESULTS: A total 667 dengue patients (30.69 ± 16.13 years; Male: 56.7 %) were reviewed. Typical manifestations of dengue like fever, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain and skin rash were observed in more than 40 % patients. DHF was observed in 79 (11.8 %) cases. Skin rash, dehydration, shortness of breath, pleural effusion and thick gall bladder were more significantly (P  40 years (OR: 4.1, P 

  14. Dengue-induced Acute Kidney Injury (DAKI): A Neglected and Fatal Complication of Dengue Viral Infection--A Systematic Review
    Mallhi TH, Sarriff A, Adnan AS, Khan YH, Hamzah AA, Jummaat F, et al.
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2015 Nov;25(11):828-34.
    PMID: 26577971 DOI: 11.2015/JCPSP.828834
    Dengue Viral Infection (DVI) imperils an estimated 2.5 billion people living in tropical and subtropical regions. World Health Organization (2011) guidelines also classified dengue as 'Expanded Dengue Syndrome' to incorporate wide spectrum of unusual manifestations of dengue infection affecting various organ systems - including liver, kidney, heart and brain. Renal involvements are least appreciated area of dengue infection, therefore, we systematically reviewed studies describing renal disorders in dengue infection, with emphasis on Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). The purpose of current review is to underscore clinicians’attention to this neglected intricacy of DVI. It suggests that dengue induced renal involvements vary from glomerulonephritis, nephrotic range proteinuria and AKI. We observed great disparity in incidence of AKI among dengue patients, based upon criteria used to define AKI. AKI among dengue patients was found to be associated with significant morbidity, mortality and longer hospitalization, adding financial burden to patients and healthcare system. Additionally, we identified several predictors of AKI in dengue patients including old age, obesity, severe dengue infection and concurrent bacterial or viral infection. Direct viral injury and deposition of antigen-antibody complex in glomerulus were found to be possible causes of renal disorders in dengue infection. Prior knowledge of clinico-laboratory characteristics and risk factors with early detection of AKI by using appropriate criteria would not only reduce morbidity and mortality but also decrease burden to patients and healthcare system.
  15. Patterns Of Medication Use In Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5d: Emphasis On Medications For The Management Of Ckd-Mbd
    Salman M, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Syed Sulaiman SA, Hussain K, Mansoor S, et al.
    Value Health, 2015 Nov;18(7):A508-9.
    PMID: 26532849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1460
  16. Fulltext Dengue Infection. What Criteria Do we Use?
    Mallhi TH, Khan AH, Sarriff A, Adnan AS, Khan YH
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2016 Mar;26(3):238-9.
    PMID: 26975963 DOI: 03.2016/JCPSP.238239
  17. Blood Pressure and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review of an Ongoing Debate
    Khan YH, Sarriff A, Adnan AS, Khan AH, Mallhi TH
    Ther Apher Dial, 2016 Oct;20(5):453-461.
    PMID: 27151394 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12406
    Hypertension is prevalent in 75-80% of hemodialysis patients and remains the most controversial prognostic marker in end stage kidney disease patients. In contrast to the general population where systolic blood pressure of ≤120 mm Hg is considered normal, a debate remains regarding the ideal target blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Using the PUBMED and EMBASE databases, the research studies that evaluated the relationship between blood pressure measurements and mortality in hemodialysis patients were searched. Thirteen studies were identified from different regions of the world. Five studies reported low predialysis systolic blood pressure as a prognostic marker of mortality. Other studies showed varying results and reported postdialysis systolic blood pressure as well as ambulatory blood pressure as better predictors of mortality and emphasized their optimized control. One study in this review concluded that there is no direct relationship between mortality and blood pressure if the patients are on anti-hypertensive medications. The observed all-cause mortality varied from 12% to 36%, whereas the cardiovascular mortality varied from 16% to 60%. On the basis of studies included in the current review, a low predialysis systolic blood pressure (<120 mm Hg) is shown to be a widely accepted prognostic marker of mortality while ambulatory blood pressure best predicts CV mortality. Therefore, we recommend that apart from routine BP (pre, post and intradialysis) monitoring in centers, assessment of ambulatory BP must be mandatory for all patients to reduce CV mortality in hemodialysis patients.
  18. Fulltext Association of Ward Acquired, On-admission, Progressive and Non-progressive AKI with Death among Dengue Patients: A Hidden Relationship
    Mallhi TH, Khan AH, Sarriff A, Adnan AS, Khan YH
    Acta Med Port, 2016 Feb;29(2):157-8.
    PMID: 27234957 DOI: 10.20344/amp.6900
  19. Effects of CYP3A5 Genetic Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplant Recipients
    Mac Guad R, Zaharan NL, Chik Z, Mohamed Z, Peng NK, Adnan WA
    Transplant Proc, 2016 Jan-Feb;48(1):81-7.
    PMID: 26915847 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.01.001
    BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the within-patient variability trough levels (Co), dose-adjusted Co, and dose requirements of Prograf and Advograf with CYP3A5 polymorphisms in Malaysia renal transplant recipients.
    METHODS: Stable post-renal transplantation patients switched from Prograf to Advograf were retrospectively identified from University Malaya Medical Centre (n = 28). Co and concomitant tacrolimus dose 6 months preconversion and postconversion were examined. CYP3A5 was genotyped using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare Co and dose between formulations and according to genotypes.
    RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the whole-blood tacrolimus Co between the 2 groups (6.16 ± 1.74 ng/mL vs 4.90 ± 1.06 ng/mL; P = .0001). The mean daily maintenance dose of Prograf was 3.9 ± 2.0 mg/kg (0.06 mg/kg/d), which was reduced to 3.3 ± 1.7 mg/d (0.04 mg/kg/d) with Advograf (P = .01). The mean maintenance dose of tacrolimus required for those with CYP3A5*1/*1 (high-expressive) was significantly higher than those with CYP3A5*1/*3 (intermediate-expressive) and CYP3A5*3/*3 (low-expressive) (P < .01) for both formulations. Comparing those with CYP3A5*1/*1, the average dose-adjusted Co was significantly higher in patients with CYP3A5*3/*3 with Advograf (P < .05).
    CONCLUSIONS: The requirement for daily maintenance dose was higher in those with CYP3A5*1/*1 variants in both tacrolimus formulations in the Malaysian patients. Furthermore, those with CYP3A5*3/*3 demonstrated significantly higher dose-adjusted Co with Advograf.
  20. Mechanism of triphenylmethane Cresol Red degradation by Trichoderma harzianum M06
    Nor NM, Hadibarata T, Zubir MM, Lazim ZM, Adnan LA, Fulazzaky MA
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2015 Nov;38(11):2167-75.
    PMID: 26275435 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1456-x
    Cresol Red belongs to the triphenylmethane (TPM) class of dyes which are potentially carcinogenic or mutagenic. However, very few studies on biodegradation of Cresol Red were investigated as compared to other type dyes such as azo and anthraquinone dye. The aim of this work is to evaluate triphenylmethane dye Cresol Red degradation by fungal strain isolated from the decayed wood in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Detailed taxonomic studies identified the organisms as Trichoderma species and designated as strain Trichoderma harzianum M06. In this study, Cresol Red was decolorized up to 88% within 30 days under agitation condition by Trichoderma harzianum M06. Data analysis revealed that a pH value of 3 yielded a highest degradation rate among pH concentrations (73%), salinity concentrations of 100 g/L (73%), and a volume of 0.1 mL of Tween 80 (79%). Induction in the enzyme activities of manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2- and 2,3-dioxygenase indicates their involvement in Cresol Red removal. Various analytical studies such as Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the biotransformation of Cresol Red by the fungus. Two metabolites were identified in the treated medium: 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (t R 7.3 min and m/z 355) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (t R 8.6 min and m/z 267). Based on these products, a probable pathway has been proposed for the degradation of Cresol Red by Trichoderma harzianum M06.
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