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  1. The effects of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) supplementation on bone biochemical parameters in ovariectomized rats
    Mohamed N, Yin CM, Shuid AN, Muhammad N, Babji AS, Soelaiman IN
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2013 Sep;26(5):1027-31.
    PMID: 24035963
    Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja) contains high mineral content and possesses high antioxidant activity which may be beneficial in bone disorder such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. The effects of C. caudatus on bone metabolism biomarkers in ovariectomized rats were studied. 48 Sprague-Dawley rats aged three months were divided into 6 groups. One group of rats was sham-operated while the remaining rats were ovariectomized. The ovariectomized rats were further divided into 5 groups: the control, three groups force-fed with C. caudatus at the doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg or 300mg/kg and another group supplemented with calcium 1% ad libitum. Treatments were given 6 days per week for a period of eight weeks. Blood samples were collected twice; before and after treatment. Parameters measured were bone resorbing cytokine; interleukin-1 and the bone biomarkers; osteocalcin and pyridinoline. Serum IL-1 and pyridinoline levels were significantly increased in ovariectomized rats. Supplementation of C. caudatus was able to prevent the increase of IL-1 and pyridinoline in ovariectomized rats. Besides that, C. caudatus showed the same effect as calcium 1% on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. In conclusion, Cosmos caudatus was as effective as calcium in preventing the increase in bone resorption in ovariectomized rats.
  2. Fulltext Temperature-insensitive bend sensor using entirely centered Erbium doping in the fiber core
    Ahmad H, Zulkifli MZ, Muhammad FD, Samangun JM, Abdul-Rashid HA, Harun SW
    Sensors (Basel), 2013;13(7):9536-46.
    PMID: 23881146 DOI: 10.3390/s130709536
    A fiber based bend sensor using a uniquely designed Bend-Sensitive Erbium Doped Fiber (BSEDF) is proposed and demonstrated. The BSEDF has two core regions, namely an undoped outer region with a diameter of about 9.38 μm encompassing a doped, inner core region with a diameter of 4.00 μm. The doped core region has about 400 ppm of an Er2O3 dopant. Pumping the BSEDF with a conventional 980 nm laser diode gives an Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) spectrum spanning from 1,510 nm to over 1,560 nm at the output power level of about -58 dBm. The ASE spectrum has a peak power of -52 dBm at a central wavelength of 1,533 nm when not spooled. Spooling the BSEDF with diameters of 10 cm to 2 cm yields decreasing peak powers from -57.0 dBm to -61.8 dBm, while the central wavelength remains unchanged. The output is highly stable over time, with a low temperature sensitivity of around ~0.005 dBm/°C, thus allowing for the development of a highly stable sensor system based in the change of the peak power alone.
  3. Fulltext Ultracision versus electrocautery in performing modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer: a prospective randomized control trial
    Muhammad R, Johann KF, Saladina JJ, Mohd Latar NH, Niza ASS
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Jun;68(3):204-7.
    PMID: 23749007 MyJurnal
    Treatment for breast cancer has improved dramatically over the decades. Nevertheless, modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection remains the standard treatment for most patients, especially those with big tumours. The conventional technology is to use diathermy to cut and coagulate blood vessels. The Ultracision dissector has been widely used in laparoscopic surgery and is documented to be safe and fast for cutting and coagulating tissue. The aim of this study is to compare ultracision to electrocautery, looking in terms of amount of post operative drainage, duration of drain days, seroma formation and other complications.
  4. Fulltext Correction of severe thoracolumbar spondylolisthesis (grade 4) secondary to neurofibromatosis with posterior spinal instrumented fusion alone. A case report
    Muhammad MT, Kwan MK, Chan CY, Lim BS, Goh DW
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):633-5.
    PMID: 23770965 MyJurnal
    A 15-year-old teenager with Type 1 Neurofibromatosis presented with grade 4 spondylolisthesis over T12/L1 junction resulting paraparesis (Frankel D). Radiograph showed a Cobb angle of 88 degrees. Computed tomography scan showed dysplastic vertebral bodies, pedicles and facet joints of T11, T12 and L1 vertebra with complete T12/L1 facets dislocation. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed presence of spinal cord compression. He underwent posterior instrumentation and posterolateral fusion (T8 to L4) using hybrid instrumentation. Extensive corticotomy of the posterior elements was followed by the use of large amount of bone graft. Post operatively, his neurology improved markedly back to normal. Radiographs showed a good correction of the deformity. He was immobilized in a thoracolumbar orthosis for six months. A solid posterior fusion was achieved at six months follow up. At 36-month follow up, he remained asymptomatic. This case report illustrates a successful treatment of a grade 4 thoracolumbar spondylolisthesis secondary to neurofibromatosis with posterior spinal fusion alone.
  5. S-band multiwavelength Brillouin/Raman distributed Bragg reflector fiber lasers
    Zulkifli MZ, Ahmad H, Taib JM, Muhammad FD, Dimyati K, Harun SW
    Appl Opt, 2013 Jun 1;52(16):3753-6.
    PMID: 23736330 DOI: 10.1364/AO.52.003753
    A multiwavelength Brillouin/Raman distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser operating in the S-band region is proposed and demonstrated. The laser uses a 7.7 km long dispersion-shifted fiber with an effective mode area of 15 μm(2) as the Brillouin and Raman gain media simultaneously. Two 1420 nm laser diodes with a combined power of 372 mW are used as pump sources, while a fiber Bragg grating with a center wavelength of 1500 nm is used as a reflector in the cavity. The setup is capable of generating 6 clearly defined Stokes lines at the highest pump power, spanning from 1499.8 to 1500.3 nm with the even Stokes having relatively higher peak powers, between 1.4 and 3.5 dBm as compared to the odd Stokes, which have peak powers between -4.7 and -5.0 dBm. The output of the laser is very stable and shows little to no fluctuations over a monitoring period of 50 min.
  6. Fulltext Acuminatol and other antioxidative resveratrol oligomers from the stem bark of Shorea acuminata
    Muhammad N, Din LB, Sahidin I, Hashim SF, Ibrahim N, Zakaria Z, et al.
    Molecules, 2012 Jul 30;17(8):9043-55.
    PMID: 22847143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089043
    A new resveratrol dimer, acuminatol (1), was isolated along with five known compounds from the acetone extract of the stem bark of Shorea acuminata. Their structures and stereochemistry were determined by spectroscopic methods, which included the extensive use of 2D NMR techniques. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA) and the β-carotene-linoleic acid (BCLA) assays, and compared with those of the standards of ascorbic acid (AscA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). All compounds tested exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (IC₅₀s 0.84 to 10.06 mM) and displayed strong inhibition of β-carotene oxidation (IC₅₀s 0.10 to 0.22 mM). The isolated compounds were evaluated on the Vero cell line and were found to be non-cytotoxic with LC₅₀ values between 161 to 830 µM.
  7. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia 13 years post renal transplant following a recurrent cytomegalovirus infection
    Muhammad Iqbal AH, Lim SK, Ng KP, Tan LP, Chong YB, Keng TC
    Transpl Infect Dis, 2012 Aug;14(4):E23-6.
    PMID: 22551151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00738.x
    Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP) is a rare but serious infection that usually occurs within a year after solid organ transplantation. PCP may occur after 1 year post transplantation, but the rate is reported to be very low. Studies have shown an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid organ transplant patients and an increased risk of opportunistic infection. This increased risk is thought to be a result of the immunomodulatory effects of the CMV infection. We present a case of PCP infection occurring 13 years after a renal transplantation. This occurred following a recurrent CMV infection while the patient was on low-dose immunosuppressants.
  8. Discrepancy between the quantitative ultrasound value of Malaysian men and the manufacturer's reference and the impact on classification of bone health status
    Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Mohamed N, Shuid AN, Muhammad N, et al.
    J Clin Densitom, 2013 Apr-Jun;16(2):189-95.
    PMID: 22572528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.03.004
    The local normative value in quantitative ultrasound (QUS) equipment needs to be established for wider application and accurate classification of patients into respective fracture risk groups. The present study aimed to establish the calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) value for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia and determine the difference between calcaneal SOS of the local population and the reference values provided by the manufacturer for each age group. This study will also determine the effect of using the manufacturer's young adult (20-29yr) reference or the local young adult reference to classify the subjects into the respective risk groups. Eight hundred forty Malay and Chinese men residing in central peninsular Malaysia were recruited and their calcaneal QUS value was determined using the CM-200 machine (Furuno Electric, Nishinomiya City, Japan). The results showed that the differences in SOS values between Chinese and Malay men were not significant across all the age groups studied (p>0.05). The age-dependent reduction of SOS value assumed a biphasic form, which was evident at 30-39yr and older than 60yr. The calcaneal SOS of the subject under study was significantly higher as compared with the manufacturer's reference (based on Japanese population) in all groups aged 40yr and older (p<0.05). A significant proportion of the subjects in the osteoporosis group was misclassified using the manufacturer's young adult reference as compared with using the local young adult reference (p<0.05). In conclusion, the overall normative value of SOS obtained was suitable for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia, and a local reference value should be applied to avoid misclassification of subjects into the respective risk groups.
  9. Fulltext Eurycoma longifolia upregulates osteoprotegerin gene expression in androgen- deficient osteoporosis rat model
    Shuid AN, El-arabi E, Effendy NM, Razak HS, Muhammad N, Mohamed N, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:152.
    PMID: 22967165 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-152
    Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has been shown recently to protect against bone calcium loss in orchidectomised rats, the model for androgen-deficient osteoporosis. The mechanism behind this is unclear but it may be related to its ability to elevate testosterone levels or it may directly affect bone remodeling. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism involved by investigating the effects of EL extract on serum testosterone levels, bone biomarkers, biomechanical strength and gene expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (MCSF) in orchidectomised rats.
  10. Labisia pumila protects the bone of estrogen-deficient rat model: a histomorphometric study
    Fathilah SN, Nazrun Shuid A, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Nirwana Soelaiman I
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2012 Jun 26;142(1):294-9.
    PMID: 22542643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.029
    Labisia pumila var. alata (LP) is a phytoestrogenic herb with potential as an alternative to Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. LP has been reported to produce similar effects to ERT on the bone markers, but could not match ERT in terms of maintaining the bone calcium in postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. This study aimed to examine in detail the effects of LP on the bone of postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model using bone histomorphometry.
  11. PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene among Haruan (Channa striatus) in Malaysia
    Rahim MH, Ismail P, Alias R, Muhammad N, Mat Jais AM
    Gene, 2012 Feb 15;494(1):1-10.
    PMID: 22197656 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.015
    Haruan (Channa striatus) is in great demand in the Malaysian domestic fish market. In the present study, mtDNA cyt b was used to investigate genetic variation of C. striatus among populations in Peninsular Malaysia. The overall population of C. striatus demonstrated a high level of haplotype diversity (h) and a low-to-moderate level of nucleotide diversity (π). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results showed a significantly different genetic differentiation among 6 populations (F(ST)=0.37566, P=0.01). Gene flow (Nm) was high and ranged from 0.32469 to infinity (∞). No significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance was detected. A UPGMA tree based on the distance matrix of net interpopulation nucleotide divergence (d(A)) and haplotype network of mtDNA cyt b revealed that C. striatus is divided into 2 major clades. The neutrality and mismatch distribution tests for all populations suggested that C. striatus in the study areas had undergone population expansion. The estimated time of population expansion in the mtDNA cyt b of C. striatus populations occurred 0.72-6.19 million years ago. Genetic diversity of mtDNA cyt b and population structure among Haruan populations in Peninsular Malaysia will be useful in fisheries management for standardization for Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) in fish-farming technology, as well as providing the basis for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).
  12. Fulltext Dengue epidemic in Malaysia: Not a predominantly urban disease anymore
    Muhammad Azami NA, Salleh SA, Neoh HM, Syed Zakaria SZ, Jamal R
    BMC Res Notes, 2011;4:216.
    PMID: 21714858 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-216
    BACKGROUND:
    Dengue infection has been an important and serious public health concern in Malaysia ever since its first reported case here in 1902. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no nationwide investigation has been carried out to determine the actual magnitude of dengue endemicity in the Malaysian population. In this study, we describe a cross sectional seroepidemiology study of dengue IgG seroprevalence in the Malaysian adult population.

    FINDINGS:
    From 1000 subjects (35-74 years old), 91.6% subjects were found to be dengue seropositive. Age is found to be a significant risk factor associated with dengue seroposivity, where the seroprevalence increased with every 10 year increase in age. Nevertheless, gender and ethnicity did not have an effect. Interestingly, there were similar seroprevalence rates between urban and rural samples, showing that dengue is presently not confined to urban areas in Malaysia.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    High dengue IgG seropositivity found in the population is an indication that dengue might be endemic in Malaysia for a long time into the future. Public awareness, proper vector control and vigilant surveillance are critical to keep the infection rates low and to prevent outbreaks.
  13. Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia
    Sulaiman S, Shahril MR, Shaharudin SH, Emran NA, Muhammad R, Ismail F, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(9):2167-78.
    PMID: 22296351
    BACKGROUND: Fat intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology of breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent.

    OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk with fat and fat subtypes intake.

    METHODOLOGY: This is a population based case-control study conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from January 2006 to December 2007. Food intake pattern was collected from 382 breast cancer patients and 382 control group via an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders was included in analysis.

    RESULTS: This study showed that both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk did not increase significantly with greater intake of total fat [quartile (Q) 4 versus Q1 OR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.23-2.45 and OR=1.36, 95% CI, 0.30-3.12], saturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.43, 95% CI, 0.51-3.98 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.75, 95% CI, 0.62-3.40), monounsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.96, 95% CI, 0.34-1.72 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.74, 95% CI, 0.22-2.79), polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.64, 95% CI, 0.23-1.73 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.74, 95% CI, 0.39-1.81), n-3 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.10, 95% CI, 0.49-2.48 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.78, 95% CI, 0.28-2.18), n-6 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.67, 95% CI, 0.24-1.84 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.71, 95% CI, 0.29-1.04) or energy intake (ORQ4 to Q1=1.52, 95% CI, 0.68-3.38 and ORQ4 to Q1=2.21, 95% CI, 0.93-3.36).

    CONCLUSION: Total fat and fat subtypes were not associated with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk after controlling for age, other breast cancer risk factors and energy intake. Despite the lack of association, the effects of total fat and fat subtypes intake during premenopausal years towards postmenopausal breast cancer risk still warrant investigation.

  14. Dissolution and delignification of bamboo biomass using amino acid-based ionic liquid
    Muhammad N, Man Z, Bustam MA, Mutalib MI, Wilfred CD, Rafiq S
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2011 Oct;165(3-4):998-1009.
    PMID: 21720837 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9315-y
    In the present work, the dissolution of bamboo biomass was tested using a number of ionic liquids synthesized in laboratory. It was observed that one of the synthesized amino acid-based ionic liquids, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium glycinate, was capable of dissolving the biomass completely. The dissolved biomass was then regenerated using a reconstitute solvent (acetone/water) and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared to preconditioned bamboo biomass. The regenerated biomass was found to have a more homogenous macrostructure, which indicates that the crystalline form and structure of its cellulose has changed from type Ι to type ΙΙ during the dissolution and regeneration process.
  15. The ribosomal protein L19 mRNA is induced by copper exposure in the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri
    Aliza D, Tey CL, Ismail IS, Kuah MK, Shu-Chien AC, Muhammad TS
    Mol Biol Rep, 2012 Apr;39(4):4823-9.
    PMID: 21956757 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1275-3
    Teleosts are useful vertebrate model species for understanding copper toxicity due to the dual entry route for copper intake via the gills and intestine. In this present study, we utilized the differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to isolate potential novel hepatic genes induced by sublethal copper exposure in the freshwater swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. Full length cloning of a cDNA fragment induced by copper exposure to 1 μg/ml during 24 h resulted in the positive identification of a hepatic ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19) gene. Further characterization of this gene revealed that its transcriptional expression was dependent on dosage and time of copper exposure. This study describes for the first time the involvement of RPL19 in copper toxicity, probably as a result of increase in ribosome synthesis rate to support activities such as cellular protein translation, transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization during sublethal copper exposure.
  16. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of the leaves of Tetracera scandens Linn. Merr. (Dilleniaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats
    Umar A, Ahmed QU, Muhammad BY, Dogarai BB, Soad SZ
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Aug 19;131(1):140-5.
    PMID: 20600771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.016
    The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of the leaves of Tetracera scandens Linn. Merr. (Dilleniaceae) in vivo with regard to prove its efficacy by local herbalists in the treatment of diabetes frailties.
  17. Fulltext Expression and mutational analysis of GATA3 in Malaysian breast carcinomas
    Bong PN, Zakaria Z, Muhammad R, Abdullah N, Ibrahim N, Emran NA, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2010 Dec;32(2):117-22.
    PMID: 21329183 MyJurnal
    The GATA3 gene is a potential tumour marker and putative tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer. Its expression is associated with better prognosis and disease free survival in breast cancer patients. We aimed to evaluate GATA3 transcriptome expression and mutation in breast carcinomas and correlate its expression with oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), lymph node (LN) status, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression. Twenty-two breast infiltrating ductal carcinomas and paired normal tissues were used in Branch DNA assay to detect GATA3 mRNA expression. Normalized data for GATA3 mRNA expression were grouped according to the ER, PR and LN status, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression of the tumours. Statistical significance was tested using t-test and ANOVA at 95% confidence interval level. Mutational analysis of GATA3 was performed by direct sequencing of the coding regions of GATA3 mRNA. Our findings showed that GATA3 gene were over-expressed and under-expressed by > 2 fold change in 12 and 4 tested samples, respectively. Eighty per cent of ER positive breast carcinomas were GATA3 positive. There was a statistically significant correlation between GATA3 expression and ER at 95% confidence interval level between the study groups. On the contrary, GATA3 expression was not statistically significant with PR, LN, tumour grade and c-erbB-2 expression in our study. In addition, we observed that there was no mutation in mRNA coding region in 16 breast carcinomas that showed GATA3 differential gene expression. Our preliminary results suggested that GATA3 is linked to the ER. This scenario suggests that GATA3 may play a crucial role in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients. Whether GATA3 expression is involved in regulating tumour cell growth in oestrogen responsive breast cancer is a key question that remains to be answered.
  18. The anti-osteoporotic effect of Eurycoma Longifolia in aged orchidectomised rat model
    Shuid AN, Abu Bakar MF, Abdul Shukor TA, Muhammad N, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN
    Aging Male, 2011 Sep;14(3):150-4.
    PMID: 20874437 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2010.511327
    Osteoporosis in elderly men is becoming an important health issue with the aging society. Elderly men with androgen deficiency are exposed to osteoporosis and can be treated with testosterone replacement. In this study, Eurycoma longifolia (EL), a plant with androgenic effects, was supplemented to an androgen-deficient osteoporotic aged rat as alternative to testosterone. Aged 12 months old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups of normal control (NC), sham-operated (SO), orchidectomised-control (OrxC), orchidectomised and supplemented with EL (Orx + El) and orchidectomised and given testosterone (Orx + T). After 6 weeks of treatment, serum osteocalcin, serum terminal C-telopeptide Type 1 collagen (CTX) and the fourth lumbar bone calcium were measured. There were no significant differences in the osteocalcin levels before and after treatment in all the groups. The CTX levels were also similar for all the groups before treatment. However, after treatment, orchidectomy had caused significant elevation of CTX compared to normal control rats. Testosterone replacements in orchidectomised rats were able to prevent the rise of CTX. Orchidectomy had also reduced the bone calcium level compared to normal control rats. Both testosterone replacement and EL supplementation to orchidectomised rats were able to maintain the bone calcium level, with the former showing better effects. As a conclusion, EL prevented bone calcium loss in orchidectomised rats and therefore has the potential to be used as an alternative treatment for androgen deficient osteoporosis.
  19. Adolescent pregnancy outcomes and risk factors in Malaysia
    Omar K, Hasim S, Muhammad NA, Jaffar A, Hashim SM, Siraj HH
    Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2010 Dec;111(3):220-3.
    PMID: 20800837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.06.023
    OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcomes and risk factors of adolescent pregnancies in 2 major hospitals in Malaysia.
    METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of pregnant girls aged 10 through 19 years. The controls were women aged 20 through 35 years who did not become pregnant in their adolescence. Cases and controls were matched for parity and place of delivery. Data were collected from questionnaires and the hospitals' medical records.
    RESULTS: The study included 102 cases and 102 controls. There were significant associations between adolescent pregnancy and low education level, low socioeconomic status, being raised by a single parent, not engaging in extracurricular school activities, engaging in unsupervised activities with peers after school, and substance abuse (P<0.05 for all); being anemic, being unsure of the expected delivery date, and having few antenatal visits and a late delivery booking; and low Apgar scores and perinatal complications.
    CONCLUSION: Adolescent pregnancies are high-risk pregnancies. Better sexual health strategies are required to address the associated complications.
  20. Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide inhibit cytochrome P450s in HepG2 hepatoma cells
    Ooi JP, Kuroyanagi M, Sulaiman SF, Muhammad TS, Tan ML
    Life Sci, 2011 Feb 28;88(9-10):447-54.
    PMID: 21219911 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.019
    Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have been implicated in a large number of preventable drug-herb interactions. Andrographis paniculata Nees, a tropical herb widely used for various health conditions contains two major diterpenoids, andrographolide and 14-Deoxy-11, 12-Didehydroandrographolide. These compounds were evaluated systematically for their effects on CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 expressions in HepG2 cells.
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