Displaying publications 261 - 280 of 676 in total

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  1. Fulltext A Hendra virus G glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge
    Bossart KN, Rockx B, Feldmann F, Brining D, Scott D, LaCasse R, et al.
    Sci Transl Med, 2012 Aug 08;4(146):146ra107.
    PMID: 22875827 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004241
    In the 1990s, Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV), two closely related and previously unrecognized paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease and death in humans and a variety of animals, were discovered in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. Outbreaks of disease have occurred nearly every year since NiV was first discovered, with case fatality ranging from 10 to 100%. In the African green monkey (AGM), NiV causes a severe lethal respiratory and/or neurological disease that essentially mirrors fatal human disease. Thus, the AGM represents a reliable disease model for vaccine and therapeutic efficacy testing. We show that vaccination of AGMs with a recombinant subunit vaccine based on the henipavirus attachment G glycoprotein affords complete protection against subsequent NiV infection with no evidence of clinical disease, virus replication, or pathology observed in any challenged subjects. Success of the recombinant subunit vaccine in nonhuman primates provides crucial data in supporting its further preclinical development for potential human use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/pathogenicity
  2. Fulltext Effects of urbanization on host-pathogen interactions, using Yersinia in house sparrows as a model
    Rouffaer LO, Strubbe D, Teyssier A, Salleh Hudin N, Van den Abeele AM, Cox I, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(12):e0189509.
    PMID: 29281672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189509
    Urbanization strongly affects biodiversity, altering natural communities and often leading to a reduced species richness. Yet, despite its increasingly recognized importance, how urbanization impacts on the health of individual animals, wildlife populations and on disease ecology remains poorly understood. To test whether, and how, urbanization-driven ecosystem alterations influence pathogen dynamics and avian health, we use house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Yersinia spp. (pathogenic for passerines) as a case study. Sparrows are granivorous urban exploiters, whose western European populations have declined over the past decades, especially in highly urbanized areas. We sampled 329 house sparrows originating from 36 populations along an urbanization gradient across Flanders (Belgium), and used isolation combined with 'matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization- time of flight mass spectrometry' (MALDI-TOF MS) and PCR methods for detecting the presence of different Yersinia species. Yersinia spp. were recovered from 57.43% of the sampled house sparrows, of which 4.06%, 53.30% and 69.54% were identified as Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica and other Yersinia species, respectively. Presence of Yersinia was related to the degree of urbanization, average daily temperatures and the community of granivorous birds present at sparrow capture locations. Body condition of suburban house sparrows was found to be higher compared to urban and rural house sparrows, but no relationships between sparrows' body condition and presence of Yersinia spp. were found. We conclude that two determinants of pathogen infection dynamics, body condition and pathogen occurrence, vary along an urbanization gradient, potentially mediating the impact of urbanization on avian health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Yersinia/pathogenicity*
  3. Fulltext Characterization of Plaque Variants and the Involvement of Quasi-Species in a Population of EV-A71
    Mandary MB, Masomian M, Ong SK, Poh CL
    Viruses, 2020 Jun 17;12(6).
    PMID: 32560288 DOI: 10.3390/v12060651
    Viral plaque morphologies in human cell lines are markers for growth capability and they have been used to assess the viral fitness and selection of attenuated mutants for live-attenuated vaccine development. In this study, we investigate whether the naturally occurring plaque size variation reflects the virulence of the variants of EV-A71. Variants of two different plaque sizes (big and small) from EV-A71 sub-genotype B4 strain 41 were characterized. The plaque variants displayed different in vitro growth kinetics compared to the parental wild type. The plaque variants showed specific mutations being present in each variant strain. The big plaque variants showed four mutations I97L, N104S, S246P and N282D in the VP1 while the small plaque variants showed I97T, N237T and T292A in the VP1. No other mutations were detected in the whole genome of the two variants. The variants showed stable homogenous small plaques and big plaques, respectively, when re-infected in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and Vero cells. The parental strain showed faster growth kinetics and had higher viral RNA copy number than both the big and small plaque variants. Homology modelling shows that both plaque variants have differences in the structure of the VP1 protein due to the presence of unique spontaneous mutations found in each plaque variant This study suggests that the EV-A71 sub-genotype B4 strain 41 has at least two variants with different plaque morphologies. These differences were likely due to the presence of spontaneous mutations that are unique to each of the plaque variants. The ability to maintain the respective plaque morphology upon passaging indicates the presence of quasi-species in the parental population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
  4. Fulltext Genetic diversity of Pantoea stewartii subspecies stewartii causing jackfruit-bronzing disease in Malaysia
    Abidin N, Ismail SI, Vadamalai G, Yusof MT, Hakiman M, Karam DS, et al.
    PLoS One, 2020;15(6):e0234350.
    PMID: 32530926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234350
    Jackfruit-bronzing is caused by bacteria Pantoea stewartii subspecies stewartii (P. stewartii subsp. stewartii), showing symptoms of yellowish-orange to reddish discolouration and rusty specks on pulps and rags of jackfruit. Twenty-eight pure bacterial strains were collected from four different jackfruit outbreak collection areas in Peninsular Malaysia (Jenderam, Maran, Muadzam Shah and Ipoh). Positive P. stewartii subsp. stewartii verification obtained in the study was based on the phenotypic, hypersensitivity, pathogenicity and molecular tests. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed using four housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoB, atpD and infB) on all 28 bacterial strains. Single gyrB, rpoB, atpD and infB phylogenetic trees analyses revealed the bootstrap value of 99-100% between our bacterial strains with P. stewartii subsp. stewartii reference strains and P. stewartii subsp. indologenes reference strains. On the other hand, phylogenetic tree of the concatenated sequences of the four housekeeping genes revealed that our 28 bacterial strains were more closely related to P. stewartii subsp. stewartii (99% similarities) compared to its close relative P. stewartii subsp. indologenes, although sequence similarity between these two subspecies were up to 100%. All the strains collected from the four collection areas clustered together, pointing to no variation among the bacterial strains. This study improves our understanding and provided new insight on the genetic diversity of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii associated with jackfruit-bronzing in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pantoea/pathogenicity*
  5. Fulltext YersiniaBase: a genomic resource and analysis platform for comparative analysis of Yersinia
    Tan SY, Dutta A, Jakubovics NS, Ang MY, Siow CC, Mutha NV, et al.
    BMC Bioinformatics, 2015;16:9.
    PMID: 25591325 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-014-0422-y
    Yersinia is a Gram-negative bacteria that includes serious pathogens such as the Yersinia pestis, which causes plague, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia enterocolitica. The remaining species are generally considered non-pathogenic to humans, although there is evidence that at least some of these species can cause occasional infections using distinct mechanisms from the more pathogenic species. With the advances in sequencing technologies, many genomes of Yersinia have been sequenced. However, there is currently no specialized platform to hold the rapidly-growing Yersinia genomic data and to provide analysis tools particularly for comparative analyses, which are required to provide improved insights into their biology, evolution and pathogenicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Yersinia/pathogenicity
  6. Fulltext Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China
    Sun Z, Thilakavathy K, Kumar SS, He G, Liu SV
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 Mar 03;17(5).
    PMID: 32138266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051633
    Within last 17 years two widespread epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in China, which were caused by related coronaviruses (CoVs): SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Although the origin(s) of these viruses are still unknown and their occurrences in nature are mysterious, some general patterns of their pathogenesis and epidemics are noticeable. Both viruses utilize the same receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-for invading human bodies. Both epidemics occurred in cold dry winter seasons celebrated with major holidays, and started in regions where dietary consumption of wildlife is a fashion. Thus, if bats were the natural hosts of SARS-CoVs, cold temperature and low humidity in these times might provide conducive environmental conditions for prolonged viral survival in these regions concentrated with bats. The widespread existence of these bat-carried or -released viruses might have an easier time in breaking through human defenses when harsh winter makes human bodies more vulnerable. Once succeeding in making some initial human infections, spreading of the disease was made convenient with increased social gathering and holiday travel. These natural and social factors influenced the general progression and trajectory of the SARS epidemiology. However, some unique factors might also contribute to the origination of SARS in Wuhan. These factors are discussed in different scenarios in order to promote more research for achieving final validation.
    Matched MeSH terms: SARS Virus/pathogenicity*
  7. Fulltext Prevalence of adhesion and regulation of biofilm-related genes in different clones of Staphylococcus aureus
    Atshan SS, Nor Shamsudin M, Sekawi Z, Lung LT, Hamat RA, Karunanidhi A, et al.
    J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012;2012:976972.
    PMID: 22701309 DOI: 10.1155/2012/976972
    Clinical information about genotypically different clones of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus is largely unknown. We examined whether different clones of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA) differ with respect to staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) in biofilm formation. The study used 60 different types of spa and determined the phenotypes, the prevalence of the 13 MSCRAMM, and biofilm genes for each clone. The current investigation was carried out using a modified Congo red agar (MCRA), a microtiter plate assay (MPA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clones belonging to the same spa type were found to have similar properties in adheringto the polystyrene microtiter plate surface. However, their ability to produce slime on MCRA medium was different. PCR experiments showed that 60 clones of MSSA and MRSA were positive for 5 genes (out of 9 MSCRAMM genes). icaADBC genes were found to be present in all the 60 clones tested indicating a high prevalence, and these genes were equally distributed among the clones associated with MSSA and those with MRSA. The prevalence of other MSCRAMM genes among MSSA and MRSA clones was found to be variable. MRSA and MSSA gene expression (MSCRAMM and icaADBC) was confirmed by RT-PCR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity
  8. Fulltext Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Vibrio cholerae in comparison with pulsed field gel electrophoresis and virulotyping
    Teh CS, Chua KH, Thong KL
    J Biomed Biotechnol, 2010;2010:817190.
    PMID: 20671932 DOI: 10.1155/2010/817190
    Molecular analysis of Malaysian Vibrio cholerae was carried out using a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) assay based on 7 loci of V. cholerae. The discriminatory ability of the assay was compared with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using 43 Malaysian V. cholerae isolated from various sources. In addition, the virulotypes of the strains were determined. Based on MLVA, 38 allelic profiles were obtained (F = 0.63) while PFGE generated 35 pulsotypes (F = 0.71). Simpson's index of diversity for different VNTR loci ranged from 0.59 to 0.92. The combined loci increased the discriminatory index to 0.99 which was comparable with PFGE (D = 0.99). Most of the environmental non-O1/non-O139 strains harbored rtxA, rstR, toxR, and hlyA only, and the virulotype of this serogroup was significantly different (P < .01) from clinical/environmental O1 and environmental O139 strains. In conclusion, the MLVA assay developed in this study was a useful genotyping tool with comparable discriminatory power with PFGE. In addition, the combination of the two approaches can further distinguish the strains from different sources and geographical regions of isolation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity*
  9. Fulltext Paratyphoid fever: splicing the global analyses
    Teh CS, Chua KH, Thong KL
    Int J Med Sci, 2014;11(7):732-41.
    PMID: 24904229 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7768
    The incidence of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) is increasing in many parts of the world. Although there is no major outbreak of paratyphoid fever in recent years, S. Paratyphi A infection still remains a public health problem in many tropical countries. Therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic countries such as India, Nepal, Pakistan and China. In China, enteric fever was caused predominantly by S. Paratyphi A rather than by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Sometimes, S. Paratyphi A infection can evolve into a carrier state which increases the risk of transmission for travellers. Hence, paratyphoid fever is usually classified as a "travel-associated" disease. To date, diagnosis of paratyphoid fever based on the clinical presentation is not satisfactory as it resembles other febrile illnesses, and could not be distinguished from S. Typhi infection. With the availability of Whole Genome Sequencing technology, the genomes of S. Paratyphi A could be studied in-depth and more specific targets for detection will be revealed. Hence, detection of S. Paratyphi A with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method appears to be a more reliable approach compared to the Widal test. On the other hand, due to increasing incidence of S. Paratyphi A infections worldwide, the need to produce a paratyphoid vaccine is essential and urgent. Hence various vaccine projects that involve clinical trials have been carried out. Overall, this review provides the insights of S. Paratyphi A, including the bacteriology, epidemiology, management and antibiotic susceptibility, diagnoses and vaccine development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella paratyphi A/pathogenicity*
  10. Fulltext Expression patterns of genes involved in the defense and stress response of Spiroplasma citri infected Madagascar Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus
    Nejat N, Vadamalai G, Dickinson M
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(2):2301-2313.
    PMID: 22408455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022301
    Madagascar periwinkle is an ornamental and a medicinal plant, and is also an indicator plant that is highly susceptible to phytoplasma and spiroplasma infections from different crops. Periwinkle lethal yellows, caused by Spiroplasma citri, is one of the most devastating diseases of periwinkle. The response of plants to S. citri infection is very little known at the transcriptome level. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to investigate the expression levels of four selected genes involved in defense and stress responses in naturally and experimentally Spiroplasma citri infected periwinkles. Strictosidine β-glucosidase involved in terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) biosynthesis pathway showed significant upregulation in experimentally and naturally infected periwinkles. The transcript level of extensin increased in leaves of periwinkles experimentally infected by S. citri in comparison to healthy ones. A similar level of heat shock protein 90 and metallothionein expression was observed in healthy, naturally and experimentally spiroplasma-diseased periwinkles. Overexpression of Strictosidine β-glucosidase demonstrates the potential utility of this gene as a host biomarker to increase the fidelity of S. citri detection and can also be used in breeding programs to develop stable disease-resistance varieties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spiroplasma citri/pathogenicity*
  11. Fulltext Antibody Responses to Helicobacter pylori and Risk of Developing Colorectal Cancer in a European Cohort
    Butt J, Jenab M, Pawlita M, Tjønneland A, Kyrø C, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al.
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2020 Jul;29(7):1475-1481.
    PMID: 32332031 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1545
    BACKGROUND: While Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the major cause of gastric cancer, it has also been suggested to be involved in colorectal cancer development. However, prospective studies addressing H. pylori and colorectal cancer are sparse and inconclusive. We assessed the association of antibody responses to H. pylori proteins with colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.

    METHODS: We applied H. pylori multiplex serology to measure antibody responses to 13 H. pylori proteins in prediagnostic serum samples from 485 colorectal cancer cases and 485 matched controls nested within the EPIC study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable conditional logistic regression to estimate the association of H. pylori overall and protein-specific seropositivity with odds of developing colorectal cancer.

    RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of colorectal cancer cases were H. pylori seropositive compared with 44% of controls, resulting in an OR of 1.36 (95% CI, 1.00-1.85). Among the 13 individual H. pylori proteins, the association was driven mostly by seropositivity to Helicobacter cysteine-rich protein C (HcpC; OR: 1.66; 95% CI, 1.19-2.30) and Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) (OR: 1.34; 95% CI, 0.99-1.82), the latter being nonstatistically significant only in the fully adjusted model.

    CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective multicenter European study, antibody responses to H. pylori proteins, specifically HcpC and VacA, were associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.

    IMPACT: Biological mechanisms for a potential causal role of H. pylori in colorectal carcinogenesis need to be elucidated, and subsequently whether H. pylori eradication may decrease colorectal cancer incidence.

    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity*
  12. Fulltext Population genomics reveals additive and replacing horizontal gene transfers in the emerging pathogen Dickeya solani
    Khayi S, Blin P, Pédron J, Chong TM, Chan KG, Moumni M, et al.
    BMC Genomics, 2015;16:788.
    PMID: 26467299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1997-z
    Dickeya solani is an emerging pathogen that causes soft rot and blackleg diseases in several crops including Solanum tuberosum, but little is known about its genomic diversity and evolution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/pathogenicity
  13. Fulltext Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in raw and cooked food
    Norazah A, Rahizan I, Zainuldin T, Rohani MY, Kamel AG
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1998 Mar;29(1):91-3.
    PMID: 9740276
    A total of 402 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from a variety of food samples and screened for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Screening was carried out using 15 specific monovalent antisera from Murex Diagnostic Limited. A total of 19 E. coli isolates were serotyped as EPEC. The EPEC strains were shown to belong to 8 serotypes. Eight out of 19 EPEC strains belonged to serotype 018C:K77 (B21). Seventeen out of 19 of the EPEC strains were isolated from cooked food. The presence of E. coli in cooked food is an indicator of fecal contamination and a sign of unhygienic food handling. The presence of EPEC in food could be a potential source of food-borne outbreak. Hygiene training for every food-handler is a necessity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli/pathogenicity*
  14. Fulltext Exotoxin profiles of Campylobacters isolated in Malaysia
    Tee TS, Devi S, Puthucheary SD, Kautner IM
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):443-8.
    PMID: 7777904
    Approximately 57% of clinical and 33% of poultry isolates examined produced a cytotoxin. Cytotoxic activity was detected in 25 (50%) isolates of Campylobacter of which 12 were isolated from bloody diarrhea and 9 from watery stools. The cytotoxin titers were low, ranging from 2 to 16. The crude filtrates from 50 Campylobacter isolates showed no cytotoxic effect in Vero cells, no fluid accumulation in suckling mice and no hemolytic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Campylobacter/pathogenicity
  15. Long term maintenance of Toxoplasma gondii (Rh strain) in Vero cell line and use of harvested antigens for immunodiagnosis
    Suresh K, Mak JW, Yong HS
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1991 Dec;22 Suppl:124-8.
    PMID: 1822869
    Thirty in vitro serial passages of Toxoplasman gondii cultures in Vero cell line performed once in every five days had a mean increase in parasite count of 74.4 +/- 14.8 times from that of initial counts. Long term cultures in Vero cell line did not alter the virulence of the parasite. The good correlation (r = 0.99) between the IFA titer and ELISA OD values using the parasite antigens from in vitro sources indicates that long term maintenance of T. gondii in culture does not affect significantly the ability to recognize antibodies to surface and soluble antigens. The results also show that soluble antigens containing host cells can be directly used for immunodiagnostic purposes without purification. The in vitro maintenance of T. gondii is safer and cheaper when compared to the in vivo method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxoplasma/pathogenicity
  16. A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus
    Mustaffa-Babjee A, Ibrahim AL, Khim TS
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1976 Dec;7(4):622-4.
    PMID: 1025751
    A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.
    Matched MeSH terms: Newcastle disease virus/pathogenicity*
  17. Detection of virulent Newcastle disease virus using a phage-capturing dot blot assay
    Lee TC, Yusoff K, Nathan S, Tan WS
    J Virol Methods, 2006 Sep;136(1-2):224-9.
    PMID: 16797732
    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains can be classified as virulent or avirulent based upon the severity of the disease. Differentiation of the virus into virulent and avirulent is necessary for effective control of the disease. Biopanning experiments were performed using a disulfide constrained phage displayed heptapeptide library against three pathotypes of NDV strains: velogenic (highly virulent), mesogenic (moderately virulent) and lentogenic (avirulent). A phage clone bearing the peptide sequence SWGEYDM capable of distinguishing virulent from avirulent NDV strains was isolated. This phage clone was employed as a diagnostic reagent in a dot blot assay and it successfully detected only virulent NDV strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Newcastle disease virus/pathogenicity*
  18. Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region: comparative analysis of the VP1 and VP4 genes
    Cardosa MJ, Perera D, Brown BA, Cheon D, Chan HM, Chan KP, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2003 Apr;9(4):461-8.
    PMID: 12702227
    This study provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) in the Asia-Pacific region from 1997 through 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 and VP1 genes of recent HEV71 strains indicates that several genogroups of the virus have been circulating in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. The first of these recent outbreaks, described in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) in 1997, was caused by genogroup B3. This outbreak was followed by large outbreaks in Taiwan in 1998, caused by genogroup C2, and in Perth (Western Australia) in 1999, where viruses belonging to genogroups B3 and C2 cocirculated. Singapore, Taiwan, and Sarawak had HEV71 epidemics in 2000, caused predominantly by viruses belonging to genogroup B4; however, large numbers of fatalities were observed only in Taiwan. HEV71 was identified during an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Korea; that epidemic was found to be due to viruses constituting a new genogroup, C3.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enterovirus/pathogenicity
  19. Fulltext High Pathogenicity of Nipah Virus from Pteropus lylei Fruit Bats, Cambodia
    Gaudino M, Aurine N, Dumont C, Fouret J, Ferren M, Mathieu C, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2020 01;26(1):104-113.
    PMID: 31855143 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.191284
    We conducted an in-depth characterization of the Nipah virus (NiV) isolate previously obtained from a Pteropus lylei bat in Cambodia in 2003 (CSUR381). We performed full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses and confirmed CSUR381 is part of the NiV-Malaysia genotype. In vitro studies revealed similar cell permissiveness and replication of CSUR381 (compared with 2 other NiV isolates) in both bat and human cell lines. Sequence alignments indicated conservation of the ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptor binding sites, the glycosylation site on the G attachment protein, as well as the editing site in phosphoprotein, suggesting production of nonstructural proteins V and W, known to counteract the host innate immunity. In the hamster animal model, CSUR381 induced lethal infections. Altogether, these data suggest that the Cambodia bat-derived NiV isolate has high pathogenic potential and, thus, provide insight for further studies and better risk assessment for future NiV outbreaks in Southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/pathogenicity*
  20. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity
    Ansari S, Yamaoka Y
    Toxins (Basel), 2019 Nov 19;11(11).
    PMID: 31752394 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110677
    Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world's population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. H. pylori has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche. Despite bacterial factors, gastric environmental factors and host genetic constituents together play a co-operative role for gastric pathogenicity. The virulence factors include bacterial colonization factors BabA, SabA, OipA, and HopQ, and the virulence factors necessary for gastric pathogenicity include the effector proteins like CagA, VacA, HtrA, and the outer membrane vesicles. Bacterial factors are considered more important. Here, we summarize the recent information to better understand several bacterial virulence factors and their role in the pathogenic mechanism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity*
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