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Cover Image, Volume 118, Number 9, September 2017

Priya R, Sneha P, Rivera Madrid R, Doss CGP, Singh P, Siva R

J Cell Biochem, 2017 Sep;118(9):i.
PMID: 28704593 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25708

Cover: The cover image, by R. Priya et al., is based on the Article Molecular Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of Arabidopsis Thaliana Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase Gene: A Comparison with Bixa orellana and Crocus Sativus, DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25919.
Fulltext Graphery: interactive tutorials for biological network algorithms

Zeng H, Zhang J, Preising GA, Rubel T, Singh P, Ritz A

Nucleic Acids Res, 2021 07 02;49(W1):W257-W262.
PMID: 34037782 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab420

Networks have been an excellent framework for modeling complex biological information, but the methodological details of network-based tools are often described for a technical audience. We have developed Graphery, an interactive tutorial webserver that illustrates foundational graph concepts frequently used in network-based methods. Each tutorial describes a graph concept along with executable Python code that can be interactively run on a graph. Users navigate each tutorial using their choice of real-world biological networks that highlight the diverse applications of network algorithms. Graphery also allows users to modify the code within each tutorial or write new programs, which all can be executed without requiring an account. Graphery accepts ideas for new tutorials and datasets that will be shaped by both computational and biological researchers, growing into a community-contributed learning platform. Graphery is available at https://graphery.reedcompbio.org/.
Fulltext Discordance between medication adherence and blood pressure control in primary care clinics in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: The problem of therapeutic inertia

Chan CW, Wang J, Bouniu JJ, Singh P, Teng CL

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2015;9(3):27-32.
MyJurnal

Poor adherence to anti-hypertensive agents may be a major contributor for suboptimal blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. This study was conducted to assess the adherence to antihypertensive agents using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) among primary care patients, and to determine whether the blood pressure control is associated with the level of adherence.
Preconcentration and speciation of arsenic by using a graphene oxide nanoconstruct functionalized with a hyperbranched polyethyleneimine

Ahmad H, Umar K, Ali SG, Singh P, Islam SS, Khan HM

Mikrochim Acta, 2018 05 10;185(6):290.
PMID: 29748777 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2829-z

A column sorbent for arsenic was obtained through immobilization of highly branched polyethylenimine (PEI) on graphene oxide (GO). The composite material enables speciation of arsenic by tuning the pH of the sample solution which governs the surface charge of the sorbent, depending on whether amino groups (-NH2) are present (at high pH) or ammonium groups (-NH3+; at low pH). The composite can be applied to improved speciation of arsenic (compared to unmodified GO). There is no need for oxidation or reduction of arsenic. A column procedure was applied for the sequestered extraction and speciation of As(III) and As(V) from environmental water samples before their determination by hydride generation-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The method has a preconcentration factor of 440 for As(III) and of 400 for As(V). The limits of detection (at 3 S/N) are extremely low, being 1.8 ± 0.2 ngL-1 for As(III) and 1.3 ± 0.08 ngL-1 for As(V). This is much lower than the arsenic guideline value of 10 μgL-1 as given by the WHO. Graphical abstract Graphene oxide interconnected with polyethyleneimine has been employed for the speciation and determination of arsenic. Quantitation by atomic emission spectroscopy reveals a high preconcentration factor (440 and 400) and low LODs of 1.8 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.08 ngL-1for As(III) and As(V), respectively.
Description of novel species of Aliinostoc, Desikacharya and Desmonostoc using a polyphasic approach

Kabirnataj S, Nematzadeh GA, Talebi AF, Saraf A, Suradkar A, Tabatabaei M, et al.

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2020 May;70(5):3413-3426.
PMID: 32375955 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004188

Five cyanobacterial strains with Nostoc-like morphology from different localities of the Mazandaran province of Iran were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Three strains clustered within the Aliinostoc clade whereas one each of the remaining two strains clustered within the genera Desmonostoc and Desikacharya. The phylogenetic positioning of all the strains by the bayesian inference, neighbour joining and maximum parsimony methods inferred using 16S rRNA gene indicated them to represent novel species of the genera Aliinostoc, Desmonostoc and Desikacharya. The 16S-23S ITS secondary structure analysis revealed that all five strains under study represented novel species unknown to science. In accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants we describe three novel species of the genus Aliinostoc and one species each of the genera Desmonostoc and Desikacharya.
The global burden of coeliac disease: opportunities and challenges

Makharia GK, Singh P, Catassi C, Sanders DS, Leffler D, Ali RAR, et al.

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022 Jan 03.
PMID: 34980921 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00552-z

Coeliac disease is a systemic disorder characterized by immune-mediated enteropathy, which is caused by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. The clinical presentation of coeliac disease is highly variable and ranges from malabsorption through solely extra-intestinal manifestations to asymptomatic. As a result, the majority of patients with coeliac disease remain undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or experience a substantial delay in diagnosis. Coeliac disease is diagnosed by a combination of serological findings of disease-related antibodies and histological evidence of villous abnormalities in duodenal biopsy samples. However, variability in histological grading and in the diagnostic performance of some commercially available serological tests remains unacceptably high and confirmatory assays are not readily available in many parts of the world. Currently, the only effective treatment for coeliac disease is a lifelong, strict, gluten-free diet. However, many barriers impede patients' adherence to this diet, including lack of widespread availability, high cost, cross-contamination and its overall restrictive nature. Routine follow-up is necessary to ensure adherence to a gluten-free diet but considerable variation is evident in follow-up protocols and the optimal disease management strategy is not clear. However, these challenges in the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease suggest opportunities for future research.
Fulltext Prevalence of oral tori and exostosis in Malaysian population - A cross-sectional study

Kumar Singh A, Sulugodu Ramachandra S, Arora S, Dicksit DD, Kalyan CG, Singh P

J Oral Biol Craniofac Res, 2017 Sep-Dec;7(3):158-160.
PMID: 29123992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.08.008

Introduction: Oral tori and exostosis are non-pathological bony protuberances seen on the alveolar surfaces of the jaw bones. These are commonly seen on the palatal surfaces of the maxilla [torus palatinus (TP)] and around the premolars in the lingual surface of the mandible [torus mandibularis (TM)]. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of tori/exostosis in the Malaysian population.

Methodology: A total of 2666 patients were examined for the presence of tori and exostosis in the maxilla and mandible and were categorized into TP, TM, and exostosis (facial/labial). Collected data was analysed for obtaining descriptive statistics.

Results: 882 subjects were noticed with oral tori/exostosis among the population studied with a prevalence rate of 33%. TP was seen more in females (35%), compared to males (20%), and this difference was statistically significant (p value p value
Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene by novel isolates from plastic-polluted environment

Singh P, Lau CSS, Siah SY, Chua KO, Ting ASY

Arch Microbiol, 2024 Mar 22;206(4):188.
PMID: 38519709 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03895-8

Biodegradation is an eco-friendly measure to address plastic pollution. This study screened four bacterial isolates that were capable of degrading recalcitrant polymers, i.e., low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene. The unique bacterial isolates were obtained from plastic polluted environment. Dermacoccus sp. MR5 (accession no. OP592184) and Corynebacterium sp. MR10 (accession no. OP536169) from Malaysian mangroves and Bacillus sp. BS5 (accession no. OP536168) and Priestia sp. TL1 (accession no. OP536170) from a sanitary landfill. The four isolates showed a gradual increase in the microbial count and the production of laccase and esterase enzymes after 4 weeks of incubation with the polymers (independent experiment set). Bacillus sp. BS5 produced the highest laccase 15.35 ± 0.19 U/mL and showed the highest weight loss i.e., 4.84 ± 0.6% for PS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups as a result of oxidation reactions by enzymes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the oxidation of the polymers to small molecules (alcohol, ethers, and acids) assimilated by the microbes during the degradation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed bacterial colonization, biofilm formation, and surface erosion on the polymer surface. The result provided significant insight into enzyme activities and the potential of isolates to target more than one type of polymer for degradation.
Fulltext Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review

Meskher H, Mustansar HC, Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Lynch I, Singh P, et al.

Nanoscale Adv, 2023 Feb 14;5(4):992-1010.
PMID: 36798507 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00236a

The current COVID-19 pandemic, with its numerous variants including Omicron which is 50-70% more transmissible than the previously dominant Delta variant, demands a fast, robust, cheap, and easily deployed identification strategy to reduce the chain of transmission, for which biosensors have been shown as a feasible solution at the laboratory scale. The use of nanomaterials has significantly enhanced the performance of biosensors, and the addition of CNTs has increased detection capabilities to an unrivaled level. Among the various CNT-based detection systems, CNT-based field-effect transistors possess ultra-sensitivity and low-noise detection capacity, allowing for immediate analyte determination even in the presence of limited analyte concentrations, which would be typical of early infection stages. Recently, CNT field-effect transistor-type biosensors have been successfully used in the fast diagnosis of COVID-19, which has increased research and commercial interest in exploiting current developments of CNT field-effect transistors. Recent progress in the design and deployment of CNT-based biosensors for viral monitoring are covered in this paper, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This work also highlights the enormous potential for synergistic effects of CNTs used in combination with other nanomaterials for viral detection.
Correction: Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review

Meskher H, Mustansar HC, Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Lynch I, Singh P, et al.

Nanoscale Adv, 2023 Oct 24;5(21):5983.
PMID: 37881720 DOI: 10.1039/d3na90097e

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D2NA00236A.].
Fulltext Serological response to influenza vaccination among children vaccinated for multiple influenza seasons

Rafiq S, Russell ML, Webby R, Fonseca K, Smieja M, Singh P, et al.

PLoS One, 2012;7(12):e51498.
PMID: 23240030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051498

BACKGROUND: To evaluate if, among children aged 3 to 15 years, influenza vaccination for multiple seasons affects the proportion sero-protected.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Participants were 131 healthy children aged 3-15 years. Participants were vaccinated with trivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV) over the 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-8 seasons. Number of seasons vaccinated were categorized as one (2007-08); two (2007-08 and 2006-07 or 2007-08 and 2005-06) or three (2005-06, 2006-07, and 2007-08). Pre- and post-vaccination sera were collected four weeks apart. Antibody titres were determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using antigens to A/Solomon Islands/03/06 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2) and B/Malaysia/2506/04. The proportions sero-protected were compared by number of seasons vaccinated using cut-points for seroprotection of 1:40 vs. 1:320. The proportions of children sero-protected against H1N1 and H3N2 was high (>85%) regardless of number of seasons vaccinated and regardless of cut-point for seroprotection. For B Malaysia there was no change in proportions sero-protected by number of seasons vaccinated; however the proportions protected were lower than for H1N1 and H3N2, and there was a lower proportion sero-protected when the higher, compared to lower, cut-point was used for sero-protection.
CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The proportion of children sero-protected is not affected by number of seasons vaccinated.
Fulltext A review about COVID-19 in the MENA region: environmental concerns and machine learning applications

Meskher H, Belhaouari SB, Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Singh P, Khelfaoui I, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Nov;29(55):82709-82728.
PMID: 36223015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23392-z

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has delayed global economic growth, which has affected the economic life globally. On the one hand, numerous elements in the environment impact the transmission of this new coronavirus. Every country in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area has a different population density, air quality and contaminants, and water- and land-related conditions, all of which influence coronavirus transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated fast evaluations to guide policymakers with timely evidence to respond to the situation. This review makes four unique contributions. One, many data about the transmission of the new coronavirus in various sorts of settings to provide clear answers to the current dispute over the virus's transmission were reviewed. Two, highlight the most significant application of machine learning to forecast and diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Three, our insights provide timely and accurate information along with compelling suggestions and methodical directions for investigators. Four, the present study provides decision-makers and community leaders with information on the effectiveness of environmental controls for COVID-19 dissemination.
Fulltext Ruptured Liver Abscess Post Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report

Isa MFM, Ghazi FN, Merican SRHI, Zulkifli AZ, Singh P

Prague Med Rep, 2024;125(3):273-278.
PMID: 39171554 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2024.25

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) caused imminent acute infection of respiratory tract known as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complications of hepatobiliary system especially liver often found in post-acute COVID-19 patients. However, there are only few studies specifically discussing about liver abscess in patients who had history of contracted COVID-19. We present a case of a 54-years-old gentleman with no previous medical illness and no history of vaccination, who was presented with ruptured liver abscess post COVID-19 infection Category 4 (symptomatic with lung infection and the need of oxygen supplementation). Percutaneous drainage was performed to drain the abscess and collections.
Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches

Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, et al.

J Biotechnol, 2018 Jan 20;266:89-101.
PMID: 29247672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010

Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms and play critical roles in light harvesting, photoprotection, attracting pollinators and phytohormone production. In recent years, carotenoids have been used for their health benefits due to their high antioxidant activity and are extensively utilized in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis occurs throughout the life cycle of plants, with vibrant changes in composition based on developmental needs and responses to external environmental stimuli. With advancements in metabolic engineering techniques, there has been tremendous progress in the production of industrially valuable secondary metabolites such as carotenoids. Application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has become essential for the successful and improved production of carotenoids. Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline; metabolic engineering approaches may provide insights into novel ideas for biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and genetic engineering of carotenoids to improve their nutritional value. In addition, we investigated synthetic biological approaches for the production of carotenoids. Theoretical biology approaches that may aid in understanding the biological sciences are discussed in this review. A combination of theoretical knowledge and experimental strategies may improve the production of industrially relevant secondary metabolites.
Pharmacologic downregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase1 expression by adenosine dialdehyde increases cell senescence in breast cancer

Singh P, Charles S, Madhavan T, Munusamy-Ramanujam G, Saraswathi NT, Arasu MV, et al.

Eur J Pharmacol, 2021 Jan 15;891:173697.
PMID: 33144068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173697

We investigated the role of protein arginine methylation (PAM) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells through pharmacological intervention. Tamoxifen (TAM) or adenosine dialdehyde (ADOX), independently, triggered cell cycle arrest and down-regulated PAM, as reduced protein arginine methyltransferase1 (PRMT1) mRNA and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels. Synergistic effect of these compounds elicited potent anti-cancer effect. However, reduction in ADMA was not proportionate with the compound-induced down-regulation of PRMT1 mRNA. We hypothesized that the disproportionate effect is due to the influence of the compounds on other methyltransferases, which catalyze the arginine dimethylation reaction and the diversity in the degree of drug-protein interaction among these methyltransferases. In silico analyses revealed that independently, ADOX or TAM, binds with phosphatidylethanolamine-methyltransferase (PEMT) or betaine homocysteine-methyl transferase (BHMT); and that the binding affinity of ADOX with PEMT or BHMT is prominent than TAM. These observations suggest that in breast cancer, synergistic effect of ADOX + TAM elicits impressive protective function by regulating PAM; and plausibly, restoration of normal enzyme activities of methyltransferases catalyzing arginine dimethylation could have clinical benefits.
Amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease

Maurya R, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Gohil N, Singh P, Mani I, et al.

Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 2023;196:261-270.
PMID: 36813361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.006

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein expressed in several tissues. The occurrence of APP is predominant in synapses of nerve cells. It acts as a cell surface receptor and plays a vital role as a regulator of synapse formation, iron export and neural plasticity. It is encoded by the APP gene that is regulated by substrate presentation. APP is a precursor protein activated by proteolytic cleavage and thereby generating amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides which eventually form amyloid plaques that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease patients' brains. In this chapter, we highlight basic mechanism, structure, expression patterns and cleavage of amyloid plaques, and its diagnosis and potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
Prevalence and implications of microplastics in potable water system: An update

Menon V, Sharma S, Gupta S, Ghosal A, Nadda AK, Jose R, et al.

Chemosphere, 2023 Mar;317:137848.
PMID: 36642147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137848

Synthetic plastics, which are lightweight, durable, elastic, mouldable, cheap, and hydrophobic, were originally invented for human convenience. However, their non-biodegradability and continuous accumulation at an alarming rate as well as subsequent conversion into micro/nano plastic scale structures via mechanical and physio-chemical degradation pose significant threats to living beings, organisms, and the environment. Various minuscule forms of plastics detected in water, soil, and air are making their passage into living cells. High temperature and ambient humidity increase the degradation potential of plastic polymers photo-catalytically under sunlight or UV-B radiations. Microplastics (MPs) of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride have been detected in bottled water. These microplastics are entering into the food chain cycle, causing serious harm to all living organisms. MPs entering into the food chain are usually inert in nature, possessing different sizes and shapes. Once they enter a cell or tissue, it causes mechanical damage, induces inflammation, disturbs metabolism, and even lead to necrosis. Various generation routes, types, impacts, identification, and treatment of microplastics entering the water bodies and getting associated with various pollutants are discussed in this review. It emphasizes potential detection techniques like pyrolysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR) spectroscopy for microplastics from water samples.
Youths' awareness and attitudes towards raising the minimum legal age of smoking and passive smoking in Singapore

Gunasekaran K, Singh P, Ng DX, Koh EYL, Lee HY, Tan R, et al.

Front Public Health, 2024;12:1359929.
PMID: 39056076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359929

OBJECTIVES: Early smoking initiation has been associated with a higher risk of developing long-term smoking habit. There is a growing global consensus that demands raising the minimum legal age (MLA) for smoking as an approach to address this problem. Singapore successfully raised the MLA from 18 to 21 years in 2021. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and attitude of multi-ethnic Asian youth (aged 15-24) on raising MLA to 21 and passive smoking.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey comprising of 23 items was circulated via a secure internet-based platform, FORMSG between September and November 2022. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were compared for association with receptivity toward change in MLA using Chi-Squared test and multivariable logistic regression analysis using Rstudio. Post-hoc Bonferroni correction were further utilized for pairwise comparison.
RESULTS: Majority (80.3%) of the 608 participants expressed their support for MLA 21 implementation. Participants' age was a significant variable as those aged 15-17 years old (OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.01-4.32, p = 0.048) showed a higher likelihood of supporting MLA implementation compared to those aged 21 and above. In addition, majority (89.8%) of them were also aware of the harmful effects of passive smoking. When it came to discouraging smoking among youth, family influence (64%) and school education (55.6%) emerged as the top strategies.
CONCLUSION: Most of the youth express strong support for raising the MLA to 21, with over 80% in favor of such change, reflects a significant harmony among youth in favor of tobacco-free environment.
Fulltext Ocular Surface Disease and Dry Eye Severity in Glaucoma Patients at Urban Private Eye Care Centres in Malaysia

Gan EH, Woo WW, Seng KF, Singh P, Lee MY, Kong VY, et al.

Clin Ophthalmol, 2024;18:3249-3262.
PMID: 39559252 DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S476779

BACKGROUND: Ocular surface disease (OSD) severity varies among glaucoma patients and is exacerbated by intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications.
PURPOSE: To determine OSD prevalence and dry eye severity among glaucoma patients at nine private clinics in Malaysia.
METHODS: This multicentre, cross-sectional observational study recruited glaucoma patients undergoing routine eye examinations, with IOP ≤21mmHg receiving anti-glaucoma eye drops. OSD was assessed through National Eye Institute (NEI) scoring, tear film break-up time (TBUT), hyperaemia grading, Schirmer's tests and questionnaires on symptom evaluation, OSD index and quality of life (QoL).
RESULTS: Our cohort (n = 406, mostly male, ethnically Chinese, mean 63.5 ± 11.5 years, mean IOP 15.34 ± 2.95mmHg) frequently used prostaglandin analogues or PGA/beta-blockers and had cornea total NEI scores of 3.64 ± 2.76, mostly with minimal (51.2%) or mild (40.4%) epitheliopathy. Mean TBUT was 6.59 ± 3.08s (25.0%) in patients with severe lipid deficiency dry eye (DE). Bulbar conjunctiva hyperemia (70.4%) and palpebral conjunctiva hyperemia (68.0%) were mild. Schirmer's test showed that most had tear deficiency (70.2%) with severe DE (38.9%). Questionnaires reported ocular symptoms in few patients, but 69.2% had DE symptoms (13.1% moderate/severe). While QoL was good, several patients had QoL and OSD index scores suggesting some adaptation to ocular symptoms and discomfort, with most patients being unconcerned (43-60%) by the occurrence of eye drop side effects (75.4%).
CONCLUSION: Normal-mild DE or OSD can be asymptomatic, and the symptoms are unlikely to bother most patients. However, as OSD severity varies in patients with glaucoma, it should be evaluated using questionnaires and clinical tests to ensure that subjectively asymptomatic individuals are not missed.
Fulltext Mechano-chemical and biological energetics of immobilized enzymes onto functionalized polymers and their applications

Sharma T, Xia C, Sharma A, Raizada P, Singh P, Sharma S, et al.

Bioengineered, 2022 Apr;13(4):10518-10539.
PMID: 35443858 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2062526

Enzymes of commercial importance, such as lipase, amylase, laccase, phytase, carbonic anhydrase, pectinase, maltase, glucose oxidase etc., show multifunctional features and have been extensively used in several fields including fine chemicals, environmental, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, energy, food industry, agriculture and nutraceutical etc. The deployment of biocatalyst in harsh industrial conditions has some limitations, such as poor stability. These drawbacks can be overcome by immobilizing the enzyme in order to boost the operational stability, catalytic activity along with facilitating the reuse of biocatalyst. Nowadays, functionalized polymers and composites have gained increasing attention as an innovative material for immobilizing the industrially important enzyme. The different types of polymeric materials and composites are pectin, agarose, cellulose, nanofibers, gelatin, and chitosan. The functionalization of these materials enhances the loading capacity of the enzyme by providing more functional groups to the polymeric material and hence enhancing the enzyme immobilization efficiency. However, appropriate coordination among the functionalized polymeric materials and enzymes of interest plays an important role in producing emerging biocatalysts with improved properties. The optimal coordination at a biological, physical, and chemical level is requisite to develop an industrial biocatalyst. Bio-catalysis has become vital aspect in pharmaceutical and chemical industries for synthesis of value-added chemicals. The present review describes the current advances in enzyme immobilization on functionalized polymers and composites. Furthermore, the applications of immobilized enzymes in various sectors including bioremediation, biosensor and biodiesel are also discussed.

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