Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 101 in total

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  1. Isolation, Expansion, and Characterization of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell: Method to Identify Functional Passages for Experiments
    Aung SW, Abu Kasim NH, Ramasamy TS
    Methods Mol Biol, 2019;2045:323-335.
    PMID: 31201682 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_242
    The therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stromal stem cells (hMSCs) for cell-based therapeutic is greatly influenced by the in vitro culture condition including the culture conditions. Nevertheless, there are many technical challenges needed to be overcome prior to the clinical use including the quantity, quality, and heterogeneity of the cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a stem cell culture procedure or protocol for cell expansion in order to generate reproducible and high-quality cells in accordance with good manufacturing practice for clinical and therapeutic purposes. Here we assessed the MSCs characteristic of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells in in vitro culture according to the criteria established by the International Society for Cellular Therapy. Besides, the viability of the WJMSCs was determined in order to increase the confidence that the cells are employed to meet the therapeutic efficacy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  2. Protective effects of atorvastatin on high glucose-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways in cultured chondrocytes
    Hosseinzadeh A, Bahrampour Juybari K, Kamarul T, Sharifi AM
    J Physiol Biochem, 2019 Jun;75(2):153-162.
    PMID: 30796627 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00666-8
    The high glucose concentration is able to disturb chondrocyte homeostasis and contribute to OA pathogenesis. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of atorvastatin (ATO) on high glucose (HG)-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in C28I2 human chondrocytes. The protective effect of ATO (0.01 and 0.1 μM) on HG (75 mM)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis was evaluated in C28I2 cells. The effects of ATO on HG-induced intracellular ROS production and lipid peroxidation were detected and the protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, total and phosphorylated JNK and P38 MAPKs were analyzed by Western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase, glutathione S-transferase-P1, catalase, superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxidase-1, -3, -4 were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Pretreatment with ATO remarkably increased the gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced HG-induced elevation of ROS, lipid peroxidation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activation, and JNK and P38 phosphorylation. Atorvastatin could considerably reduce HG-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis through increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Atorvastatin may be considered as a promising agent to prevent high glucose-induced cartilage degradation in OA patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/drug effects; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  3. Does cartilage ERα overexpression correlate with osteoarthritic chondrosenescence? Indications from Labisia pumila OA mitigation
    Madzuki IN, Lau SF, Mohamad Shalan NAA, Mohd Ishak NI, Mohamed S
    J Biosci, 2019 Sep;44(4).
    PMID: 31502578
    Chondrosenescence (chondrocyte senescence) and subchondral bone deterioration in osteoarthritic rats were analyzed after treatment with the estrogenic herb Labisia pumila (LP) or diclofenac. Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced in bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) rats by injecting mono-iodoacetate into the right knee joints. Rats were grouped (n = 8) into nontreated OVX+OA control, OVX+OA + diclofenac (5 mg/kg) (positive control), OVX+OA + LP leaf extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) and healthy sham control. After 8 weeks' treatment, their conditions were evaluated via serum biomarkers, knee joint histology, bone histomorphometry, protein and mRNA expressions. The LP significantly reduced cartilage erosion, femur bone surface alteration, bone loss and porosity and increased trabecular bone thickness better than diclofenac and the non-treated OA. The cartilage catabolic markers' (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, RUNX2, COL10a, ERa, CASP3 and HIF-2 alpha) mRNA expressions were down-regulated and serum bone formation marker, PINP, was increased by LP in a dose-dependent manner. The LP (containing myricetin and gallic acid) showed protection against chondrosenescence, chondrocyte death, hypoxia-induced cartilage catabolism and subchondral bone deterioration. The bone and cartilage protective effects were by suppressing proteases (collagen break-down), bone resorption and upregulating subchondral bone restoration. The cartilage ER alpha over-expression showed a strong positive correlation with MMP-13, COL10 alpha1, histological, micro-computed tomography evidence for cartilage degradation and chondrosenescence.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/drug effects; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  4. Benchtop Isolation and Characterisation of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
    Tan KL, Chia WC, How CW, Tor YS, Show PL, Looi QHD, et al.
    Mol Biotechnol, 2021 Sep;63(9):780-791.
    PMID: 34061307 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00339-2
    The objective of this study is to develop a simple protocol to isolate and characterise small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs). hUC-MSCs were characterised through analysis of morphology, immunophenotyping and multidifferentiation ability. SEVs were successfully isolated by ultrafiltration from the conditioned medium of hUC-MSCs. The sEVs' size distribution, intensity within a specific surface marker population were measured with zetasizer or nanoparticle tracking analysis. The expression of surface and internal markers of sEVs was also assessed by western blotting. Morphology of hUC-MSCs displayed as spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like adherent cells. Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry revealed that hUC-MSCs expressed MSC surface marker, including CD90, CD73, CD105, CD44 and exhibited the capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Populations of sEVs with CD9, CD63 and CD81 positive were detected with size distribution in the diameter of 63.2 to 162.5 nm. Typical sEVs biomarkers such as CD9, CD63, CD81, HSP70 and TSG101 were also detected with western blotting. Our study showed that sEVs from hUC-MSCs conditioned medium were successfully isolated and characterised. Downstream application of hUC-MSCs-sEVs will be further explored.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology*; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  5. Ex vivo expanded SSEA-4+ human limbal stromal cells are multipotent and do not express other embryonic stem cell markers
    Lim MN, Hussin NH, Othman A, Umapathy T, Baharuddin P, Jamal R, et al.
    Mol Vis, 2012;18:1289-300.
    PMID: 22665977
    The presence of multipotent human limbal stromal cells resembling mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) provides new insights to the characteristic of these cells and its therapeutic potential. However, little is known about the expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA-4) and the embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like properties of these cells. We studied the expression of SSEA-4 surface protein and the various ESC and MSC markers in the ex vivo cultured limbal stromal cells. The phenotypes and multipotent differentiation potential of these cells were also evaluated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  6. Treatment outcomes of alginate-embedded allogenic mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocytes for the repair of focal articular cartilage defects in a rabbit model
    Tay LX, Ahmad RE, Dashtdar H, Tay KW, Masjuddin T, Ab-Rahim S, et al.
    Am J Sports Med, 2012 Jan;40(1):83-90.
    PMID: 21917609 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511420819
    Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising alternative form of cell-based therapy for cartilage injury. However, the capacity of MSCs for chondrogenesis has not been fully explored. In particular, there is presently a lack of studies comparing the effectiveness of MSCs to conventional autologous chondrocyte (autoC) treatment for regeneration of full-thickness cartilage defects in vivo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/transplantation*
  7. Autologous versus pooled human serum for articular chondrocyte growth
    Munirah S, Ruszymah BH, Samsudin OC, Badrul AH, Azmi B, Aminuddin BS
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2008 Aug;16(2):220-9.
    PMID: 18725677
    To evaluate the effect of autologous human serum (AHS) versus pooled human serum (PHS) versus foetal bovine serum (FBS) for growth of articular chondrocytes and formation of chondrocytefibrin constructs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/physiology*
  8. Cell based therapy for osteoarthritis in a sheep model: gross and histological assessment
    Alfaqeh H, Norhamdan MY, Chua KH, Chen HC, Aminuddin BS, Ruszymah BH
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:37-8.
    PMID: 19024972
    This study was to determine if autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured in chondrogenic medium could repair surgically induced osteoarthritis. Sheep BMSCs were cultured in medium containing 5ng/ml TGFbeta3 + 50ng/ml IGF-1 for three weeks. The cultured cells were then suspended at density of 2x10(6) cell/ml and injected intraarticularly into the osteoarthritic knee joint. After six weeks, the distal head of the femur and the proximal tibial plateau were removed and stained with H&E. The results indicated that knee joints treated with autologous BMSCs cultured in chondrogenic medium showed clear evidence of articular cartilage regeneration in comparison with other groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/transplantation*
  9. Interaction between insulin-like growth factor-1 with other growth factors in serum depleted culture medium for human cartilage engineering
    Chua KH, Aminuddin BS, Fuzina NH, Ruszymah BH
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:7-8.
    PMID: 15468792
    The regulation roles of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFbeta2) in human nasal septum chondrocytes monolayer culture and cartilage engineering was investigated in this study. The role of IGF-1 with bFGF and TGFbeta2 was investigated by measuring chondrocyte growth kinetic and collagen genes expression. IGF-1 together with bFGF and TGFbeta2 promote cartilage tissue engineering, increase type II collagen expression and enhance the histological features of engineered cartilage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology*
  10. Using tissue engineering techniques for osteochondral repair and regeneration
    Goh JC, Shao XX, Hutmacher D, Lee EH
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:17-8.
    PMID: 15468797
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology*
  11. Fulltext Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies
    Sulaiman SB, Idrus RBH, Hwei NM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 19;12(10).
    PMID: 33086577 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102404
    The gelatin microsphere (GM) provides an attractive option for tissue engineering due to its versatility, as reported by various studies. This review presents the history, characteristics of, and the multiple approaches to, the production of GM, and in particular, the water in oil emulsification technique. Thereafter, the application of GM as a drug delivery system for cartilage diseases is introduced. The review then focusses on the emerging application of GM as a carrier for cells and biologics, and biologics delivery within a cartilage construct. The influence of GM on chondrocytes in terms of promoting chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation is highlighted. Furthermore, GM seeded with cells has been shown to have a high tendency to form aggregates; hence the concept of using GM seeded with cells as the building block for the formation of a complex tissue construct. Despite the advancement in GM research, some issues must still be addressed, particularly the improvement of GM's ability to home to defect sites. As such, the strategy of intraarticular injection of GM seeded with antibody-coated cells is proposed. By addressing this in future studies, a better-targeted delivery system, that would result in more effective intervention, can be achieved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  12. Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration: To Use or Not to Use?
    Sha'ban M, Ahmad Radzi MA
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2020;1249:97-114.
    PMID: 32602093 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3258-0_7
    Joint cartilage has been a significant focus on the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) since its inception in the 1980s. Represented by only one cell type, cartilage has been a simple tissue that is thought to be straightforward to deal with. After three decades, engineering cartilage has proven to be anything but easy. With the demographic shift in the distribution of world population towards ageing, it is expected that there is a growing need for more effective options for joint restoration and repair. Despite the increasing understanding of the factors governing cartilage development, there is still a lot to do to bridge the gap from bench to bedside. Dedicated methods to regenerate reliable articular cartilage that would be equivalent to the original tissue are still lacking. The use of cells, scaffolds and signalling factors has always been central to the TERM. However, without denying the importance of cells and signalling factors, the question posed in this chapter is whether the answer would come from the methods to use or not to use scaffold for cartilage TERM. This paper presents some efforts in TERM area and proposes a solution that will transpire from the ongoing attempts to understand certain aspects of cartilage development, degeneration and regeneration. While an ideal formulation for cartilage regeneration has yet to be resolved, it is felt that scaffold is still needed for cartilage TERM for years to come.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  13. Fulltext Determination of RUNX2 single nucleotide polymorphism RS6930053 in class i, ii and iii malocclusions
    Khairani Idah Mokhtar, Noraini Abu Bakar, Azrul Fazwan Kharuddin
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):57-57.
    MyJurnal
    Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) plays important roles in osteoblast
    differentiation, tooth development and chondrocyte maturation; hence its involvement in
    craniofacial development is paramount. Mutation in RUNX2 is implicated with cleidocranial
    dysplasia; a bone development disorder, while single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in RUNX2 is
    associated with Class II/2 malocclusion. This study aimed to determine RUNX2 SNP of DNA marker
    (rs6930053) in malocclusion patients from local population. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  14. Fulltext The role of vitamin E in preventing and treating osteoarthritis - a review of the current evidence
    Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S
    Front Pharmacol, 2018;9:946.
    PMID: 30186176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00946
    Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease of the joint involving cartilage degeneration and chondrocytes apoptosis. Oxidative stress is one of the many proposed mechanisms underpinning joint degeneration in osteoarthritis. The current pharmacotherapies emphasize pain and symptomatic management of the patients but do not alter the biological processes underlying the cartilage degeneration. Vitamin E is a potential agent to prevent or treat osteoarthritis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between vitamin E and osteoarthritis derived from preclinical and human studies. Cellular studies showed that vitamin E mitigated oxidative stress in cartilage explants or chondrocyte culture invoked by mechanical stress or free radicals. Animal studies suggested that vitamin E treatment prevented cartilage degeneration and improve oxidative status in animal models of osteoarthritis. Low circulating or synovial vitamin E was observed in human osteoarthritic patients compared to healthy controls. Observational studies also demonstrated that vitamin E was related to induction or progression of osteoarthritis in the general population. Vitamin E supplementation might improve the outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis, but negative results were also reported. Different isomers of vitamin E might possess distinct anti-osteoarthritic effects. As a conclusion, vitamin E may retard the progression of osteoarthritis by ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation of the joint. Further studies are warranted to develop vitamin E as an anti-osteoarthritis agent to reduce the global burden of this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  15. Chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells with chondrocytes in low serum towards clinical application
    Adila A Hamid, Satish Vaarman Jeyabalan, Aleza Omar, Nik Zattil Hanan Mohd Yasin, Wong TL, Liau LL, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2369-2379.
    Currently, fetal bovine serum (FBS) have been widely use in culture media to promote human cell proliferation. However,
    the usage of FBS for cell therapy in clinical application was associated with the risk of viral and prion transmission as
    well as immune rejection. To provide an option for this risk, this study was conducted to determine the effect of adipose
    derived stem cells (ADSCs) co-culture with chondrocyte in promoting cell proliferation and chondrogenesis toward
    FBS free condition. ADSCs co-cultured with chondrocyte at the ratio of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 were tested. Cell morphology
    changes, cell proliferation and gene expression level of stemness (Oct4, FGF-4, Nanog) and chondrogenic (Collagen
    Type II, ACP) were assessed. The results showed ADSCs in all co-culture groups changed morphology from fibroblastic
    spindle to polygonal shape which resembled chondrocytes. The morphological changes were accompanied with increased
    expression of chondrogenic genes; denoted chondrogenesis process. While maintaining expression of stemness genes
    indicated continuation of cell proliferation. From the three co-culture groups tested; ADSCs and chondrocytes (1:1 ratio)
    have been shown to exert better effects in promoting cell proliferation and chondrogenesis. In conclusion, ADSCs could
    replace FBS to grow sufficient number of chondrogenic cells to repair cartilage injury in the near future. Further in vivo
    study should be performed to test the effectiveness of this co-culture technique in cartilage injury repair.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  16. Protease activated receptor 2 and matriptase expression in the joints of cats with and without osteoarthritis
    Ariffin SMZ, Bennett D, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Dunning L, Clements DN, et al.
    J Feline Med Surg, 2021 08;23(8):794-803.
    PMID: 33284033 DOI: 10.1177/1098612X20977796
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and matriptase proteins and quantify PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane of cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA).

    METHODS: A total of 28 articular cartilage samples from adult cats (14 OA and 14 normal), 10 synovial membranes from adult cats (five OA and five normal) and three cartilage samples from 9-week-old fetal cats were used. The presence of PAR2 and matriptase in the cartilage and synovial membrane of the adult samples was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, while real-time PCR was used for mRNA expression analyses in all samples.

    RESULTS: PAR2 was detected in all OA and normal articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples but confined to only a few superficial chondrocytes in the normal samples. Matriptase was only detected in OA articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression were, however, detected in all cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression levels in OA articular cartilage were five (P <0.001) and 3.3 (P <0.001) times higher than that of the healthy group, respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) in the OA synovial membrane PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression compared with the normal samples.

    CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Detection of PAR2 and matriptase proteins and gene expression in feline articular tissues is a novel and important finding, and supports the hypothesis that serine proteases are involved in the pathogenesis of feline OA. The consistent presence of PAR2 and matriptase protein in the cytoplasm of OA chondrocytes suggests a possible involvement of proteases in cartilage degradation. Further investigations into the PAR2 and matriptase pathobiology could enhance our understanding of the proteolytic cascades in feline OA, which might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes
  17. Fulltext Therapeutic Effects of Olive and Its Derivatives on Osteoarthritis: From Bench to Bedside
    Chin KY, Pang KL
    Nutrients, 2017 Sep 26;9(10).
    PMID: 28954409 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101060
    Osteoarthritis is a major cause of morbidity among the elderly worldwide. It is a disease characterized by localized inflammation of the joint and destruction of cartilage, leading to loss of function. Impaired chondrocyte repair mechanisms, due to inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy, play important roles in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Olive and its derivatives, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and autophagy-enhancing activities, are suitable candidates for therapeutic interventions for osteoarthritis. This review aimed to summarize the current evidence on the effects of olive and its derivatives, on osteoarthritis and chondrocytes. The literature on animal and human studies has demonstrated a beneficial effect of olive and its derivatives on the progression of osteoarthritis. In vitro studies have suggested that the augmentation of autophagy (though sirtuin-1) and suppression of inflammation by olive polyphenols could contribute to the chondroprotective effects of olive polyphenols. More research and well-planned clinical trials are required to justify the use of olive-based treatment in osteoarthritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/drug effects; Chondrocytes/metabolism; Chondrocytes/pathology
  18. N-O, carboxymethyl chitosan enhanced scaffold porosity and biocompatibility under e-beam irradiation at 50 kGy
    Lee SY, Kamarul T
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2014 Mar;64:115-22.
    PMID: 24325858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.11.039
    In this study, a chitosan co-polymer scaffold was prepared by mixing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), NO, carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions to obtain desirable properties for chondrocyte cultivation. Electron beam (e-beam) radiation was used to physically cross-link these polymers at different doses (30 kGy and 50 kGy). The co-polymers were then lyophilized to form macroporous three-dimensional (3-D) matrix. Scaffold morphology, porosity, swelling properties, biocompatibility, expression of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen following the seeding of primary chondrocytes were studied up to 28 days. The results demonstrate that irradiation of e-beam at 50 kGy increased scaffold porosity and pore sizes subsequently enhanced cell attachment and proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive interconnected microstructure of PVA-PEG-NOCC, demonstrated cellular activities on the scaffolds and their ability to maintain chondrocyte phenotype. In addition, the produced PVA-PEG-NOCC scaffolds showed superior swelling properties, and increased GAG and type II collagen secreted by the seeded chondrocytes. In conclusion, the results suggest that by adding NOCC and irradiation cross-linking at 50 kGy, the physical and biological properties of PVA-PEG blend can be further enhanced thereby making PVA-PEG-NOCC a potential scaffold for chondrocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology; Chondrocytes/metabolism
  19. Fulltext Differential protein expression between chondrogenic differentiated MSCs, undifferentiated MSCs and adult chondrocytes derived from Oryctolagus cuniculus in vitro
    Tay LX, Lim CK, Mansor A, Kamarul T
    Int J Med Sci, 2014;11(1):24-33.
    PMID: 24396283 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7244
    This preliminary study aims to determine the differentially expressed proteins from chondrogenic differentiated multipotent stromal cells (cMSCs) in comparison to undifferentiated multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) and adult chondrocytes (ACs).
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology; Chondrocytes/metabolism*
  20. Fulltext A preliminary study comparing the use of allogenic chondrogenic pre-differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of full thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits
    Dashtdar H, Rothan HA, Tay T, Ahmad RE, Ali R, Tay LX, et al.
    J Orthop Res, 2011 Sep;29(9):1336-42.
    PMID: 21445989 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21413
    Chondrogenic differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (CMSCs) have been shown to produce superior chondrogenic expression markers in vitro. However, the use of these cells in vivo has not been fully explored. In this study, in vivo assessment of cartilage repair potential between allogenic-derived chondrogenic pre-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells and undifferentiated MSCs (MSCs) were compared. Bilateral full thickness cartilage defects were created on the medial femoral condyles of 12 rabbits (n = 12). Rabbits were divided into two groups. In one group, the defects in the right knees were repaired using alginate encapsulated MSCs while in the second group, CMSCs were used. The animals were sacrificed and the repaired and control knees were assessed at 3 and 6 months after implantation. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring the Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/total protein content. The mean Brittberg score was higher in the transplanted knees as compared to the untreated knee at 6 months (p  0.05). This study demonstrates that the use of either MSC or CMSC produced superior healing when compared to cartilage defects that were untreated. However, both cells produced comparable treatment outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chondrocytes/cytology*; Chondrocytes/transplantation
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