Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 150 in total

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  1. Fulltext Analysis of human standing balance by largest lyapunov exponent
    Liu K, Wang H, Xiao J, Taha Z
    Comput Intell Neurosci, 2015;2015:158478.
    PMID: 25866500 DOI: 10.1155/2015/158478
    The purpose of this research is to analyse the relationship between nonlinear dynamic character and individuals' standing balance by the largest Lyapunov exponent, which is regarded as a metric for assessing standing balance. According to previous study, the largest Lyapunov exponent from centre of pressure time series could not well quantify the human balance ability. In this research, two improvements were made. Firstly, an external stimulus was applied to feet in the form of continuous horizontal sinusoidal motion by a moving platform. Secondly, a multiaccelerometer subsystem was adopted. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in this experiment. A new metric, coordinated largest Lyapunov exponent was proposed, which reflected the relationship of body segments by integrating multidimensional largest Lyapunov exponent values. By using this metric in actual standing performance under sinusoidal stimulus, an obvious relationship between the new metric and the actual balance ability was found in the majority of the subjects. These results show that the sinusoidal stimulus can make human balance characteristics more obvious, which is beneficial to assess balance, and balance is determined by the ability of coordinating all body segments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
  2. A state-of-the-art review of foot pressure
    Zulkifli SS, Loh WP
    Foot Ankle Surg, 2020 Jan;26(1):25-32.
    PMID: 30600155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2018.12.005
    The science of foot pressure studies the forces acting on the bottom and different regions of the foot along with the pressure exerted on the plantar surface with the interacting surface in contact. The information derived gave impact to human biomechanical assessment on body balance and ergonomics posture during gait. Various experiments designed at generating foot pressure data returns only with limited knowledge generated. Obviously, the procedure for experiment design needs to be properly understood from the foot morphology aspects; healthiness, footwear, surface in contact, load and forces impacts, and the foot sensitivity as well as the specification for the foot pressure. This paper reviews the proper preliminary experimental setups for foot pressure measurement analysis during static or dynamic gait. The strength and limitations of recent devices used and considerable variables are also discussed. The overall review explains that the comfortable natural gait in relation to the aspects of sensitivity, load, time duration, and stability are the standard considerations for plantar pressure experiments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
  3. The effects of toe-out and toe-in postures on static & dynamic balance, risk of fall and TUG score in healthy adults
    Khan SJ, Khan SS, Usman J
    Foot (Edinb), 2019 Jun;39:122-128.
    PMID: 30580888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2018.06.002
    BACKGROUND: Toe-in and toe-out foot positions have not yet been tested for dynamic balance and risk of fall. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these two modifications on static and dynamic postural stability and risk of fall through instrumental (Biodex Balance System®) and functional (timed up and go-TUG test) tools.

    METHODOLOGY: Twenty healthy adults (8 males, 12 females, age: 29±4.10years, BMI: 21.56±2.36kg/m2) participated in this study. Static and dynamic (levels 8 and 2) balance with single stance and double stance and dynamic (level 8 and levels 6-2) for risk of fall with double stance were tested with the Biodex Balance System with three self-selected feet positions: straight (13.8°), toe-out (35.6°) and toe-in (-11.9°) for each test condition. Additionally, TUG test was performed with toe-out and toe-in gait.

    RESULTS: The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.05) between straight and modified toe angles in balance at dynamic level 2 with both double and single stance conditions. Significant differences (p<0.001) were also found in TUG scores for the test conditions.

    CONCLUSION: Toe-in and toe-out gait modifications have significant effects on balance at higher levels of platform tilt and functional balance. Further investigations with knee osteoarthritis patients and electromyography may provide insight in balancing strategies adopted by the body in toe-out and toe-in gait.

    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
  4. Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution
    Fleagle JG
    Folia Primatol., 1976;26(4):245-69.
    PMID: 1010498
    Wild, adult siamang were observed for over 800 h in lowland dipterocarp forest in the Krau Game Reserve, Pahang, West Malaysia. Siamang use four patterns of locomotion: brachiation, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The pattern of locomotion used by the siamang varies with the size of arboreal supports and with major behavioral activity. Travel is primarily by brachiation along large boughs. Locomotion during feeding is primarily climbing among small branches. In feeding, siamang use suspensory postures among small supports and seated postures on large supports. Comparison of siamang locomotion and posture with that of other apes suggest that quadramanous climbing during feeding is the basic hominoid locomotor adaptation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
  5. Investigation of the EMG activity of erector spinae and trapezius muscles during Islamic prayer (Salat)
    Rabbi MF, Ghazali KH, Mohd II, Alqahtani M, Altwijri O, Ahamed NU
    J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2018;31(6):1097-1104.
    PMID: 29945343 DOI: 10.3233/BMR-170988
    This study aimed to investigate the electrical activity of two muscles located at the dorsal surface during Islamic prayer (Salat). Specifically, the electromyography (EMG) activity of the erector spinae and trapezius muscles during four positions observed while performing Salat, namely standing, bowing, sitting and prostration, were investigated. Seven adult subjects with an average age of 28.1 (± 3.8) years were included in the study. EMG data were obtained from their trapezius and erector spinae muscles while the subjects maintained the specific positions of Salat. The EMG signal was analysed using time and frequency domain features. The results indicate that the trapezius muscle remains relaxed during the standing and sitting positions while the erector spinae muscle remains contracted during these two positions. Additionally, during the bowing and prostration positions of Salat, these two muscles exhibit the opposite activities: the trapezius muscle remains contracted while the erector spinae muscle remains relaxed. Overall, both muscles maintain a balance in terms of contraction and relaxation during bowing and prostration position. The irregularity of the neuro-muscular signal might cause pain and prevent Muslims from performing their obligatory prayer. This study will aid the accurate understanding of how the back muscles respond in specific postures during Salat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
  6. Evaluation of motorcyclist's discomfort during prolonged riding process with and without lumbar support
    Karuppiah K, Salit MS, Ismail MY, Ismail N, Tamrin SB
    An Acad Bras Cienc, 2012 Dec;84(4):1169-88.
    PMID: 23207711
    The primary aim of this study is to examine the effects of a backrest: using a prototype of a lumbar support presented in author's earlier study on the discomfort rating of the body parts of motorcyclist.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
  7. The limits of stability and muscle activity in middle-aged adults during static and dynamic stance
    Ku PX, Abu Osman NA, Wan Abas WAB
    J Biomech, 2016 Dec 08;49(16):3943-3948.
    PMID: 27865478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.006
    Balance control plays an important role in maintaining daily activity. However, studies on postural control among middle-aged adults are scarce. This study aims (i) to examine directional control (DCL) and electromyography activity (EMG) for different stability levels, and (ii) to determine left-right asymmetry for DCL and muscle activity among sedentary middle-aged adults. Twenty healthy, middle-aged adults (10 males, 10 females; age=50.0±7.5yrs; body height: 1.61±0.10m; body mass: 70.0±14.5kg) participated in the study. EMG for left and right side of rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) were recorded. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of dynamic level on DCL and EMG, whereas independent sample t-test was conducted to analyse the asymmetries of DCL and EMG for the left and right leg. When the dynamic tilt surface increased, DCL scores significantly decreased (except forward, forward-rightward, and backward-leftward direction) and only RF muscle indicated significant differences. Left-right asymmetry was found in BF and MG muscles. No significant gender difference was observed in DCL and EMG. These data demonstrated that increased dynamic tilt surface may increase the displacement of center of pressure of certain directions, and stimulate RF activity in dynamic stance among sedentary middle-aged adults. Further studies should be conducted to examine the dynamic stance and muscle activity of the lower limb in age-matched patient groups with balance abnormalities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
  8. Reliability of postural measures in elite badminton players using Posture Pro 8
    Hébert-Losier K, Abd Rahman F
    Physiother Theory Pract, 2018 Jun;34(6):483-494.
    PMID: 29281461 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2017.1420117
    The Posture Pro software is used for photogrammetry assessment of posture and has been commercially available for several years. Along with symmetry-related measures, a Posture Number® is calculated to reflect the sum of postural deviations. Our aim was to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of measures extracted using the Posture Pro 8 software without using reference markers on subjects. Four raters assessed the standing posture of 40 badminton players (20 males, 20 females) from anterior, lateral, and posterior photographs. Thirty-three postural measures were extracted using visual landmarks as guide. Reliability was quantified using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error of measurement (TEM). Overall, the intra-rater reliability was considered good to excellent for nearly all measures. However, only two measures had excellent inter-rater reliability, with 13 and 18 measures exhibiting good and fair inter-rater reliability, respectively. Posture Pro specific measures (n = 9) exhibited good-to-excellent intra-rater and fair-to-excellent inter-rater reliability, with small-to-moderate and small-to-large TEM, respectively. Overall, the Posture Pro 8 software can be considered a reliable tool for assessing a range of posture-relevant measures from photographs, particularly when performed by the same examiner. The Posture Number® demonstrated generally acceptable intra- and inter-rater reliability. Nonetheless, investigations on the validity, sensitivity, and interpretation of this measure are essential to confirm its clinical relevance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
  9. Fulltext Sit-to-walk strategy classification in healthy adults using hip and knee joint angles at gait initiation
    Perera CK, Gopalai AA, Gouwanda D, Ahmad SA, Salim MSB
    Sci Rep, 2023 Oct 03;13(1):16640.
    PMID: 37789077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43148-0
    Forward continuation, balance, and sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) are three common movement strategies during sit-to-walk (STW) executions. Literature identifies these strategies through biomechanical parameters using gold standard laboratory equipment, which is expensive, bulky, and requires significant post-processing. STW strategy becomes apparent at gait-initiation (GI) and the hip/knee are primary contributors in STW, therefore, this study proposes to use the hip/knee joint angles at GI as an alternate method of strategy classification. To achieve this, K-means clustering was implemented using three clusters corresponding to the three STW strategies; and two feature sets corresponding to the hip/knee angles (derived from motion capture data); from an open access online database (age: 21-80 years; n = 10). The results identified forward continuation with the lowest hip/knee extension, followed by balance and then STSW, at GI. Using this classification, strategy biomechanics were investigated by deriving the established biomechanical quantities from literature. The biomechanical parameters that significantly varied between strategies (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
  10. Fulltext Effect of Forearm Postures and Elbow Joint Angles on Elbow Flexion Torque and Mechanomyography in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Biceps Brachii
    Uwamahoro R, Sundaraj K, Feroz FS
    Sensors (Basel), 2023 Sep 29;23(19).
    PMID: 37836995 DOI: 10.3390/s23198165
    Neuromuscular electrical stimulation plays a pivotal role in rehabilitating muscle function among individuals with neurological impairment. However, there remains uncertainty regarding whether the muscle's response to electrical excitation is affected by forearm posture, joint angle, or a combination of both factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forearm postures and elbow joint angles on the muscle torque and MMG signals. Measurements of the torque around the elbow and MMG of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle were conducted in 36 healthy subjects (age, 22.24 ± 2.94 years; height, 172 ± 0.5 cm; and weight, 67.01 ± 7.22 kg) using an in-house elbow flexion testbed and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the BB muscle. The BB muscle was stimulated while the forearm was positioned in the neutral, pronation, or supination positions. The elbow was flexed at angles of 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The study analyzed the impact of the forearm posture(s) and elbow joint angle(s) on the root-mean-square value of the torque (TQRMS). Subsequently, various MMG parameters, such as the root-mean-square value (MMGRMS), the mean power frequency (MMGMPF), and the median frequency (MMGMDF), were analyzed along the longitudinal, lateral, and transverse axes of the BB muscle fibers. The test-retest interclass correlation coefficient (ICC21) for the torque and MMG ranged from 0.522 to 0.828. Repeated-measure ANOVAs showed that the forearm posture and elbow flexion angle significantly influenced the TQRMS (p < 0.05). Similarly, the MMGRMS, MMGMPF, and MMGMDF showed significant differences among all the postures and angles (p < 0.05). However, the combined main effect of the forearm posture and elbow joint angle was insignificant along the longitudinal axis (p > 0.05). The study also found that the MMGRMS and TQRMS increased with increases in the joint angle from 10° to 60° and decreased at greater angles. However, during this investigation, the MMGMPF and MMGMDF exhibited a consistent decrease in response to increases in the joint angle for the lateral and transverse axes of the BB muscle. These findings suggest that the muscle contraction evoked by NMES may be influenced by the interplay between actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction and are, in turn, influenced by the muscle length. Because restoring the function of limbs is a common goal in rehabilitation services, the use of MMG in the development of methods that may enable the real-time tracking of exact muscle dimensional changes and activation levels is imperative.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology
  11. Fulltext Poor sitting posture and a heavy schoolbag as contributors to musculoskeletal pain in children: an ergonomic school education intervention program
    Syazwan A, Azhar MM, Anita A, Azizan H, Shaharuddin M, Hanafiah JM, et al.
    J Pain Res, 2011;4:287-96.
    PMID: 22003301 DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S22281
    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multidisciplinary, interventional, ergonomic education program designed to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems by reducing schoolbag weight and correcting poor sitting posture.
    METHODS: Data were collected twice before and twice following intervention using the Standardized Nordic Body Map Questionnaire, a rapid upper limb assessment for posture evaluation, and schoolbag weight measurement in children aged 8 and 11 years attending two schools within the central region of Malaysia.
    RESULTS: Students who received the ergonomic intervention reported significant improvements in their sitting posture in a classroom environment and reduction of schoolbag weight as compared with the controls.
    CONCLUSION: A single-session, early intervention, group ergonomics education program for children aged 8 and 11 years is appropriate and effective, and should be considered as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal pain among schoolchildren in this age group.
    KEYWORDS: assessment; awareness; education; ergonomic; intervention; musculoskeletal pain; school children
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  12. Fulltext Venous Air Embolism during Elective Craniotomy for Parasagittal Meningioma
    Hassan WMNW, Asmah Z, Saedah A
    Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):69-70.
    PMID: 23466772 MyJurnal
    We report a case of a 59 year old man who developed venous air embolism (VAE) during an elective craniotomy for parasagittal meningioma resection. The surgery was done in the supine position with slightly elevated head position. VAE was provisionally diagnosed by sudden decreased in the end tidal carbon dioxide pressure from 34 to 18 mmHg, followed by marked hypotension and atrial fibrillation. Prompt central venous blood aspiration, aggressive resuscitation and inotropic support managed to stabilize the patient. Post operatively, he was admitted in neuro intensive care unit and made a good recovery without serious complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  13. Fulltext Amplitude analysis of lower leg muscle in car pedal operation in specific driving posture and duration
    Khamis, N.K., Deros, B.M
    Journal of Engineering and Science Research, 2018;2(3):14-19.
    MyJurnal
    Driving posture is important to determine the comfortability of the driver. The purpose of this study is to investigate the muscle response in car pedal operation. To evaluate this response, 11 volunteers involved in simulated driving experiment using an electrical impedance myography to detect the muscle contraction of the lower leg, particularly at Gastrocnemius medial (GM). The driver requires to perform different pedal actions. The results depict that GM muscle shows different reaction according to pedal actions. According to these results, different degree of ankle angle lead to different muscle response. These findings help us to understand the effect of physical attribute related to muscle response and joint angle on driver during monotonous driving task.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  14. Fulltext Validity test for Simple Ergonomics Risk Assessment (SERA) method
    Ezrin Hani Sukadarin, Baba Md Deros, Jaharah A. Ghani, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi, Norhidayah Abdull
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(10):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Validity test is important during the development of ergonomics measurement. Failure to conduct validity tests will result in the measurement method being developed to be incapable of providing reliable ergonomics measurements. The objective of this study is to conduct validity test on the simple method ergonomics measurement which was developed. The method named Simple Ergonomics Risks Assessment (SERA). Content validity test and criterion validity test were conducted. The content validity test consists of 6 ergonomics experts who actively provide inputs and positive feedbacks to improve the measurement method being developed. Meanwhile, the criterion validity test involves data collection of complaints on body parts among oil palm workers which were derived from Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and ergonomics risk assessment scores obtained from SERA. Both findings were tested with the Chi-square test to explore possible relations between the two findings. Results from the test conducted showed that there are significant relations in the scores of neck posture; hip, right and left shoulder, right and left wrists and the right hand associated with fresh fruit bunch (FFB) harvesting activities. In the loose fruits collection, the Chi-square test showed significant relations in the scores of neck posture, hip, right and left shoulders, right wrist, right arm and the left hand. However, there are body parts such as the legs which showed no significant relation. More tests should be conducted to further explore the validity of the method being developed. Findings from both validity tests show that SERA were verified by the experts and tested with validated method so that it is valid to be applied in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  15. Fulltext Assessing the reliability of subjective evaluation for comfortable driving postures
    Darliana Mohamad, Dian Darina Indah Daruis, Baba Md Deros, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(20):14-19.
    MyJurnal
    Drivers’ posture is one of the factors that can contribute to driving discomfort. Subjective evaluation is needed in determining the driving discomfort problem. The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability of different driving postures that may lead to drivers’ discomfort. A total of thirty-four healthy Malaysian drivers were involved in this study. Respondents were required to sit on the driver’s seat with the required adjustments of three different postures and fill-in the given subjective evaluation form. The same procedure was repeated for each respondent after three days for purpose of conducting test retest evaluation. The reliability statistical analysis result shows the study was reliable and valid with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.827. The comparison means that ANOVA analysis also shows significance difference between these three groups of postures for all measured parameters. In conclusion, the result from this study shows the subjective evaluation conducted is reliable and can be used for drivers’ posture discomfort study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  16. Assessment of sitting pressure on Malaysian bus drivers
    Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Mohd Afiq Zainal Rosli, Isa Halim, Baba Md. Deros, Mohd Nizam Ab Rahman, Md. Mustafizur Rahman
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2012;9(3):1-9.
    MyJurnal
    The main purpose of this study was to establish the comfort zone for bus drivers in a seated position. In addition, this study is to investigate the seated pressure distribution among Malaysian bus drivers. The study consists of 10 bus drivers randomly selected to be a part of this study. The FSA pressure mat was utilized in order to investigate the force distribution of buttock to the seat pan of the drivers’ seat. This device is placed on the driver seat and backrest. Later, the subject would sit on for several minute. The finding reveals that most of the bus drivers feel discomfort by having low back pain and musculoskeletal disorder. The seat pressure distribution of Malaysian busses indicated that the seat not able to absorb high pressure generated from buttock that later may cause the discomfort and restricted the performance of drivers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  17. Understanding ergonomics: a practical approach for improving workplace safety and health
    Zafir M.M., Fazilah M.H.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2007;4(1):19-27.
    MyJurnal
    Ergonomics management is a process that will have a significant, positive effect on a company’s profits through cost reduction, quality improvement, performance improvement and productivity enhancement. Also known as human factors of human engineering, it basically describes the interaction between an employee and his/her job functions, with the emphasis being on reducing unnecessary physical stress in the workplace. The goal of ergonomics is to enable workers to be more effective by matching the requirements and demands of the job to the abilities and limitations of the workers rather than trying to force the workers to fit the job. This paper theoretically describes the benefits of understanding the ergonomics to the workplace. The components and activities required to implement ergonomics management also have been discussed. Besides that, the practical approach of ergonomics has been described by giving practical workplace improvement suggested by scholars. By approaching work practices (stretching, reaching, and sitting) from an ergonomically correct point of view, a worker actually becomes stronger, healthier and more productive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  18. Fulltext An investigation of a dental laboratory worker with chronic low back ache
    Lim, Jac Fang, Richard Avoi, Noraziah Bakri, Leonard Masudal, Iskandar Nonche, Adrian Joseph, et al.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2017;14(2):39-41.
    MyJurnal
    The low back is usually associated with the lumbar spine which supports the entire weight of the upper body and significantly, is vital to the body mobility. Injury to the surrounding soft tissues can cause mild to debilitating symptoms due to muscle strain and ligament sprain. The causes of injury to the lower back are probably due to sudden twisting movement, poor posture position at work and manual handling of heavy objects or with twisting or bending movements while lifting. An Ergonomic Risk Assessment was carried out on a dental laboratory worker who complained of unresolved low back ache after a year on treatment and follow up at the outpatient department of a health clinic. From the various investigative methods used, it was found that the worker in question was placed in a situation that will over time encourage her to develop musculoskeletal disease. Our recommendations for change include immediate awareness and training in ergonomic principles of work and to report all cases so that appropriate action can be taken, reassess the workstation and environment of work, job enrichment, and creating a conducive environment for work. Once the changes have been implemented, a review will be necessary in three months time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  19. Fulltext A survey on working postures among Malaysian industrial workers
    Raemy Md. Zein, Noorul Azreen Azis, Isa Halim, Adi Saptari, Seri Rahayu Kamat
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):125-131.
    MyJurnal
    Working in a safe working posture is a necessity to enhance occupational health of industrial workers. Poor
    working posture may lead to injuries, discomfort and fatigue to the workers. The objective of this study is to survey the
    postures practised by the Malaysian industrial workers. A questionnaire survey was performed among 282 Malaysian
    industrial workers in 10 different industries. From the answered questionnaire, it was observed that shoulder at chest
    level (30.1%), back in a bent forward (33.3%) and lifting heavy load (44.7%) are the major work postures practised by
    most of industrial workers. This survey identifies that working with shoulder and hand at chest level and back region
    moderately bent forward is the main working posture practice by worker. Workers also reported lifting load below 5 kg
    at the workstation. This survey recommended for industrial workers to be aware of the comfortable working posture
    to avoid injury.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  20. Fulltext Creating a culture of prevention in occupational safety and health practice: perceived body discomfort in two sitting positions
    Sukadarin, E.H., Qian, F.S., Zakaria, J., Deros, B.M., Nawi, N.S.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2018;18(102):47-51.
    MyJurnal
    Prolonged sitting is one of the factors for back discomfort. Sitting in the same position for long periods of time is worse.
    This experimental based study was conducted to achieve three objectives. There were to 1) identify whether is there any
    differences between perceived body discomfort among respondents before and after upright sitting, 2) identify whether
    is there any differences between perceived body discomfort among respondents before and after slump sitting and 3)
    compare the level of perceived body discomfort among respondents after two sitting postures. Thirty young and healthy
    adults were recruited as study respondents. Each respondent was asked to sit in a posture either upright or slump for 30
    minutes. Respondents were then rated their body discomfort using Borg CR-10 scale before and after sitting. Another
    sitting posture was carried out after one day interval. There is a significant difference between perceived body
    discomfort among respondents before and after upright and slump sitting. Body discomfort of upright sitting was shown
    significantly greater than slump sitting. Although, slump sitting caused less discomfort than upright, but it proven by
    previous studies did not provide benefit to occupational safety and health practice in preventing occupational health
    related disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
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