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Fulltext Retention of Carotenes and Vitamin E, and Physico-chemical Changes Occurring upon Heating Red Palm Olein Using Deep-fat Fryer, Microwave Oven and Conventional Oven

Loganathan R, Tarmizi AHA, Vethakkan SR, Teng KT

J Oleo Sci, 2020 Mar 01;69(3):167-183.
PMID: 32051355 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19209

Red palm olein is known to be high in carotenes and vitamin E (tocols) and possess various nutritional benefits. This study evaluates the effect of prolonged heating using three common cooking techniques i.e. deep-fat fryer, microwave oven and conventional oven, on the profiles of carotenes and tocols as well as the physico-chemical changes occurring in red palm olein when compared to conventional palm olein. Physico-chemical changes in all oils were gauged based on their peroxide, p-anisidine and total oxidation values, acidity, and fatty acid composition. Both red palm olein and palm olein were thermally stable based on their lower rate of hydrolytic and oxidative degradations as well as higher tocols retention, which allow the oils to undergo heating up to 3 hours using deep-fat fryer and conventional oven. Nevertheless, red palm olein seemed not suitable for prolonged heating processes considering lower retention of carotenes. Microwave heating also influenced the stability of phytonutrients.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/analysis*
Exploring the fermentation characteristics of a newly isolated marine bacteria strain, Gordonia terrae TWRH01 for carotenoids production

Loh WLC, Huang KC, Ng HS, Lan JC

J Biosci Bioeng, 2020 Aug;130(2):187-194.
PMID: 32334990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.007

Carotenoids serve as one of the most important group of naturally-occurring lipid-soluble pigments which exhibit great biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and provitamin A activities. Owing to their advantageous health effects, carotenoids are widely applied in various industries. Microbial carotenoids synthesis therefore has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In the present study, a marine microorganism originally isolated from seawater in northern Taiwan was determined to be a strain of Gordonia terrae based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain G. terrae TWRH01 has the ability to synthesize and accumulate the intracellular pigments was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biochemical production characteristics of this strain were studied by employing different fermentation strategies. Findings suggested that G. terrae TWRH01 can actively grow and efficiently synthesize carotenoids in medium adjusted to pH 7 containing 16 g L-1 sucrose as the carbon source, 16 g L-1 yeast extract as the nitrogen source, 0.6 M NaCl concentration, and supplemented with 0.45% (v/v) 1 M CaCl2. Results revealed that the optimization of fermentation yielded 15.29 g L-1 dry biomass and 10.58 μmol L-1 relative β-carotene concentration. According to GC-MS analysis, the orange-red colored pigments produced were identified as carotenoid derivatives, mainly echinenone and adonixanthin 3'-β-d-glucoside. Therefore, the new bacterial strain showed a highly potential bioresource for the commercial production of natural carotenoids.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/metabolism*
Interaction of aerobic exercise and crocin improves memory, learning and hypocampic tau and neurotrophins gene expression in rats treated with trimethytin as a model of Alzheimer's disease

Moghadasi M, Akbari F, Najafi P

Mol Biol Rep, 2024 Jan 16;51(1):111.
PMID: 38227208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09197-4

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and a reduction in hippocampal neurotrophins, in which trimethytin (TMT) infusion causes tangles and neuronal dysfunction, creating an AD-like model in rats. Previous studies have demonstrated that crocin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, can enhance learning, memory acquisition, and cognitive behavior. This study aimed to assess the combined impact of aerobic exercise and crocin on memory, learning, and hippocampal Tau and neurotrophins gene expression in AD-like model rats.
METHODS: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) healthy control, (2) Alzheimer's control, (3) endurance training, (4) crocin consumption, and (5) endurance training + crocin. Alzheimer's induction was achieved in groups 2-5 through intraperitoneal injection of 8 mg/kg TMT. Rats in groups 3 and 5 engaged in treadmill running three sessions per week, 15-30 min per session, at a speed of 15-20 m/min for eight weeks, and groups 4 and 5 received daily crocin supplementation of 25 mg/kg.
RESULTS: Alzheimer's induction with TMT showed significant reduction in memory, learning, NGF, BDNF, and TrkB gene expression, and increase in tau gene expression (all p

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids*
Fulltext Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals a New Genospecies of Methylobacterium sp. GXS13, Isolated from Vitis vinifera L. Xylem Sap

Lai WX, Gan HM, Hudson AO, Savka MA

Genome Announc, 2016;4(1).
PMID: 26847900 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01695-15

The whole-genome sequence of a new genospecies of Methylobacterium sp., named GXS13 and isolated from grapevine xylem sap, is reported and demonstrates potential for methylotrophy, cytokinin synthesis, and cell wall modification. In addition, biosynthetic gene clusters were identified for cupriachelin, carotenoid, and acyl-homoserine lactone using the antiSMASH server.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Carotenoids and retinoids in human nutrition

Tee ES

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1992;31(1-2):103-63.
PMID: 1734916

Since the discovery of vitamin A as a fat-soluble growth factor in the early part of the century, research into carotenoids and retinoids has attracted the attention of many scientists. These two groups of compounds are still being actively studied all over the world since many gaps in knowledge exist and new frontiers are being pursued. Recent developments in studies into the possible roles of carotenoids and retinoids beyond their classical functions in vision have created a great deal of excitement in the biomedical community. This review covers a wide range of topics pertaining to these two closely related compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the functions of these compounds and their roles in human nutrition. Various aspects of vitamin A deficiency and studies on carotenoids and retinoids in cancer development and prevention are reviewed in some detail.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/administration & dosage*; Carotenoids/physiology; Carotenoids/chemistry
Fulltext Cellular Biochemical Changes in Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring and Sellaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir.) Heiron. as Induced by Desiccation

Agduma AR, Sese MD

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):37-52.
PMID: 27688850 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.4

The biochemical changes in two Selaginella species namely, S. tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring and S. plana (Desv. ex Poir.) Heiron., as induced by desiccation and subsequent rehydration were explored. Plants were allowed to dehydrate naturally by withholding irrigation until shoot's relative water content (RWC) reached <10%. After which, dehydrated plants were watered until fully rehydrated states were obtained which was about 90% RWC or more. Desiccation-tolerance characteristics were observed in S. tamariscina while desiccation-sensitivity features were seen in S. plana. Membrane integrity was maintained in S. tamariscina but not in S. plana as evidenced in the relative electrolyte leakage measurements during desiccation phase and the subsequent rehydration stage. Pigment analyses revealed conservation of some chlorophylls and carotenoids during desiccation and reaching control levels following rehydration in S. tamariscina. Very low pigment contents were found in S. plana during desiccation phase and the pigments were not recovered during rehydration attempt. Meanwhile, compatible solute determination showed rise in total sugar and proline contents of desiccated S. tamariscina only, indicating presence of biochemical protection machineries in this species and absence of such in S. plana during dehydrating conditions. These data indicate that one key element for desiccation-tolerance in lower vascular plants is the ability to protect tissues from severe damages caused by intense desiccation.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Prediction of β-carotene solubility at supercritical conditions using regular solutions theory

Kassim, K.M., Davarnejad, R.

ASM Science Journal, 2007;1(2):143-154.
MyJurnal

The objective of this paper is to model the extraction of carotenoid with supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent. Experimental data for the high pressure vapour-liquid phase equilibrium of the binary system carbon dioxide-carotenoid was reviewed for the elevated temperatures of 313.15, 323.15, 333.15 K and pressures up to 500 bar. The experimental data was correlated and modeled using Redlich-Kwong equation of state and regular solution methods. The use of the equation of state as an empirical correlation for collating and predicting liquid-liquid and liquid-dense fluid equilibria is discussed. It was concluded that the estimation of some of the parameters required for these calculations would be difficult if the solute (carotenoid) was a complex substance about which little was known apart from its structural formula. An alternative procedure is to apply activity coefficient expression of the regular solution theory type to each phase. Calculations along these lines are described and the physical basis for applying these methods under the relevant conditions is discussed. The regular solution theory approach in particular was found to be encouraging for the mutual miscibility calculations for heavy components (such as carotenoid) particularly for substances sensitive to temperature, though the interaction parameters for he prediction activity coefficients must be regarded as pressure dependent.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Changes in oxidation indices and minor components of low free fatty acid and freshly extracted crude palm oils under two different storage conditions

Tan CH, Ariffin AA, Ghazali HM, Tan CP, Kuntom A, Choo AC

J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Jun;54(7):1757-1764.
PMID: 28720930 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2569-9

This article reports on the changes of oxidation indices and minor components of low free fatty acid (FFA) and freshly extracted crude palm oils after storage at ambient (28 ± 1 C) and 60 C for 77 days. The changes in peroxide value (PV), FFA, extinction coefficient at 233 and 269 nm (K233 and K269), bleachability index (DOBI), carotene and vitamin E contents were monitored. PV, FFA, K233 and K269 of both oil samples increased as storage progressed while the values of carotene and vitamin E contents decreased. At the end of storage period at 60 °C, the carotene content of low FFA crude palm oil was 4.24 ppm. The storage conditions used led to the loss of entire vitamin E fractions of both oil samples as well as a reduction in DOBI values except for freshly extracted crude palm oil stored at ambient temperature.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Effects of different vermicompost extracts of palm oil mill effluent and palm-pressed fiber mixture on seed germination of mung bean and its relative toxicity

Rupani PF, Embrandiri A, Ibrahim MH, Ghole V, Lee CT, Abbaspour M

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Dec;25(36):35805-35810.
PMID: 29663297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1875-8

Several treatment technologies are available for the treatment of palm oil mill wastes. Vermicomposting is widely recognized as efficient, eco-friendly methods for converting organic waste materials to valuable products. This study evaluates the effect of different vermicompost extracts obtained from palm oil mill effluent (POME) and palm-pressed fiber (PPF) mixtures on the germination, growth, relative toxicity, and photosynthetic pigments of mung beans (Vigna radiata) plant. POME contains valuable nutrients and can be used as a liquid fertilizer for fertigation. Mung bean seeds were sown in petri dishes irrigated with different dilutions of vermicomposted POME-PPF extracts, namely 50, 60, and 70% at varying dilutions. Results showed that at lower dilutions, the vermicompost extracts showed favorable effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and total chlorophyll content in mung bean seedlings, but at higher dilutions, they showed inhibitory effects. The carotenoid contents also decreased with increased dilutions of POME-PPF. This study recommends that the extracts could serve as a good source of fertilizer for the germination and growth enhancement of mung bean seedlings at the recommended dilutions.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Physico- and phytochemical properties of Brassica juncea as affected by agroclimatic conditions

Batool U, Nawaz R, Ahmad S, Irshad MA, Irfan A, Gaafar AZ, et al.

Sci Rep, 2024 Jan 08;14(1):797.
PMID: 38191635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48808-9

Physicochemical and phytochemical assessment of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown in different agroclimatic conditions is essential to highlight their compositional variability and evaluate the most suitable bunch of agroclimatic and agronomic practices. B. juncea is one of the important leafy vegetables that serve as source of vitamin A and C and iron, and plenty of antioxidants. This in situ research was executed to assess the quality variability of B. juncea grown in different agroecosystems. Leaves' samples of B. juncea were procured from 15 farmers' fields exhibiting different agroclimatic conditions i.e., elevation, nutrient management, temperature, irrigation, and tillage practices. Leaves' samples were subjected to physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, i.e., moisture, pH, TSS, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential. In the leaves' samples of B. juncea, the target properties were found to vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in different agroclimatic conditions. The moisture content, ascorbic acid, phenolic content, carotenoids, and antioxidants were found in the range of 62.7-79.3%, 74-91 mg/100 g, 49.2-49.2 mg GAE/100 g, 436.3-480 mg β carotene/100 g, 32.7-46.67%, respectively. This study elaborates the significant variation of physicochemical and phytochemical attributes of B. juncea due to the prevailing agroclimatic conditions. This necessitates the appropriate choice of B. juncea concerning its composition and ecological conditions of its cultivation in the prospective health benefits.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Application of supercritical fluid chromatography in the quantitative analysis of minor components (carotenes, vitamin E, sterols, and squalene) from palm oil

Choo YM, Ng MH, Ma AN, Chuah CH, Hashim MA

Lipids, 2005 Apr;40(4):429-32.
PMID: 16028723

The application of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled with a UV variable-wavelength detector to isolate the minor components (carotenes, vitamin E, sterols, and squalene) in crude palm oil (CPO) and the residual oil from palm-pressed fiber is reported. SFC is a good technique for the isolation and analysis of these compounds from the sources mentioned. The carotenes, vitamin E, sterols, and squalene were isolated in less than 20 min. The individual vitamin E isomers present in palm oil were also isolated into their respective components, alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienol, gamma-tocopherol, gamma-tocotrienol, and delta-tocotrienol. Calibration of all the minor components of palm as well as the individual components of palm vitamin E was carried out and was found to be comparable to those analyzed by other established analytical methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/analysis*; Carotenoids/chemistry
Antioxidant capacities of fucoxanthin-producing algae as influenced by their carotenoid and phenolic contents

Foo SC, Yusoff FM, Ismail M, Basri M, Yau SK, Khong NMH, et al.

J Biotechnol, 2017 Jan 10;241:175-183.
PMID: 27914891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.026

Natural antioxidants from sustainable sources are favoured to accommodate worldwide antioxidant demand. In addition to bioprospecting for natural and sustainable antioxidant sources, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the bioactives (i.e. carotenoid and phenolic acids) and the antioxidant capacities in fucoxanthin-producing algae. Total carotenoid, phenolic acid, fucoxanthin contents and fatty acid profile of six species of algae (five microalgae and one macroalga) were quantified followed by bioactivity evaluation using four antioxidant assays. Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana displayed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Odontella sinensis and Skeletonema costatum which showed moderate bioactivities. Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Saccharina japonica exhibited the least antioxidant activities amongst the algae species examined. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression showed that both carotenoids and phenolic acids were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the antioxidant activities, indicating the influence of these bioactives on the algal antioxidant capacities.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/analysis; Carotenoids/metabolism*
6th COSTAM/SFRR (ASEAN/Malaysia) International Workshop on Micronutrients, Oxidative Stress, and the Environment

Nesaretnam K, Sies H

Antioxid Redox Signal, 2006 10 13;8(11-12):2175-7.
PMID: 17034360

The 6(th) COSTAM/SFRR (ASEAN/Malaysia) workshop, "Micronutrients, Oxidative Stress, and the Environment," was held from June 29 to July 2 at Holiday Inn Damai Beach Resort in Kuching, Sarawak. Two hundred twenty participants from 17 countries presented recent advances on natural antioxidants in the area of oxidative stress and molecular aspects of nutrition. Natural products and research are an important program in academic institutions and are experiencing unprecedented interest and growth by the scientific community and public health authorities. Progress is being driven by better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the relation between oxidative stress and micronutrient action. The gathering of scientists from around the world was fruitful, and we hope that future work will be developed by the formal and informal interactions that took place in this beautiful tropical setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids/pharmacology; Carotenoids/therapeutic use
Recent development in the production strategies of microbial carotenoids

Foong LC, Loh CWL, Ng HS, Lan JC

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021 Jan 04;37(1):12.
PMID: 33392834 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02967-3

Carotenoids are a diverse group of lipid-soluble pigments that exhibit potent biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and provitamin A activities. The potent health benefits of carotenoids result in the surge in the market demands for carotenoids, especially natural carotenoids from sustainable sources. Microbial carotenoids have attracted considerable interests for many industrial applications because of the low costs and ease of scaling-up with shorter production time. There is a growing interest in the search of new and sustainable microbial sources and cost-efficient production strategies following the high economical values and vast commercial applications of carotenoids. This article presents a review on the industrial production strategies of microbial carotenoids from microalgae, fungi, and bacteria sources. The industrial significance of the mass production of microbial carotenoids is also discussed. The structure, classification, and biosynthesis pathway of the carotenoids are also presented in this review.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Storage stability and degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds in red palm oil microcapsules produced with solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical carbon dioxide: A comparison with the spray-drying method

Lee WJ, Tan CP, Sulaiman R, Hee YY, Chong GH

Food Chem, 2020 Jan 30;304:125427.
PMID: 31494501 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125427

Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical carbon dioxide (SEDS) and spray drying (SD) were used to microencapsulate red palm oil (RPO) to prolong the functionality of carotenes and vitamin E. The protective effects provided by SEDS and SD were evaluated in terms of the oxidative stability (65 °C for 35 days), fatty acid compositions, color change and degradation kinetics of carotenes and vitamin E (25 °C, 45 °C, 65 °C, and 85 °C for up to 198 days). SEDS microcapsules (SEDS-M) were the most oxidatively stable (total oxidation (Totox): 26.5), followed by SD microcapsules (SD-M) (34.9) and RPO (56.7). Degradation of carotenes and vitamin E fitted well a first-order kinetic model (average absolute relative deviation = 2-16%). SEDS-M offered better protection to vitamin E (Ea = 36 kJ/mol), whereas SD-M provided better protection for α + β carotene (Ea = 29 kJ/mol). Overall, encapsulation protected RPO during storage, with SEDS-microencapsulated RPO performing better than SD-microencapsulated RPO.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Impact of sea-salt on morpho-physiological and biochemical responses in banana (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan)

Mazumdar P, Lau SE, Singh P, Takhtgahi HM, Harikrishna JA

Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2019 May;25(3):713-726.
PMID: 31168234 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00659-3

Banana is often grown in coastal-regions, and while known for its sensitivity towards seawater, little is documented on the effect of sea-salt on the growth, physiology and metal homeostasis. Here we report that banana plantlets exposed to sea-salt at extreme (average seawater concentration; 52.7 dS m-1), severe (28.5 dS m-1) or moderate (10.2 dS m-1) salinity levels had reduced root length (2.0-6.0-fold), plant height (1.2-1.6-fold), leaf number (2.0-2.3-fold) and leaf area (3.3-4.0-fold) compared to control plantlets. Degradation of pigments (total chlorophyll: 1.3-12.3-fold, chlorophyll a: 1.3-9.2-fold; chlorophyll b: 1.3-6.9-fold lower and carotenoids: 1.4-3.7-fold lower) reflected vulnerability of photosystems to salt stress. Relative water content showed a maximum decrease of 1.5-fold in salt stress. MDA analysis showed sea-salt exposure triggers 2.3-3.5-fold higher lipid peroxidation. Metal content analysis showed a 73-fold higher Na value from roots exposed to extreme salinity compared to control plantlets. While phenotype was clearly affected, moderate salinity showed no significant alteration of macro (N, P, K and Ca) and micro (Fe, Mn and Cu) metal content. The antioxidant enzymes: SOD (3.2-fold), CAT (1.7-fold) and GR (6-fold) showed higher activity at moderate salinity level compared to control plantlets but lower activity at severe (SOD: 1.3-fold; CAT: 1.5-fold; GR: 2-fold lower) and extreme seawater salinity (SOD: 1.5; CAT: 1.9; GR: 1.3-fold lower). Mild changes in growth and physiology at sea-salt levels equivalent to moderate seawater flooding, indicate that banana will survive such flooding, while extreme seawater inundation will be lethal. This data provides a reference for future salinity-mediated work in banana.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Taxon- and Growth Phase-Specific Antioxidant Production by Chlorophyte, Bacillariophyte, and Haptophyte Strains Isolated From Tropical Waters

Rahman NA, Katayama T, Wahid MEA, Kasan NA, Khatoon H, Yamada Y, et al.

Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020;8:581628.
PMID: 33330417 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.581628

Antioxidants found in microalgae play an essential role in both animals and humans, against various diseases and aging processes by protecting cells from oxidative damage. In this study, 26 indigenous tropical marine microalgae were screened. Out of the 26 screened strains, 10 were selected and were further investigated for their natural antioxidant compounds which include carotenoids, phenolics, and fatty acids collected in their exponential and stationary phases. The antioxidant capacity was also evaluated by a total of four assays, which include ABTS, DPPH, superoxide radical (O2•-) scavenging capacity, and nitric oxide (•NO-) scavenging capacity. This study revealed that the antioxidant capacity of the microalgae varied between divisions, strains, and growth phase and was also related to the content of antioxidant compounds present in the cells. Carotenoids and phenolics were found to be the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to other fatty acids. The antioxidant capacity of the selected bacillariophytes and haptophytes was found to be positively correlated to phenolic (R2-value = 0.623, 0.714, and 0.786 with ABTS, DPPH, and •NO-) under exponential phase, and to carotenoid fucoxanthin and β-carotene (R2 value = 0.530, 0.581 with ABTS, and 0.710, 0.795 with O2•-) under stationary phase. Meanwhile, antioxidant capacity of chlorophyte strains was positively correlated with lutein, β-carotene and zeaxanthin under the exponential phase (R2 value = 0.615, 0.615, 0.507 with ABTS, and R2 value = 0.794, 0.659, and 0.509 with •NO-). In the stationary phase, chlorophyte strains were positively correlated with violaxanthin (0.755 with •NO-), neoxanthin (0.623 with DPPH, 0.610 with •NO-), and lutein (0.582 with •NO-). This study showed that antioxidant capacity and related antioxidant compound production of tropical microalgae strains are growth phase-dependent. The results can be used to improve the microalgal antioxidant compound production for application in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, and feed industry.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin

Oslan SNH, Shoparwe NF, Yusoff AH, Rahim AA, Chang CS, Tan JS, et al.

Biomolecules, 2021 02 10;11(2).
PMID: 33578851 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020256

As the most recognizable natural secondary carotenoid astaxanthin producer, the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivation is performed via a two-stage process. The first is dedicated to biomass accumulation under growth-favoring conditions (green stage), and the second stage is for astaxanthin evolution under various stress conditions (red stage). This mini-review discusses the further improvement made on astaxanthin production by providing an overview of recent works on H. pluvialis, including the valuable ideas for bioprocess optimization on cell growth, and the current stress-exerting strategies for astaxanthin pigment production. The effects of nutrient constituents, especially nitrogen and carbon sources, and illumination intensity are emphasized during the green stage. On the other hand, the significance of the nitrogen depletion strategy and other exogenous factors comprising salinity, illumination, and temperature are considered for the astaxanthin inducement during the red stage. In short, any factor that interferes with the cellular processes that limit the growth or photosynthesis in the green stage could trigger the encystment process and astaxanthin formation during the red stage. This review provides an insight regarding the parameters involved in bioprocess optimization for high-value astaxanthin biosynthesis from H. pluvialis.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Golden Lily and Chokanan Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels

Jing Wen Kok, Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad, Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(3):35-44.
MyJurnal

Mango is one of the popular fruits in Malaysia and has been used in the jam, puree and drinks production. Production of food products using mango pulp has generated by-products such as peel and kernel. Disposal of these by-products will cause environmental pollution if not properly treated. Mango peel contains high nutritional composition and antioxidant properties and can be utilised as food ingredients. The objectives of this study are to determine the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of the peels of two selected mango varieties, namely Golden Lily and Chokanan. Analysis of proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) were carried out in this study. Results of the proximate analysis showed that the peels of both mango varieties were a good source of fibre, which were 14.45% for Golden Lily and 14.89% for Chokanan. The crude fat, crude protein, and total carbohydrate of Chokanan peel (2.62%, 4.67% and 57.74%, respectively) were higher than the Golden Lily peel (1.13%, 2.90% and 53.16%, respectively). Contrastingly, the moisture content of the Golden Lily peel (24.67%) was higher than the Chokanan peel (16.61%). Potassium was the main mineral found in both Golden Lily and Chokanan mango peels (8802.10 mg/kg and 8443.60 mg/kg, respectively). The total phenolic compounds in the peels of both mango varieties were not significantly different. The Chokanan peel contained a higher carotenoids content (35.26 µg/g) than the Golden Lily peel (15.03 µg/g). The ABTS value for Chokanan peel was higher (1406.00 μmol TE/g) than Golden Lily peel (1314.00 μmol TE/g). This study showed that Chokanan and Golden Lily mango peels have the potential to be utilised as ingredient in food products due to their high fibre content.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids
Fulltext Scheme of obtaining β-carotene standard from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) flesh

Norshazila, S., Irwandi, J., Othman, R., Yumi Zuhanis, H.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):531-535.
MyJurnal

Characterization and quantification of carotenoid compound is complicated, costly and timeconsuming. The accuracy and reliability of the data depend solely on the standard and to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis but the major constraint is to acquire and to maintain the pure standards. Carotenoid standards are commercially available but they are expensive and are prone to isomerization and oxidation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to establish an analytical method for isolating β-carotene by using open column chromatography (OCC) from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) to be used as one of the carotenoid standards for determination of total and individual carotenoid. Pumpkin with orange flesh has been chosen due to the non-seasonal nature and its availability all year-round. This study demonstrated that the purity of β-carotene standard; determined by HPLC was ranged from 92.21 to 97.95%. The standard curves with five different concentrations of β-carotene extract from pumpkins in triplicate were constructed by plotting the peak area against the concentration. The coefficient of correlation was 0.9936. Therefore, this study established that pumpkin can be a reliable source of beta-carotene standard as it is cheap and commonly available throughout the year.

Matched MeSH terms: Carotenoids

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