Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 257 in total

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  1. Tailored rigidity of W/O Pickering emulsions using diacylglycerol-based surface-active solid lipid nanoparticles
    Li G, Lee WJ, Tan CP, Lai OM, Wang Y, Qiu C
    Food Funct, 2021 Nov 29;12(23):11732-11746.
    PMID: 34698749 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01883c
    Pickering water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions were fabricated by using medium-long chain diacylglycerol (MLCD)-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and the connection between the characteristics of the SLNs and the colloidal stability of the emulsions was established. Via melt-emulsification and ultrasonication, MLCD-based SLNs with particle sizes of 120-300 nm were obtained with or without other surfactants. The particle size of the SLNs was influenced by the chemical properties of the surfactants, and surfactants decreased the contact angle of SLNs at the oil-water interface. Gelation was observed in SLNs modified by sodium stearoyl lactylate and lecithin, whereas the addition of Tween 20 resulted in a homogeneous SLN solution. The adsorption of surfactants onto SLN surfaces caused the production of higher amounts of α crystals accompanied by delayed crystallization onset which contributed to the reduction of particle size, interfacial tension and oil wetting ability. The W/O emulsions with higher rigidity and physical stability can be obtained by varying surfactant types and by increasing SLN mass ratios to 60%, whereby more SLNs are adsorbed at the droplet surface as a Pickering stabilizer. This study provides useful insights for the development of diacylglycerol-based SLNs and Pickering W/O emulsions which have great potential for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  2. Synthesis, characterization, and morphology study of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-grafted-poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) "raspberry"-shape like structure microgels by pre-emulsified semi-batch emulsion polymerization
    Ramli RA, Hashim S, Laftah WA
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2013 Feb 1;391:86-94.
    PMID: 23123033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.047
    A novel microgels were polymerized using styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AAm), and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers in the presence of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) cross-linker. Pre-emulsified monomer was first prepared followed by polymerizing monomers using semi-batch emulsion polymerization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to determine the chemical structure and to indentify the related functional group. Grafting and cross-linking of poly(acrylamide-co-acrilic acid)-grafted-poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) [poly(AAm-co-AAc)-g-poly(St-co-MMA)] microgels are approved by the disappearance of band at 1300 cm(-1), 1200 cm(-1) and 1163 cm(-1) of FTIR spectrum and the appearance of CH peaks at 5.5-5.7 ppm in (1)H NMR spectrum. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images indicated that poly(St-co-MMA) particle was lobed morphology coated by cross-linked poly(AAm-co-AAc) shell. Furthermore, SEM results revealed that poly(AAm-co-AAc)-g-poly(St-co-MMA) is composite particle that consist of "raspberry"-shape like structure core. Internal structures of the microgels showed homogeneous network of pores, an extensive interconnection among pores, thicker pore walls, and open network structures. Water absorbency test indicated that the sample with particle size 0.43 μm had lower equilibrium water content, % than the sample with particle size 7.39 μm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Synthesis of polymeric nanogel via irradiation of inverse Micelles technique
    Yusof Hamzah, Naurah Mat Isa, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2012;20(2):401-407.
    MyJurnal
    Covalently cross-linked nanogels were prepared via irradiation of inverse micelles that had been preparedfrom radiation crosslinkable polymer, water, oil and surfactant. A mixture of polymer, water, heptane andsodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) at certain compositions forms inverse micelles with the size rangingfrom 2 to 8 nm. The hydrophilic head of the surfactant facilitates encapsulation of water soluble polymer.If the entrapped polymer is radiation crosslinkable, it is expected that upon irradiation, polymerizationshall take place in such small and confined space, leading to formation of nano-sized polymeric gel.Meanwhile, emulsion at 2 nm size was chosen for gamma irradiation process. The formation of thenano-sized discreet gel using irradiation of inverse micelles technique was proven at a dose as low as 5kGy to obtain nanogel sized ~ 95 nm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  4. Synthesis of bio-inspired cellulose nanocrystals-soy protein isolate nanoconjugate for stabilization of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions
    Wong SK, Supramaniam J, Wong TW, Soottitantawat A, Ruktanonchai UR, Tey BT, et al.
    Carbohydr Res, 2021 Jun;504:108336.
    PMID: 33964507 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108336
    The development of hybrid polysaccharide-protein complexes as Pickering emulsion stabilizers has attracted increasing research interest in recent years. This work presents an eco-friendly surface modification strategy to functionalize hydrophilic cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using hydrophobic soy protein isolate (SPI) via mussel adhesive-inspired poly (l-dopa) (PLD) to develop improved nanoconjugates as stabilizers for oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. The physicochemical properties of the CNC-PLD-SPI nanoconjugate were evaluated by solid-state 13C NMR, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, contact angle analysis, and TEM. The modified CNC (conjugation content of 38.22 ± 1.21%) had lowered crystallinity index, higher thermal stability, and more hydrophobic than unmodified CNC, with an average particle size of 309.9 ± 8.0 nm. Use of amphiphilic CNC-PLD-SPI nanoconjugate with greater conformational flexibility as Pickering stabilizer produced oil-in-water emulsions with greater physical stability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  5. Synthesis and characterization of sago starch nanocrystal laurate as a food grade particle emulsifier
    Ahmad A, Fazial FF, Khalil HPSA, Fazry S, Lazim A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jul 01;242(Pt 2):124816.
    PMID: 37182623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124816
    Starch nanocrystals (SNCs) are tiny particles that possess unique qualities due to their small size, such as increased crystallinity, thin sheet structure, low permeability, and strong resistance to digestion. Although sago starch nanocrystals (SNCs) are naturally hydrophilic, their properties can be modified through chemical modifications to make them more versatile for various applications. In this study, the esterification process was used to modify SNCs using lauroyl chloride (LC) to enhance their surface properties. Three different ratios of LC to SNC were tested to determine the impact on the modified SNC (mSNC). The chemical changes in the mSNC were analyzed using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. ##The results showed that as the amount of LC increased, the degree of substitution (DS) also increased, which reduced the crystallinity of the mSNC and its thermal stability. However, the esterification process also improved the hydrophobicity of the SNC, making it more amphiphilic. The emulsification capabilities of the mSNC were investigated using a Pickering emulsion, and the results showed that the emulsion made from mSNC-1.0 had better stability than the one made from pristine SNC. This study highlights the potential of SNC as a particle emulsifier and demonstrates how esterification can improve its emulsification capabilities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  6. Synergistic effect of hydrophilic polyglycerol fatty acid esters and protein on the stability of interfacial membrane in low-fat aerated emulsions with different homogenization conditions
    Han W, Chai X, Zaaboul F, Sun Y, Tan CP, Liu Y
    Food Chem, 2024 Mar 01;435:137584.
    PMID: 37774617 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137584
    This study investigates the impact of various chain lengths of hydrophilic polyglycerol fatty acid esters (HPGEs), namely SWA-10D, M-7D and M-10D on protein interactions and their influence on the surface morphology and interfacial properties of low-fat aerated emulsions under different pressures conditions. M-7D and M-10D samples exhibited larger particle sizes, higher ζ-potential and rougher surface compared to SWA-10D sample at 1 % concentration of HPGEs. Consequently, M-7D and M-10D samples demonstrated lower values of G', G'', and higher values tan δ at the oil-water interface as pressure increased, thereby promoting the formation of less viscoelastic structures. M-7D sample, characterized by lower content of α-helix structures, resulted in an observable redshift in the NH and CO groups of the protein. Molecular docking analysis affirmed that M-7D sample exhibited a lower absolute binding energy value, indicating stronger interaction with the protein compared to other samples, ultimately contributing to the unstable interfacial membrane formed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  7. Fulltext Surface-Functionalized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles (SPNs) for Enhanced Oil Recovery: Effects of Surface Modifiers and Their Architectures
    Khalil M, Aulia G, Budianto E, Mohamed Jan B, Habib SH, Amir Z, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2019 Dec 17;4(25):21477-21486.
    PMID: 31867543 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03174
    Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPNs) have been considered as one of the most studied nanomaterials for subsurface applications, including in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of surface functionalization on the ability of the nanoparticles to improve secondary and tertiary oil recoveries remains unclear. Therefore, investigations on the application of bare and surface-functionalized SPNs in EOR using a sand pack were carried out in this study. Here, the as-prepared SPNs were functionalized using oleic acid (OA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) to obtain several types of nanostructure architectures such as OA-SPN, core-shell SPN@PAM, and SPN-PAM. Based on the result, it is found that both the viscosity and mobility of the nanofluids were significantly affected by not only the concentration of the nanoparticles but also the type and architecture of the surface modifier, which dictated particle hydrophilicity. According to the sand pack tests, the nanofluid containing SPN-PAM was able to recover as much as 19.28% of additional oil in a relatively low concentration (0.9% w/v). The high oil recovery enhancement was presumably due to the ability of suspended SPN-PAM to act as a mobility control and wettability alteration agent and facilitate the formation of a Pickering emulsion and disjoining pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  8. Fulltext Suitable coating material for microencapsulation of spray-dried fish oil
    Tirgar M, Jinap S, Zaidul IS, Mirhosseini H
    J Food Sci Technol, 2015 Jul;52(7):4441-9.
    PMID: 26139910 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1515-3
    This study was conducted to screen the most suitable coating material for the production of microencapsulated fish oil powder using ternary blends of maltodextrin (15, 25 % w/w), Arabic gum (2.5, 7.5 % w/w), and methylcellulose (0.5, 1.5 % w/w). The physical properties of fish oil emulsion and encapsulated powders were evaluated. Arabic gum (5 % w/w) showed the most significant (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  9. Fulltext Study on the potential toxicity of a thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats
    Tubesha Z, Imam MU, Mahmud R, Ismail M
    Molecules, 2013 Jun 26;18(7):7460-72.
    PMID: 23803717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077460
    Toxicological studies constitute an essential part of the effort in developing an herbal medicine into a drug product. A newly developed thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion (TQRFNE) has been prepared using a high pressure homogenizer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential acute toxicity of this nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 425, allowing for the use of test dose limit of 20 mL TQRFNE (containing 44.5 mg TQ)/kg. TQRFNE and distilled water (DW) as a control were administered orally to both sexes of rats on Day 0 and observed for 14 days. All the animals appeared normal, and healthy throughout the study. There was no observed mortality or any signs of toxicity during the experimental period. The effects of the TQRFNE and DW groups on general behavior, body weight, food and water consumption, relative organ weight, hematology, histopathology, and clinical biochemistry were measured. All the parameters measured were unaffected as compared to the control (DW) group. The administration of 20 mL TQRFNE /kg was not toxic after an acute exposure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/adverse effects; Emulsions/pharmacology; Emulsions/chemistry
  10. Stabilization of water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion using whey protein isolate-conjugated durian seed gum: enhancement of interfacial activity through conjugation process
    Tabatabaee Amid B, Mirhosseini H
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2014 Jan 1;113:107-14.
    PMID: 24060935 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.042
    The present work was conducted to investigate the effect of purification and conjugation processes on functional properties of durian seed gum (DSG) used for stabilization of water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was conjugated to durian seed gum through the covalent linkage. In order to prepare WPI-DSG conjugate, covalent linkage of whey protein isolate to durian seed gum was obtained by Maillard reaction induced by heating at 60 °C and 80% (±1%) relative humidity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to test the formation of the covalent linkage between whey protein isolate and durian seed gum after conjugation process. In this study, W/O/W stabilized by WPI-conjugated DSG A showed the highest interface activity and lowest creaming layer among all prepared emulsions. This indicated that the partial conjugation of WPI to DSG significantly improved its functional characteristics in W/O/W emulsion. The addition of WPI-conjugated DSG to W/O/W emulsion increased the viscosity more than non-conjugated durian seed gum (or control). This might be due to possible increment of the molecular weight after linking the protein fraction to the structure of durian seed gum through the conjugation process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  11. Stability of a concentrated oil-in-water emulsion model prepared using palm olein-based diacylglycerol/virgin coconut oil blends: Effects of the rheological properties, droplet size distribution and microstructure
    Ng SP, Lai OM, Abas F, Lim HK, Tan CP
    Food Res Int, 2014 Oct;64:919-930.
    PMID: 30011735 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.045
    The rheological properties, microstructure, textural properties, colour and droplet size distribution of mayonnaise-like emulsion models prepared using 10-30wt.% of palm olein-based diacylglycerol (POL-DAG) oil were compared with those of the control (100wt.% VCO) model. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the particle size distribution of the oil droplets, the textural properties, and the rheological properties of the various emulsion models. The rheological analysis included the determination of the flow curves, yield stress, thixotropy, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic parameters. The concentrated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion with 30wt.% POL-DAG substitution exhibited high thixotropy. The POL-DAG content had a substantial effect on the rheological properties of yield stress, storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″). The pseudoplastic behaviour of the emulsions was demonstrated. The size of the particles in the 30% POL-DAG-substituted emulsion was dramatically increased after one day and 30days of storage. All of the emulsion samples with POL-DAG substituted for VCO showed a relatively non-uniform bimodal droplet size distribution after one day of storage. In general, substitution of 10-20wt.% POL-DAG oil is appropriate for preparing O/W emulsions that had flow curves and textural properties similar to those of the control sample.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  12. Stability of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Kenaf Seed Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions under Different Storage Temperatures
    Cheong AM, Tan CP, Nyam KL
    J Food Sci, 2018 Oct;83(10):2457-2465.
    PMID: 30178877 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14332
    Kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NANO) stabilized by sodium caseinate (SC), beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and Tween 20 (T20) have been optimized and shown to improve in vitro bioaccessibility and physicochemical stability in the previous study. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in the NANO during storage at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C). An evaluation of the antioxidant activities of each emulsifier showed that SC had good scavenging capability with 97.6% ABTS radical scavenging activity. Therefore, SC which was used as one of the main emulsifiers could further enhanced the antioxidant activity of NANO. At week 8 of storage, NANO that stored at 4 °C had maintained the best bioactive compounds stability and antioxidant activities with 90% retention of vitamin E and 65% retention of phytosterols. These results suggested that 4 °C would be the most suitable storage temperature for NANO containing naturally present vitamin E and phytosterols. From the accelerated storage results at 40 °C, NANO containing vitamin E and phytosterols had maintained half of its initial concentration until week 4 and week 2 of storage, which is equivalent to 16 weeks and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature, respectively.

    PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results of this study provide a better understanding on the stability of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in oil-in-water nanoemulsions that stabilized by similar ternary emulsifiers during storage at different temperatures. In addition, this study could be used as a predictive model to estimate the shelf life of bioactive compounds encapsulated in the form of nanoemulsions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  13. Fulltext Stability assessment of injectable castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion containing cationic droplets stabilized by poloxamer-chitosan emulsifier films
    Tamilvanan S, Kumar BA, Senthilkumar SR, Baskar R, Sekharan TR
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010 Jun;11(2):904-9.
    PMID: 20496017 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9455-3
    The objectives of the present work were to prepare castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion containing cationic droplets stabilized by poloxamer-chitosan emulgator film and to assess the kinetic stability of the prepared cationic emulsion after subjecting it to thermal processing and freeze-thaw cycling. Presence of cryoprotectants (5%, w/w, sucrose +5%, w/w, sorbitol) improved the stability of emulsions to droplet aggregation during freeze-thaw cycling. After storing the emulsion at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 37 degrees C over a period of up to 6 months, no significant change was noted in mean diameter of the dispersed oil droplets. However, the emulsion stored at the highest temperature did show a progressive decrease in the pH and zeta potential values, whereas the emulsion kept at the lowest temperatures did not. This indicates that at 37 degrees C, free fatty acids were formed from the castor oil, and consequently, the liberated free fatty acids were responsible for the reduction in the emulsion pH and zeta potential values. Thus, the injectable castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion could be useful for incorporating various active pharmaceutical ingredients that are in size from small molecular drugs to large macromolecules such as oligonucleotides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  14. Fulltext Stability Study of Emulsion Liquid Membrane via Emulsion Size and Membrane Breakage on Acetaminophen Removal from Aqueous Solution Using TOA
    Zaulkiflee ND, Ahmad AL, Sugumaran J, Lah NFC
    ACS Omega, 2020 Sep 22;5(37):23892-23897.
    PMID: 32984709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03142
    The purpose of this study is to explore the emulsion liquid membrane stability for acetaminophen (ACTP) removal from aqueous solution. In this work, the membrane phase was prepared by dissolving trioctylamine (TOA) with kerosene and Span80. The stability of the emulsion in terms of emulsion size, membrane breakage, and its efficiency in removing ACTP was considered for the optimization of parameters. Investigation on the stability of emulsion was carried out by manipulating the concentration of stripping agent, agitation speed, extraction time, and treat ratio. The best condition to produce a very stable emulsion was achieved at 0.1 M of stripping agent concentration, with 300 rpm of agitation speed for 3 min of extraction time with a treat ratio of 3:1. Eighty-five percent of ACTP successfully stripped into the emulsion with minimum membrane breakage of 0.17% through this experiment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  15. Fulltext Stability Evaluations of Different Types of Vegetable Oil-based Emulsions
    Teh SS, Mah SH
    J Oleo Sci, 2018;67(11):1381-1387.
    PMID: 30404958 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18067
    The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of vegetable oils on emulsion stability. Palm olein (POo), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SAF), grape seed oil (GSO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) with different degree of saturation levels were chosen as major ingredient of oil phases. All the emulsions were stored at 4℃, 27℃ and 40℃ for 35 days and subjected to all the stability tests, including temperature variation, centrifuge test, cycle test, pH and slip melting point. The results indicated that POo exhibited the highest stability, followed by SAF, OO, GSO, SFO and SBO. In addition, the results implied that the degree of saturation levels of vegetable oils does give significant effect on emulsion stability based on the centrifuge testing for an approximate 30% usage level of oil. The POo-based emulsion exhibited good emulsion stability throughout the experimental period indicated that POo could be a good carrier oil for various applications in cosmetic industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  16. Spray-dried alginate-coated Pickering emulsion stabilized by chitosan for improved oxidative stability and in vitro release profile
    Surjit Singh CK, Lim HP, Tey BT, Chan ES
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Jan 01;251:117110.
    PMID: 33142647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117110
    The commercial application of liquid-state Pickering emulsions in food systems remains a major challenge. In this study, we developed a spray-dried Pickering emulsion powder using chitosan as a Pickering emulsifier and alginate as a coating material. The functionality of the powder was evaluated in terms of its oxidative stability, pH-responsiveness, mucoadhesivity, and lipid digestibility. The Pickering emulsion powder was oxidatively more stable than the conventional emulsion powder stabilized by gum Arabic. The powder exhibited pH-responsiveness, whereby it remained intact in acidic pH, but dissolved to release the emulsion in 'Pickering form' at near-neutral pH. The Pickering emulsion powder was also mucoadhesive and could be digested by lipase in a controlled manner. These findings suggested that the multi-functional Pickering emulsion powder could be a potential delivery system for applications in the food industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  17. Spinach leaf and chloroplast lipid: A natural rheology modifier for chocolate?
    Mohamad NJ, Gray D, Wolf B
    Food Res Int, 2020 07;133:109193.
    PMID: 32466904 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109193
    In this study the possibility of replacing current surfactants in chocolate formulations with natural lipids extracted from spinach leaf (SPLIP) or spinach chloroplast (CH.SPLIP) was evaluated. SPLIP and CH.SPLIP were extracted with chloroform/methanol following enzyme deactivation with hot isopropanol. Results showed a higher extraction yield for SPLIP while glycolipids were more concentrated in CH.SPLIP. Sugar/oil suspensions with dispersed volume fractions of 0.28, 0.33 and 0.37 containing 0.1% to 0.7% (w/w) surfactant (SPLIP, CH.SPLIP, lecithin and PGPR as commercial references) based on oil phase were prepared and analyzed in shear rheology. Apparent viscosity at 40 s-1 was significantly lower for the natural surfactants compared to lecithin at 0.5-0.7% (w/w) addition. With regard to yield stress, taken as the shear stress at 5 s-1, both natural surfactants showed comparable performance to PGPR at 0.3% to 0.7% addition. As SPLIP and CH.SPLIP behaved similar (p > 0.05), SPLIP, due to higher extraction yield, would be the preferred choice for application in chocolate matrices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  18. Solid-phase microextraction for determining twelve orange flavour compounds in a model beverage emulsion
    Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Yusof S, Hamid NS
    Phytochem Anal, 2008 Sep-Oct;19(5):429-37.
    PMID: 18435528 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1068
    Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography has been applied for the headspace analysis (HS) of 12 target flavour compounds in a model orange beverage emulsion. The main volatile flavour compounds studied were: acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, alpha-pinene, ethyl butyrate, beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, gamma-terpinene, octanal, decanal, linalool and citral (neral plus geranial). After screening the fibre type, the effect of other HS-SPME variables such as adsorption temperature (25-55 degrees C), extraction time (10-40 min), sample concentration (1-100% w/w), sample amount (5-10 g) and salt amount (0-30% w/w) were determined using a two-level fractional factorial design (2(5-2)) that was expanded further to a central composite design. It was found that an extraction process using a carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fibre coating at 15 masculineC for 50 min with 5 g of diluted emulsion 1% (w/w) and 30% (w/w) of sodium chloride under stirring mode resulted in the highest HS extraction efficiency. For all volatile flavour compounds, the linearity values were accurate in the concentration ranges studied (r(2) > 0.97). Average recoveries that ranged from 90.3 to 124.8% showed a good accuracy for the optimised method. The relative standard deviation for six replicates of all volatile flavour compounds was found to be less than 15%. For all volatile flavour compounds, the limit of detection ranged from 0.20 to 1.69 mg/L.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  19. Soft computing-based modeling and emission control/reduction of a diesel engine fueled with carbon nanoparticle-dosed water/diesel ‎emulsion fuel
    Atarod P, Khlaife E, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, Hoang AT, Mobli H, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2021 04 05;407:124369.
    PMID: 33160782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124369
    This study was set up to model and optimize the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with carbon nanoparticle-dosed water/‎diesel emulsion fuel using a combination of soft computing techniques. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system tuned by particle ‎swarm algorithm was used for modeling the performance and emission parameters of the engine, while optimization of the engine operating parameters and the fuel composition was conducted via multiple-objective particle ‎swarm algorithm. The model input variables were: injection timing (35-41° CA BTDC), engine load (0-100%), nanoparticle dosage (0-150 μM), and water content (0-3 wt%). The model output variables included: brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, as well as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons emission concentrations. The training and testing of the modeling system were performed on the basis of 60 data patterns obtained from the experimental trials. The effects of input variables on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine were thoroughly analyzed and comprehensively discussed as well. According to the experimental results, injection timing and engine load could significantly affect all the investigated performance and emission parameters. Water and nanoparticle addition to diesel could markedly affect some performance and emission parameters. The modeling system could predict the output parameters with an R2 > 0.93, MSE 
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  20. Skin intervention of fullerene-integrated nanoemulsion in structural and collagen regeneration against skin aging
    Ngan CL, Basri M, Tripathy M, Abedi Karjiban R, Abdul-Malek E
    Eur J Pharm Sci, 2015 Apr 5;70:22-8.
    PMID: 25619806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.01.006
    Despite the fact that intrinsic oxidative stress is inevitable, the extrinsic factor such as ultraviolet radiation enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation resulting in premature skin aging. Nanoemulsion was loaded with fullerene, a strong free radical scavenger, and its efficacy to provide protection and regenerative effect against ROS-induced collagen breakdown in human skin was studied. Stable fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated using high shear homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technique. An open trial was conducted using fullerene nanoemulsion on skin twice a day for 28 days. The mean collagen score significantly increased (P<0.05) from 36.53±4.39 to 48.69±5.46 with 33.29% increment at the end of the treatment. Biophysical characteristics of skin revealed that skin hydration was increased significantly (P<0.05) from 40.91±7.01 to 58.55±6.08 corneometric units (43.12% increment) and the water was able to contain within the stratum corneum without any increased in transepidermal water loss. In the in vitro safety evaluation, fullerene nanoemulsion showed no acute toxicity on 3T3 fibroblast cell line for 48h and no indication of potential dermal irritation. Hence, the fullerene nanoemulsion may assist in protecting collagen from breakdown with cosmeceutical benefit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
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