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Toxicology study of vanillin on rats via oral and intra-peritoneal administration

Ho K, Yazan LS, Ismail N, Ismail M

Food Chem Toxicol, 2011 Jan;49(1):25-30.
PMID: 20807560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.023

Vanillin is useful as anti-sickle cell anemia, anti-mutagen and anti-bacteria agent. However, vanillin must be administered at high concentration and cannot be oxidized by the upper gastrointestinal track of patients to be medically effective. In this study, we assessed the toxic effect of vanillin when administered in an un-oxidized form at high concentrations (150 and 300 mg/kg) via oral and intra-peritoneal injection. It was found that 300 mg/kg vanillin injection caused the rats to be unconscious without exerting any toxic effect on blood cells, kidney and liver. Besides, it showed blood protective property. Further analysis with GenomeLab GeXP genetic system on brain tissues showed that the expression of most xenobiotic metabolism, cell progression, tumor suppressor, DNA damage and inflammation genes were maintained at normal level. However, the expression of a few xenobiotic metabolism, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis genes were up-regulated by 5% ethanol injection. Nevertheless, when 5% ethanol was injected with the presence of vanillin, the expression was back to normal level. It is postulated that vanillin might have neuro-protective property. In conclusion, vanillin is not toxic at high concentration in both oral and intra-peritoneal injection and could provide blood and brain protective properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Function Tests
Fulltext Prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use in Malaysian adults and associated factors: a population-based survey

Maria Awaluddin S, Noor Ani Ahmad, Balkish Mahadir Naidu, Muslimah Yusof, Mohamad Aznuddin Abd Razak, Mohd Kamal Ariff Abdul Ghani

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17(3):58-65.

Chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with adverse effects. However, NSAIDs are among the most popular pain killers and easily available over the counter. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NSAIDs use in Malaysian adults and among those with chronic diseases such as arthritis, kidney disease, hypertension, heart disease and asthma. It also examined the factors associated with NSAIDs use. Data from the National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2011, a nation-wide survey was analysed. A total of 18231 respondents aged 18 years and above responded to this module. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between NSAIDs use and associated factors. The overall prevalence of NSAIDs use among Malaysian adults was 14.2% (95%CI 13.3-15.1). Of the respondents, 4.2% (95%CI 3.8-4.7) took NSAIDs once daily. NSAIDs use was highly associated with those who were ever-told to have arthritis (aOR: 3.03; 95%CI 2.60-3.52) and have difficulty of performing daily activities or work (aOR: 2.06; 95%CI 1.86-2.28). Those who were ever-told to have kidney disease (aOR: 2.36; 95%CI 1.74-3.20), ever-told to have asthma (aOR: 1.36; 95%CI 1.17-1.58), ever-told to have heart disease (aOR: 1.34; 95%CI 1.08-1.65), known hypertension (aOR: 1.22; 95%CI 1.08-1.37) also were associated with NSAIDs use. By socio-demographic profiles, NSAIDs use was positively associated with those who have government benefit scheme or private health insurance (aOR: 1.44; 95%CI 1.31-1.58), higher education level (aOR: 1.35; 95%CI 1.20-1.51), higher household income (aOR: 1.26; 95%CI 1.11-1.44, aOR: 1.12; 95%CI 1.02-1.24), currently working (aOR: 1.25; 95%CI 1.13-1.39) and female (aOR: 1.17; 95%CI 1.07-1.28). NSAIDs use was less likely among those aged 60 years and above (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI 0.72-0.97), Chinese (aOR: 0.41; 95% CI 0.36-0.47) and ‘Others’ ethnicity (aOR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.67-0.99) compared to Malay ethnicity. NSAIDs use is prevalent in Malaysian adults and associated with co-morbidities and higher socio-demographic status, thus appropriate awareness should be promoted and highlighted in the community.
Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2011)

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases
Fulltext Massive, spontaneous ruptured renal subcapsular haematoma following thrombolytic therapy in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Raja Ezman Faridz Raja Shariff, Sazzli Shahlan Kasim

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(2):82-85.
MyJurnal

Thrombolytic therapy remains widely used in majority of developing countries, where delivery
of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains a challenge. Unfortunately,
complications following such therapy remains prominent, predominantly bleeding-related
problems. We present a rare case of massive renal subcapsular haemorrhage and hematoma
following thrombolytic therapy. A 61-year old gentleman presented following an episode of
chest pain due to acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Due to potential delays in obtaining
PCI, the patient was counselled for thrombolysis using streptokinase which he had consented
to. Unfortunately, within 36 hours of admission, he developed abdominal pain, haematuria,
hypotension and altered mental status, associated with acute drops in haemoglobin levels.
Following initial resuscitation efforts, a Computed Tomography scan of the abdomen was
performed revealing a massive renal subcapsular hematoma, likely secondary to previous
thrombolysis. Renal subcapsular hematoma can either be spontaneous or iatrogenic, the latter
often due to coexisting renal-based neoplasm or vasculitidies. Iatrogenic causes include
trauma, following renal biopsies or anticoagulation therapy amongst a few others. Iatrogenic
renal subcapsular haemorrhage and hematoma formation are rare following thrombolysis. Our
literature search revealed only one other similar case, although this was following
administration of recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a case of acute ischaemic
cerebrovascular accident. This case highlights the complexity in management, following the
findings in terms of need for cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy and timing for PCI and stent
selection.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases
Fulltext Observational study investigating the prevalence of asymptomatic stage B heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not known to have coronary artery disease

Oo MM, Tan Chung Zhen I, Ng KS, Tan KL, Tan ATB, Vethakkan SR, et al.

BMJ Open, 2021 01 21;11(1):e039869.
PMID: 33478961 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039869

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of stage B heart failure (SBHF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
DESIGN: Observational study.
SETTING: A single-centre study in which eligible patients were recruited from T2DM clinic. Following consent, patients completed a questionnaire and underwent physical examinations. Patients had blood drawn for laboratory investigations and had a transthoracic echocardiography.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 305 patients who were not known to have CVD were recruited. Patients with deranged liver function tests and end stage renal failure were excluded.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Echocardiographic parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement and diastolic function were examined.
RESULTS: A total of 305 patients predominantly females (65%), with mean body mass index of 27.5 kg/m2 participated in this study. None of them had either a history or signs and symptoms of CVD. Seventy-seven percent of patients had a history of hypertension and 83% of this study population had T2DM for more than 10 years. Mean HbA1c of 8.3% was recorded. Almost all patients were taking metformin. Approximately, 40% of patients were on newer anti-T2DM agents such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Fifty-seven percent (n=174) of the study population had SBHF at the time of study: diastolic dysfunction, increased LVMI and increased left atrial volume index (LAVI) were noted in 51 patients (17%), 128 patients (42%) and 98 patients (32%), respectively. Thirty-seven patients (12%) had both increase LVMI and LAVI.
CONCLUSION: Our study has revealed a high prevalence of SBHF in T2DM patients without overt cardiac disease in Malaysia that has one of the highest prevalence of TDM in the world.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Failure, Chronic
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Cyclosporine Among Malaysian Renal Transplant Patients: An Evaluation of Methods to Handle Missing Doses in Conventional Drug-Monitoring Data

Albitar O, Ballouze R, Harun SN, Mohamed Noor DA, Sheikh Ghadzi SM

J Clin Pharmacol, 2020 11;60(11):1474-1482.
PMID: 32557653 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1670

Cyclosporine is a primary drug in transplant immunosuppression regimens. It has a narrow therapeutic index and variable pharmacokinetic behavior. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine in Malaysian renal transplant recipients as well as to evaluate the performances of different methodsfor handling missing doses. A total of 2804 concentrationts predose and 2 hours after doses were collected retrospectively from 113 renal transplant patients on cyclosporine in Penang General Hospital. Model structure and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling software. Missing doses were handled using different methods to evaluate their performance. Covariate analysis was performed using stepwise forward addition (P < .05) followed by backward elimination (P < .001). Prediction-corrected visual predictive check and sampling-importance resampling methods were used to validate the final model. A 1-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best fitted the data. All methods to handle missing doses performed well with the missing dose method being superior to other methods and thus was applied in the final model. Cyclosporine clearance (CL/F) was estimated as 15.1 L/h, and volume of distribution (V/F) was 108 L. Postoperative time, sex, and calcium channel blockers were identified as significant covariates on CL/F, whereas sex and cholesterol level were identified as significant covariates on V/F. This is the first population pharmacokinetic model developed in Malaysian renal transplant patients using a large sample with an evaluation of different methods to handle missing doses in less informative conventional therapeutic drug-monitoring data.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation
Short- and long-term probiotic effects of Enterococcus hirae isolated from fermented vegetable wastes on the growth, immune responses, and disease resistance of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × Clarias macrocephalus)

Hamid NH, Daud HM, Kayansamruaj P, Hassim HA, Mohd Yusoff MS, Abu Bakar SN, et al.

Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2021 Jul;114:1-19.
PMID: 33872754 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.012

This study evaluated the short- and long-term effects of dietary supplementation with Enterococcus hirae strain UPM02 on the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × Clarias macrocephalus) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In the long-term trial, fingerling fish were fed diets containing 0 (control), 2 × 105, or 2 × 107 CFU/g E. hirae UPM02 for 120 days. Administration of E. hirae UPM02 had significant effects on the specific growth rate (SGR), feed utilization efficiency, body indices (P

Matched MeSH terms: Head Kidney
Diversity of influenza A viruses retrieved from respiratory disease outbreaks and subclinically infected herds in Spain (2017-2019)

Sosa Portugal S, Cortey M, Tello M, Casanovas C, Mesonero-Escuredo S, Barrabés S, et al.

Transbound Emerg Dis, 2021 Mar;68(2):519-530.
PMID: 32619306 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13709

The present study was aimed to assess the diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) circulating in pig farms in the Iberian Peninsula. The study included two different situations: farms suffering respiratory disease outbreaks compatible with IAV (n = 211) and randomly selected farms without overt respiratory disease (n = 19). Initially, the presence of IAV and lineage determination was assessed by qRT-PCR using nasal swabs. IAV was confirmed in 145 outbreaks (68.7%), mostly in nurseries (53/145; 36.5%). Subtyping by RT-qPCR was possible in 94 of those cases being H1avN2hu (33.6%), H1avN1av (24.3%) and H1huN2hu (18.7%), the most common lineages. H3huN2hu and H1pdmN1pdm represented 7.5% and 6.5% of the cases, respectively. As for the randomly selected farms, 15/19 (78.9%) were positive for IAV. Again, the virus was mostly found in nurseries and H1avN2hu was the predominant lineage. Virus isolation in MDCK cells was attempted from positive cases. Sixty of the isolates were fully sequenced with Illumina MiSeq®. Within those 60 isolates, the most frequent genotypes had internal genes of avian origin, and these were D (19/60; 31.7%) and A (11/60; 18.3%), H1avN2hu and H1avN1av, respectively. In addition, seven previously unreported genotypes were identified. In two samples, more than one H or N were found and it was not possible to precisely establish their genotypes. A great diversity was observed in the phylogenetic analysis. Notably, four H3 sequences clustered with human isolates from 2004-05 (Malaysia and Denmark) that were considered uncommon in pigs. Overall, this study indicates that IAV is a very common agent in respiratory disease outbreaks in Spanish pig farms. The genetic diversity of this virus is continuously expanding with clear changes in the predominant subtypes and lineages in relatively short periods of time. The current genotyping scheme has to be enlarged to include the new genotypes that could be found in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Foetal and maternal outcomes in hyperuricaemia pre-eclampsia patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Jummaat F, Adnan AS, Ab Hamid SA, Hor JN, Nik Mustofar NN, Muhammad Asri NA, et al.

J Obstet Gynaecol, 2021 Jan;41(1):38-43.
PMID: 33124936 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1679731

Preeclampsia patients have frequently been found to experience hyperuricaemia and this may result in poor outcomes compared to those with normal uric acid levels. This study aimed to determine the relationship of hyperuricaemia in pre-eclampsia patients with foetal and maternal outcomes. This prospective cohort study involved 79 patients in a tertiary centre from year 2016 to 2018. Blood samples were taken antenatally and at the 6th week, post-delivery for renal function including serum uric acid level. Our findings indicate that there was a higher incidence of poor maternal and foetal outcomes in the hyperuricaemia group than the normal uric acid group. Serum uric acid has been shown to be a significant predictor for low birth weight and premature delivery in preeclampsia patients. It was also found that there was a significant negative correlation between uric acid level and antenatal creatinine clearance (rs = -0.338, p = .002). The assessment of the serum uric acid level seems to be important to ensure better outcomes in patients with preeclampsia.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy-related complication and remains as one of the most important cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality, affecting 2-8% in all pregnancy. Many studies have established the association between hyperuricaemia and preeclampsia. Besides, numerous studies have found that hyperuricaemia contributed to adverse maternal and foetal outcomes.What the results of this study add? There was a significant increase in adverse foetal and maternal outcomes in the hyperuricaemia group compared to the normal uric acid group. This study revealed that serum uric acid remains a significant predictor for low birth weight and premature delivery in preeclampsia patients.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Hyperuricaemia does not merely become an indicator for the severity of disease in preeclampsia patients but also indicates adverse foetal outcomes. Large population-based studies are required to establish the absolute maternal and foetal outcomes in patients with hyperuricaemia. Besides, further studies are recommended on long-term implication of hyperuricaemia which is not limited to only during antenatal period.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Function Tests
Fulltext Factors that influence albuminuria among type 2 diabetes mellitus at primary healthcare clinics in Negeri Sembilan 2007

Norma S, Azmi MT, Rotina AB

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2010;16(1):21-32.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and major cause of chronic renal disease. Chronic renal disease can be prevented if known risk factors were been early detected. Albuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of chronic renal disease. Objectives of this study is to identify the incidence of albuminuria and relationship between albuminuria with socio demographic and clinical factors such as blood sugar control, blood pressure control, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia.
Methodology: Data been collected from patient’s record that been regularly follow up at Primary Healthcare Clinics in Negeri Sembilan. Duration of study follow up was from the date of they been diagnosed of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 until detection of albuminuria or 1st July 2007,end date of data collection then survival analysis been done.
Result: Majority of study population was female 60.9% and Malay 69.7%. Mean age was 59.9 ± 10.7 and duration having Diabetes Mellitus was 7.0 ± 6.3 years. Only 22% achieved optimum glucose (HbA1c < 6.5%), controlled blood preassure 130/80 mmHg 42.3%, level of cholesterol <4.5 mmol/L only 22.7 %, 11.4% of patients having ideal body weight < 23 kg/m2. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 was 24.4 cases per 1000 population. The median of follow up duration was 22 years; with minimum follow up was 7 months and maximum 42 years. Survival analysis showed that the median of free albuminuria among cases was 22 years (CI 95%:16.5 – 27.4). The log rank test showed no significant relationship between high blood pressure, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia with albuminuria. This study noted that the occurrence of albuminuria seems to be higher among those were hypertensive (26.6%), and excessive body mass index (24.7%).
Conclusion: Percentage of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patient that achieved optimum clinical target still very low. Early detection of albuminuria is very important as preventive measure of diabetes nephropathy. Good blood pressure control and ideal body weight also prevent of occurring diabetes nephropathy complication.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, albuminuria, survival analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Failure, Chronic
Fulltext Steroid withdrawal or avoidance in renal transplant recipients

Chang, S.H., Tan, S.Y.

JUMMEC, 2006;9(1):2-6.
MyJurnal

Steroids remain an important component of maintenance immunosuppression after renal transplantation. Their anti-inflammatory action is partly due to the sequestration of CD4+ lymphocytes in the reticuloendothelial system. Steroids bind to intracellular receptors and the resulting steroid-receptor complex alters the transcription of cytokines by binding to glucocorticoid response elements on DNA. Transcription factors whose actions are altered by glucocorticoids include activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-B (NF-B). The main cytokines whose production by antigen-presenting cells is inhibited by steroids are interleukin-1 (IL-1), required for helper T-cell activation, and IL-6, required for B-cell activation. Other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor are also inhibited. This multiplicity of immunosuppressive actions is not fully replicated by other immunosuppressants. However, there are concerns about the long-term side effects of steroids. This review will examine the attempts at steroid withdrawal or steroid avoidance in renal transplant patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation
[The biological and hemagglutinating properties of Ghetah arbovirus]

Leont'eva NA, Fadeeva LL

Vopr. Virusol., 1969 Jul-Aug;14(4):464-8.
PMID: 4982330
Matched MeSH terms: Kidney
Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and mortality: A prospective cohort study in a multi-ethnic Asian population

Lim CC, Teo BW, Ong PG, Cheung CY, Lim SC, Chow KY, et al.

Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2015 Aug;22(8):1018-26.
PMID: 24857889 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314536873

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on adverse cardiovascular outcomes and deaths in Asian populations. We evaluated the associations of CKD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of 7098 individuals who participated in two independent population-based studies involving Malay adults (n = 3148) and a multi-ethnic cohort of Chinese, Malay and Indian adults (n = 3950).
METHODS: CKD was assessed from CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Incident CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke and CVD mortality) and all-cause mortality were identified by linkage with national disease/death registries.
RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 4.6% developed CVD and 6.1% died. Risks of both CVD and all-cause mortality increased with decreasing eGFR and increasing albuminuria (all p-trend <0.05). Adjusted hazard ratios (HR (95% confidence interval)) of CVD and all-cause mortality were: 1.54 (1.05-2.27) and 2.21 (1.67-2.92) comparing eGFR <45 vs ≥60; 2.81 (1.49-5.29) and 2.34 (1.28-4.28) comparing UACR ≥300 vs <30. The association between eGFR <60 and all-cause mortality was stronger among those with diabetes (p-interaction = 0.02). PAR of incident CVD was greater among those with UACR ≥300 (12.9%) and that of all-cause mortality greater among those with eGFR <45 (16.5%).
CONCLUSIONS: In multi-ethnic Asian adults, lower eGFR and higher albuminuria were independently associated with incident CVD and all-cause mortality. These findings extend previously reported similar associations in Western populations to Asians and emphasize the need for early detection of CKD and intervention to prevent adverse outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/physiopathology
Diagnostic pitfalls in the evaluation and management of amenorrhea in adolescents

Azurah AG, Zainuddin AA, Jayasinghe Y

J Reprod Med, 2013 Jul-Aug;58(7-8):324-36.
PMID: 23947083

Amenorrhea is a common menstrual problem seen in adolescents. Amenorrhea has been shown to have a negative impact on adolescents' quality of life. In this paper we discuss the various causes and investigations of amenorrhea in adolescents and address management dilemmas for specific conditions. Specific approaches in dealing with adolescents using the HEADSS (Home, Education, Activity, Drugs, Sexual activity, Suicidal) approach are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/abnormalities
Pantoea agglomerans as a rare cause of catheter-related infection in hemodialysis patients

Wong KW

J Vasc Access, 2013 Jul-Sep;14(3):306.
PMID: 23599132 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000139
Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy*
Evaluating the toxic and beneficial effects of jering beans (Archidendron jiringa) in normal and diabetic rats

Shukri R, Mohamed S, Mustapha NM, Hamid AA

J Sci Food Agric, 2011 Nov;91(14):2697-706.
PMID: 21744354 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4516

Jering (Archidendron jiringa) is eaten in the tropics and traditionally extolled for treating diabetes, high blood pressure and eliminating bladder stones. Jering contains an unusual amino acid-djenkolic acid (S,S'-methylenebiscysteine)-which may form sharp crystals in the urinary tract, causing pain and haematuria. This study evaluates the beneficial and toxic effects of dietary jering on tissues and organs in normal and diabetic rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
The changing pattern of primary glomerulonephritis in Singapore and other countries over the past 3 decades

Woo KT, Chan CM, Mooi CY, -L-Choong H, Tan HK, Foo M, et al.

Clin. Nephrol., 2010 Nov;74(5):372-83.
PMID: 20979946

This review of 2,586 renal biopsies over the past 3 decades in Singapore documents the changing pattern of glomerulonephritis (GN) from that of a third world country to that of a developed nation. In the 1st decade, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the most common form of primary GN, just as it was in the surrounding Asian countries. In the 2nd decade, the prevalence of mesangial proliferative GN decreased with a rise in membranous, GN which is also seen in China and Thailand. In the 3rd decade, there was a dramatic increase in focal sclerosing glomerulosclerosis. This increase reflects aging and obesity in keeping with more developed countries like Australia, India, Thailand and the United States of America. IgA nephritis remains the most common GN. Apart from the geographical influence, other socioeconomic factors play a significant role in the evolution of the renal biopsy pattern. Mesangial proliferative GN remains prevalent in many Asian countries, but in Singapore the prevalence is decreasing just as it is in Japan, Korea and Malaysia. Worldwide, the prevalence of focal sclerosing glomerulosclerosis continues to increase in many countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
Influence of sympathetic and AT-receptor blockade on angiotensin II and adrenergic agonist-induced renal vasoconstrictions in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abdulla MH, Sattar MA, Khan MA, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ

Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2009 Mar;195(3):397-404.
PMID: 19183357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01895.x

This study investigated the influence of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor and adrenergic blockade on the renal vasoconstrictions caused by Ang II and adrenergic agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/innervation
Pathogenesis and antibody response to a cytomegalovirus infection in newborn rats

Loh HS, Mohd-Azmi ML, Sheikh-Omar AR, Zamri-Saad M, Tam YJ

Acta Virol., 2007;51(1):27-33.
PMID: 17432941

The present study described the kinetics of Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection in newborn rats by monitoring infectious virus and viral antigens in various organs, viral DNA in the blood (DNAemia) and antibody response. These parameters were evaluated quantitatively using double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA), real-time PCR, indirect ELISA and virus infectivity assay. For the first time DAS-ELISA was used for detection of RCMV antigen directly from organ samples. The relationships between the presence of viral antigens in the infected organs and antibody levels were established by the Spearman's rank test. It was found that the virus was present in the blood, spleen, liver, lungs, and kidneys earlier than in the salivary glands. Furthermore, the early immunity of the newborn rats led to a delayed seroconversion. We suggested that the prolonged presence of the virus in salivary glands could augment the antibody response that conversely might be responsible for a reduction of viremia. This study expanded our understanding of RCMV pathogenesis leading to improved therapeutic and preventive treatment regimens particularly for the neonatal Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. Additionally, the detection procedures developed in this study such as DAS-ELISA and real-time PCR could serve as alternative techniques for rapid screening of large number of samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/virology
Fulltext Hospital-acquired vancomycin-resistant enterococci: now appearing in Kuala Lumpur Hospital

Zubaidah AW, Ariza A, Azmi S

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Oct;61(4):487-9.
PMID: 17243529 MyJurnal

Hospital-acquired vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were first reported in the late 1980s and have since been an increasing problem worldwide. Kuala Lumpur Hospital thus far, to the best of our knowledge has been spared from this pathogen. We describe the first confirmed case of Enterococcus faecium exhibiting the van A phenotype in our hospital, in a patient with chronic renal failure who was successfully treated with linezolid. The microbiology laboratory plays an important role in the identification and detection of VRE.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Failure, Chronic/drug therapy
Decreased apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain confers resistance to sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma through alternate angiogenesis pathways

Gobe GC, Ng KL, Small DM, Vesey DA, Johnson DW, Samaratunga H, et al.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016 Apr 22;473(1):47-53.
PMID: 26995091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.048

Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis, is upregulated in a number of human cancers, thereby conferring drug resistance and giving a rationale for the inhibition of ARC to overcome drug resistance. Our hypothesis was that ARC would be similarly upregulated and targetable for therapy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Expression of ARC was assessed in 85 human RCC samples and paired non-neoplastic kidney by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, as well as in four RCC cell lines by qPCR, Western immunoblot and confocal microscopy. Contrary to expectations, ARC was significantly decreased in the majority of clear cell RCC and in three (ACHN, Caki-1 and 786-0) of the four RCC cell lines compared with the HK-2 non-cancerous human proximal tubular epithelial cell line. Inhibition of ARC with shRNA in the RCC cell line (SN12K1) that had shown increased ARC expression conferred resistance to Sunitinib, and upregulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We therefore propose that decreased ARC, particularly in clear cell RCC, confers resistance to targeted therapy through restoration of tyrosine kinase-independent alternate angiogenesis pathways. Although the results are contrary to expectations from other cancer studies, they were confirmed here with multiple analytical methods. We believe the highly heterogeneous nature of cancers like RCC predicate that expression patterns of molecules must be interpreted in relation to respective matched non-neoplastic regions. In the current study, this procedure indicated that ARC is decreased in RCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism*

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