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Fulltext Vulcanisation and coagulant dipping of epoxidised natural rubber latex

Dazylah Darji, Ma'zam Md Said

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2010;18(2):-.
MyJurnal

Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) is now a commercially available polymer produced by chemical modification of natural rubber. Currently, three types of ENR are commercially available, and these are ENR 10, ENR 25, and ENR 50 with 10%, 25%, and 50% mol epoxidation, respectively. Studies on prevulcanisation of ENR 50 and postvulcanisation of the latex films were carried out. The objective of this study was to develop ENR 50 that could be dipped easily in coagulant dipping solution to produce dipped products. Several attempts were made by compounding prevulcanised ENR 50 at various sulphur levels ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 pphr. Using suitable coagulant dipping systems, ENR 50 film could be formed despite the high contents of non-ionic surfactant. It was found that the tensile strength of prevulcanised ENR 50 film decreased with the increase in the sulphur level. The results show that as level of sulphur increased, M300 also increased to an optimum value of 1.5 pphr of sulphur. For the postvulcanised ENR 50 film, however, the tensile strength increased and then decreased with the increasing sulphur level. Meanwhile M300 increased with the increasing postvulcanization time and sulphur level. The postvulcanisation of ENR 50 film seems to be a more effective way of increasing tensile properties than by prevulcanisation of ENR 50.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext FTIR and TGA analysis of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/treated kenaf bast fibre: effect of plasticizers

Maizatul, N., Norazowa, I., Khalina, A., Yunus, W.M.Z.W., Khalisanni, K.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):151-160.
MyJurnal

A biodegradable composite (PLA/KBF blends) was prepared using melt blending technique in a brabender mixer and characterized with FTIR and TGA analyzer. Five percent of triacetin and glycerol contents were used as plasticizers to plasticise PLA matrix. KBF was treated with 4% NaOH solution, while 30 wt% of fibre loading was used constantly for all the composite samples. From the FTIR analysis, the additions of triacetin and glycerol to PLA composites did not produce any significant difference, and there were no chemical changes in both the plasticized PLA with the treated and untreated KBF, respectively. Observation done on the TGA analysis revealed that both plasticizers did improve the thermal stability of the composites, and this might be due to the modification on the fibre surfaces, which further led to the delay in the degradation of the PLA matrix and to significant stabilization effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Improved optimum condition for recovery and measurement of 210Po in environmental samples

Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Norfaizal Mohamed @ Mohamad, Nik Azlin Nik Ariffin, Abdul Kadir Ishak

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2013;25(2):40-49.
MyJurnal

An improved laboratory technique for measurement of polonium-210(
210Po) in environmental
samples has been developed in Radiochemistry and Environmental Laboratory (RAS), Malaysian
Nuclear Agency. To further improve this technique, a study with the objectives to determine the
optimum conditions for
210Po deposition and; evaluate the accuracy and precision results for
the determination of 2 1 0 P o in environmental samples was carried-out. Polonium-210 which
is an alpha emitter obtained in acidic solution through total digestion and dissolution of samples
has been efficiently plated onto one side of the silver disc in the spontaneous plating process for
measurement of its alpha activity. The optimum conditions for deposition of 210Po were achieved
using hydrochloric acid (HCl) media at acidity of 0.5 M with the presence of 1.0 gram hydroxyl
ammonium chloride and the plating temperature at 90
oC. The plating was carried out in 80 mL
HCl solution (0.5 M) for 4 hours. The recorded recoveries obtained using 2 0 9 P o tracers in
the CRM IAEA-385 and environmental samples were 85% – 98% whereby the efficiency of the
new technique is a distinct advantage over the existing techniques. Therefore, optimization of
deposition parameters is a prime importance to achieve accuracy and precision results as well as
economy and time saving

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Effect of osmotic dehydration process using sucrose solution at mild temperature on mass transfer and quality attributes of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizusis)

Haj Najafi, A., Yusof, Y. A., Rahman, R. A., Ganjloo, A., Ling, C. N.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(2):625-630.
MyJurnal

In the current research, osmotic dehydration of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizusis) cubes using sucrose solution at mild temperature (35ºC) was investigated. Sucrose solution (40, 50 and 60% w/w) was employed for osmotic dehydration process. Responses of weight reduction (WR), solid gain (SG), water loss (WL), color (L*, a* and b*) and texture (hardness) were evaluated. It was found that sucrose concentration significantly (p < 0.05) affected the mass transfer terms during osmosis process. The results obtained revealed an increase in yellowness (b*), decrease in lightness (L*) and redness (a*) as the sucrose concentration increased. Furthermore, osmotically dehydrated samples were considerably softer than untreated samples. Increasing of sucrose concentration and dehydration time caused softer tissue of dehydrated product compared with the fresh red pitaya.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Effects of different processing methods of human amniotic membrane on the quality of extracted RNA

Rusidah Mat Yatim, Kannan, Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Suzina Sheikh Ab Hamid, Shazana Hilda Shamsudin

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2013;8(2):47-53.
MyJurnal

The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of different human amniotic membrane (HAM) processing methods on the concentration, purity and integrity of RNA. Two different techniques (Technique1 andTechnique2) were employed for the processing of HAM, which differed in terms of washing solution, sample storage conditions and processing time. Based on preservation of HAM, three groups were formed under each technique. In Technique 1, the groups were fresh frozen 1 (F1), glycerol preserved (GP) and gamma irradiated glycerol preserved (IGP); where else in Technique 2, the groups were fresh frozen 2 (F2), 50%glycerol/Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) cryopre served HAM diluted with phosphate buffered saline(GB) and 50% glycerol/DMEM cryop reserved HAM diluted with diethyl procarbonate water (GD). Total RNA was extracted from the samples and their concentration, purity and integrity were examined. The F2 sample of which there was no pre-washing step and involved direct sample storage at-80oC, shorter processing time and chilled processing conditions had yielded better quality of RNA compared to the others.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Palm olein corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in Hcl solution

Junaidah Jai, Wan Shabuddin Wan Ali

Scientific Research Journal, 2011;8(2):49-70.
MyJurnal

Aluminium (Al) is a low cost, lightweight and corrosion resistant material, which corrodes when exposed to pitting agents. Palm olein exhibits characteristics, which indicate its suitability as a corrosion inhibitor. Tween 20, hexane and diethyl triamine were used as additives to Palm olein to form the inhibitor formulation POT2OHA. The inhibition efficiency (IE) and behaviour of the POT2OHA were determined using potentiodynamic polarization in which Al 6061 samples were immersed in a 1 M HC1 solution at 26, 50 and 70 °C in the presence of different POT2OHA concentrations: 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.10, 0.13 and 0.17 M The IE increased with increasing POT2OHA concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature. The work presented indicates that POT2OHA is a mixed-type inhibitor capable of inhibiting both corrosive anodic and cathodic reactions. According to the Langmuir isotherm results POT2OHA adsorbs on the A16061 surface through semiphys iosorption and/or semi-chemisorption. The POT2OHA adsorption mechanism on Al 6061 takes through the protonation of micelles by the HC1 solution, whereby protonated micelles in the presence of chloride ions adsorb on both cathodic and anodic surface corrosion sites.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext The Adverse Effect Of Formalin: A Warning Against Mishandling

Lian, C.B., Ngeow, W.C.

Ann Dent, 2000;7(1):-.
MyJurnal

Formalin is a clear solution of 37% formaldehyde in water. It is used in dentistry as a disinfectant, antiseptic and mainly as tissue fixative for preserving biologic specimens for histopathologic examination. The human knowledge on systemic formaldehyde intoxication is inadequate as only few cases of formalin ingestion have been reported. This paper presents a brief communication of the adverse effect of formalin to the human tissue.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Biosorption of Pb (II) ions by immobilized cells of Pycnoporus Sanguineus in a packed bed column

Mashitah Mat Don, Yus Azila Yahaya, Bhatia, Subhash

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2009;17(1):-.
MyJurnal

The removal of heavy metals like lead, copper and cadmium from wastewater streams is an important environmental issue. The capability of immobilized Pycnoporus sanguineus (P. sanguineus), a white-rot macrofungi to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution in a packed bed column was investigated. Lead (Pb (II)) biosorption by immobilized cells of P. sanguineus was investigated in a packed bed column. The experiments were carried out by considering the effect of bed height (5-13 cm), flow rate (4-12 ml min-1) and initial lead (II) concentration (50-300 mg L-1). The breakthrough profiles showed that the saturation of metal ions was achieved faster for 5 cm bed height and 12 ml min-1 influent flow rate. However, the breakthrough time decreased as the initial metal concentration increased from 50 to 300 mg L-1. The column was regenerated using 0.1M HCl solution and biosorptiondesorption studies were carried out for 2 cycles. The results showed that the breakthrough time decreased as the number of cycle was proceeded.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Ultrasound mediated acid hydrolysis of konjac glucomannan

Cheng, L.H., Nur Halawiah, H., Lai, B.N, Yong, H.M., Ang, S.L.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):1043-1050.
MyJurnal

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) was treated with or without sonication and/or hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Hydrolysis effects on KGM were studied for properties such as degree of hydrolysis, fluidity, molecular mass, and creep properties. The degree of hydrolysis for sonicated KGM and acid treated KGM were not significantly different. However, the combination treatment of acid hydrolysis and sonication was found effective in yielding a smaller molecular weight fraction of KGM and solution with higher fluidity. From the creep analysis, KGM treated with combination treatment exhibited the highest compliance among samples tested. In general, ultrasound mediated acid hydrolysis was found to be a promising technique in degrading high molecular weight biopolymer. This could be attributed to a localized high temperature and high shear forces generated during cavitation that facilitated the endothermic acid hydrolysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions; Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Anti-Acanthamoeba activity of a semi-synthetic mangostin derivative and its ability in removal of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001 on contact lens

Chuprom J, Sangkanu S, Mitsuwan W, Boonhok R, Mahabusarakam W, Singh LR, et al.

PeerJ, 2022;10:e14468.
PMID: 36523474 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14468

Garcinia mangostana L., also known as the mangosteen tree, is a native medicinal plant in Southeast Asia having a wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds, including xanthonoid mangostin. In this study, we examined the pharmacological activities of the selected semi-synthetic mangostin derivative, namely, amoebicidal activity, encystation inhibition, excystation activity, and removal capacity of adhesive Acanthamoeba from the surface of contact lens (CL). Among the three derivatives, C1 exhibited promising anti-Acanthamoeba activity against Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001 trophozoites and cysts. SEM images displayed morphological changes in Acanthamoeba trophozoites, including the loss of acanthopodia, pore formation in the cell membrane, and membrane damage. In addition, the treated cyst was shrunken and adopted an irregular flat cyst shape. Under a fluorescence microscope, acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining revealed C1 induced condensation of cytoplasm and chromatin with the loss of cell volume in the treated trophozoites, while calcofluor white staining demonstrated the leakage of cell wall in treated cysts, leading to cell death. Interestingly, at the concentration ranges in which C1 showed the anti-Acanthamoeba effects (IC50 values ranging from 0.035-0.056 mg/mL), they were not toxic to Vero cells. C1 displayed the highest inhibitory effect on A. triangularis encystation at 1/16×MIC value (0.004 mg/mL). While C1 demonstrated the excystation activity at 1/128×MIC value with a high rate of 89.47%. Furthermore, C1 exhibited the removal capacity of adhesive Acanthamoeba from the surface of CL comparable with commercial multipurpose solutions (MPSs). Based on the results obtained, C1 may be a promising lead agent to develop a therapeutic for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infections and disinfectant solutions for CL.

Matched MeSH terms: Contact Lens Solutions/pharmacology
Fluid Resuscitation With Lactated Ringer's Solution Versus Normal Saline in Acute Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Kow CS, Burud IAS, Hasan SS

Pancreas, 2022 Aug 01;51(7):752-755.
PMID: 36395399 DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000002112

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to summarize the overall association between the choice of fluid (lactated Ringer's [LR] or normal saline [NS]) and clinical outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis.
METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in electronic databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses with the random-effects and IVhet models were used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) for outcomes of interest with the administration of LR relative to NS, at 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the odds of intensive care unit admission and development of local complications, respectively, with the administration of LR among hospitalized patients with acute pancreatitis relative to administration of NS (pooled ORs, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.13-0.81] and 0.43 [95% CI, 0.21-0.89], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are able to assist clinicians in the navigation of the proper choice of fluid in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Isotonic Solutions/therapeutic use
A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Polymers in Ocular Drug Delivery

Paramjot, Wadhwa S, Sharma A, Singh SK, Vishwas S, Kumar R, et al.

Curr Drug Deliv, 2024;21(1):16-37.
PMID: 36627785 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230110140312

Amongst different routes of drug delivery systems, ophthalmic drug delivery still requires a careful investigation and strict parameter measurements because the eyes are one of the most sensitive parts of the body and require special attention. The conventional systems for eyes lead to rapid elimination of formulation and hence very small contact time on the ocular epithelium. The current review article covers various types of polymers used in ocular drug delivery along with their applications/ limitations. Polymers are widely used by researchers in prodrug techniques and as a penetration enhancer in ocular delivery. This article covers the role and use of different polymeric systems which makes the final formulation a promising candidate for ophthalmic drug delivery. The researchers are still facing multiple challenges in order to maintain the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the eyes because of its complex structure. There are several barriers that further restrict the intraocular entry of the drug. In order to remove/reduce such challenges, these days various types of polymers are used for ocular delivery in order to develop different drug carrier systems for better efficacy and stability. The polymers used are highly helpful in increasing residence time by increasing the viscosity at the ocular epithelium layer. Such preparations also get easily permeated in ocular cells. The combination of different polymeric properties makes the final formulation stable with prolonged retention, high viscosity, high permeability, and better bioavailability, making the final formulation a promising candidate for ocular drug delivery.

Matched MeSH terms: Ophthalmic Solutions/chemistry
Liposomes in topical ophthalmic drug delivery: an update

Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Abdul Nasir NA, Razali N, Alyautdin R, et al.

Drug Deliv, 2016 May;23(4):1075-91.
PMID: 25116511 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.943336

Topical route of administration is the most commonly used method for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. However, presence of several layers of permeation barriers starting from the tear film till the inner layers of cornea make it difficult to achieve the therapeutic concentrations in the target tissue within the eye. In order to circumvent these barriers and to provide sustained and targeted drug delivery, tremendous advances have been made in developing efficient and safe drug delivery systems. Liposomes due to their unique structure prove to be extremely beneficial drug carriers as they can entrap both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The conventional liposomes had several drawbacks particularly their tendency to aggregate, the instability and leakage of entrapped drug and susceptibility to phagocytosis. Due to this reason, for a long time, liposomes as drug delivery systems did not attract much attention of researchers and clinicians. However, over recent years development of new generation liposomes has opened up new approaches for targeted and sustained drug delivery using liposomes and has rejuvenated the interest of researchers in this field. In this review we present a summary of current literature to understand the anatomical and physiological limitation in achieving adequate ocular bioavailability of topically applied drugs and utility of liposomes in overcoming these limitations. The recent developments related to new generation liposomes are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage*; Ophthalmic Solutions/pharmacokinetics; Ophthalmic Solutions/chemistry*
Resonance condition of a microfiber knot resonator immersed in liquids

Lim KS, Jasim AA, Damanhuri SS, Harun SW, Rahman BM, Ahmad H

Appl Opt, 2011 Oct 20;50(30):5912-6.
PMID: 22015420 DOI: 10.1364/AO.50.005912

Effects of immersing a microfiber knot resonator (MKR) in liquid solutions that have refractive indices close to that of silica are experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. Significant improvement in resonance extinction ratio within 2 to 10 dB was observed. To achieve a better understanding, a qualitative analysis of the coupling ratio and round-trip attenuation of the MKR is performed by using a curve-fitting method. It was observed that the coupling coefficient at the knot region increased when immersed in liquids. However, depending on the initial state of the coupling and the quantity of the increment in the coupling coefficient when immersed in a liquid, it is possible that the MKR may experience a deficit in the coupling parameter due to the sinusoidal relationship with the coupling coefficient.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext The pH of very dilute solutions of weak acids-a calculation involving the application of numerical skills to the solution of a cubic equation

Peter Michael Barling

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2014;8(2):24-29.
MyJurnal

This paper presents the solution to a calculation of the pH of a very dilute solution of a weak acid, taking into account the effect of the hydroxonium ions generated from the ionization of the acid on the ionization of water, also a very weak acid. To be solved successfully, this calculation involves the concepts of conservation of charge, pH, equilibria and the application of the general solution to a cubic equation. Such an exercise requires the application of skills in algebra, and can provide a core of understanding that can prepare advanced students for many different sorts of calculations that represent real-life problems in the chemical sciences. A programme is presented in C++ which enables the work of students to be individualized so that each student in a class can work through a slightly different pH calculation, in such a way that a class supervisor can quickly check each student’s result for accuracy.This exercise is presented as a potential means of enabling students to undertake and master similar types of calculations involving the application of complex algebra to problems related to equilibria and solution dynamics.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext On the integral solutions of the diophantine equation x4 + y4 = z3

Ismail, S., Mohd Atan, K.A.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):119-126.
MyJurnal

This paper is concerned with the existence, types and the cardinality of the integral solutions for
diophantine equation
4 4 3
x y z + = where x , y and z are integers. The aim of this paper was to
develop methods to be used in finding all solutions to this equation. Results of the study show the
existence of infinitely many solutions to this type of diophantine equation in the ring of integers
for both cases, x y = and x y ¹ . For the case when x y = , the form of solutions is given by
3 3 4
( , , ) (4 , 4 ,8 ) x y z n n n = , while for the case when x y ¹ , the form of solutions is given by
3 1 3 1 4 1
( , , ) ( , , )
k k k
x y z un vn n
- - -
= . The main result obtained is a formulation of a generalized method to find
all the solutions for both types of diophantine equations.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Removal of radium-226 from radium-contaminated soil using distilled water and humic acid: Effect of ph

Phillip, Esther, Muhamad SamudiYasir, Muhamat Omar, Mohd Zaidi Ibrahim, Zalina Laili

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2012;24(1):9-21.
MyJurnal

Effect of washing solutions’ pH on removal of radium-226 from radium-contaminated soil using distilled water and humic acid extracted from Malaysian peat soil was studied by a single batch washing method. The study encompassed the extraction of humic acid and the washing of radium-contaminated soil using distilled water and humic acid solutions of varying pH in the range between 3 to 11. Activity of radium-226 was determined by gamma spectrometer. In the pH range studied, the removal of radium-226 was greater when humic acid solutions were used compared to distilled water. Greater removal of radium-226 was obtained using highly basic pH washing solutions compared to neutral and acidic solutions.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Ex-situ experimental set-up for pink guava juice fouling deposit study

Ong, C.A., Abdul Aziz, N., Taip, F.S., Ibrahim M.N.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2012;20(1):109-119.
MyJurnal

A study has been conducted on pink guava juice (PGJ) fouling deposit. Several ex-situ experimental rigs were set-up to obtain PGJ fouling deposit, while the best ex-situ experimental rig was also selected. PGJ was heated at 93°C and its fouling deposit was obtained after 1 hour of heating. Then, it was used for the ex-situ cleaning study at 1 litre min-1, at several temperatures (70, 80 and 90°C), and in some chemical concentrations (1.6 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.325 % OH-; 1.8 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.369 % OH-; 2.0 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.44 % OH-). The best cleaning combinations were investigated. Carbohydrate is the main content in the fouling deposit. The morphology of the deposit was studied using SEM and it showed an aggregated structure. The cleaning process improved as the temperature increased with the increasing of the chemical solution concentration. The shortest cleaning time was 40 minutes, for cleaning using 2.0 v/v % of Maxiclean CP6 (0.44 % OH-) at 90°C.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Digital mapping using low altitude UAV

Anuar Ahmad

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2011;19(3):51-58.
MyJurnal

Normally, topographic map is produced using aerial photogrammetry. The recent development in aerial photogrammetry is the use of large format digital aerial camera for producing topographic map, however, the cost of the camera is too expensive and many mapping organization around the world could not afford to purchase it. In certain application, there is a need to map small area with limited budget. This issue has been solved by using small format camera (i.e. conventional or digital) to produce digital map. This study concentrates on the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for producing digital map. UAV has been widely used in military for reconnaissance, planning, combat, and etc. Today, UAV can be used by civilian for reconnaissance, monitoring, mapping, and others. The objectives of this study are to investigate the capability of UAV in producing digital map and assess the accuracy of mapping using UAV. In this study, a light weight fixed wing UAV was used as a platform and a high resolution digital camera was used to acquire aerial digital images of the study area. The aerial digital images were acquired at low altitude. After capturing the aerial digital images, ground control points and check points were established using GPS. Then the aerial digital images were processed using photogrammetric software. The output of the study is a digital map and digital orthophoto. For accuracy assessment, the root mean square error (RMSE) is used. Based on the assessment, the results showed that accuracy of sub-meter can be obtained using the procedure and method used in the study. In conclusion, this study shows that UAV can be used for producing digital map at sub-meter accuracy and it can also be used for diversified applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext The pH of very dilute solutions of strong acids – a calculation for a medical or biomedical class involving the application of simple numerical skills

Barling, Peter Michael

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(2):32-38.
MyJurnal

This paper presents the solution to a calculation of the pH of a very dilute solution of a strong acid or base, taking into account the effect of the hydronium or hydroxyl ions generated from the ionisation of the strong acid or base on the ionisation of water, as a second very weak acid. To be solved successfully, this calculation involves the concepts of conservation of charge, pH and the application of the general solution to a quadratic equation. Such an exercise involves the application of skills in basic numeracy, and can provide a core of understanding that can prepare students for
many different sorts of calculations that represent reallife problems in the medical and biological sciences.A programme is presented in C++ which enables the work of students to be individualised so that each student in a class can work through a slightly different pH calculation, in such a way that a class supervisor can quickly check each student’s result for accuracy. This exercise is presented as a potential means of enabling students to undertake and master similar types of calculations involving simple or more complex equilibria.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmaceutical Solutions

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