Displaying publications 461 - 480 of 712 in total

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  1. Fulltext Lipid profile, apparent digestibility and protein efficiency ratio of Sprague Dawley rats fed with red palm fat diets
    Wan Rosli, W.I., Babji, A.S., Aminah, A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2007;14(3):153-160.
    MyJurnal
    Processed meat products, such as burgers, sausages, meatballs, salami and nuggets are currently popular with urban consumers. However, in general, they are high in cholesterol, total lipid and saturated fatty acids. Four beef burger formulations were prepared, each containing 15% fat from either beef fat (control), palm fat (PF), red PF or a blend of PF and red PF at a ratio of 1:1 at 15% fat. A rat assay was carried out to determine lipid profile, apparent digestibility (AD) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of rats fed with beef burger diets containing palm based fats. Treatment with PF and red PF beef burger diets did not affect the total cholesterol concentration but resulted in higher HDL-cholesterol concentration in their blood serum. The rats fed with dried burger diets containing PF and red PF had higher AD value (90.0% and 89.3%, respectively) and was not significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to the group fed with dried burger containing beef fat (90.7) over the 10 days experimental diet period. PER values of all treatments except for casein were not significantly different (P < 0.05). There was also no difference (P < 0.05) in food intake and body weight gain between all rats fed with dried burger containing different types of palm based fats. In summary, the utilization of PF and red PF in beef burger increased the HDLcholesterol and had no effect on the concentration of total cholesterol in rat blood serum. Addition of palm based fats into beef burgers did not change AD and PER.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  2. Fulltext Differences in chemical components and antioxidant-related substances in virgin coconut oil from coconut hybrids and their parents
    Arlee, R., Suanphairoch, S., Pakdeechanuan, P.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Chumphon Horticultural Research Centre (CHRC) is Thailand’s main coconut research unit. CHRC has developed three coconut cultivars: Sawi Hybrid No. 1 (Malayan Yellow Dwarf x West African Tall: MYD x WAT), Chumphon Hybrid No. 60 (Thai Tall: THT x WAT) and Chumphon Hybrid No. 2 (MYD x THT). This study compared some chemical components in virgin coconut oil (VCO) from coconut hybrids with their parents. The VCO was extracted by cold pressing and fermentation methods, and was analyzed for fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol profile, acid value, tocopherol content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. The findings showed that hybrids contained lauric acid ranging from 46.63 to 48.34% of total fatty acid. Chumphon 60 had the highest lauric acid content, 48.34% of total fatty acids, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the parents. In contrast, the cultivars from MYD, Sawi 1 and Chumphon 2, had significantly greater lauric acid content than the parent MYD (p ≤ 0.05). Cold pressing and fermentation provided an oil extraction yield of 25 and 20%, respectively. The proportions of lauric acid in VCO from these two methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but the cold pressing method resulted in higher tocopherol content (p ≤ 0.05). The VCO of Chumphon 60 from the cold pressed method had tocopherol content close to that of the parent WAT (p > 0.05) but significantly higher than that of the other parent THT (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, it contained the highest total phenolic contents among the three cultivars, 57.89 mg GAE/100 g oil, leading to antioxidant activity with a low EC50 of 0.53 mg GAE/ml. Overall, the hybrid of WAT x THT, Chumphon 60, was outstanding among the cultivars; it had the highest levels of lauric acid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  3. Fulltext Date seed and date seed oil
    Abdul Afiq, M.J., Abdul Rahman, R., Che Man, Y.B., AL-Kahtani, H.A., Mansor, T.S.T.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):2035-2043.
    MyJurnal
    Date palm is an important plant in arid regions with more than 20 varieties reported all over the world. Date seed is a byproduct of date fruit industry which is normally being discarded, used as animal feed ingredient or turned into non-caffeinated coffee by the Arabs. About 11-18% of date fruit weight is the seed which is composed of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, fat, ash and protein. In addition, the antioxidant content in date seed oil (DSO) was found to be comparable with olive oil, which can be as a good source of antioxidant in order to fulfill the consumers demand. Oleic acid is the major fatty acid found in DSO, followed by lauric, linoleic, palmitic and myristic acid. However, different varieties of date fruits have different fatty acid compositions. This paper reviewed the potential use of date seed and date seed oil in order to discover and develop its usage and find out the suitable application of these seed and oil.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  4. Fulltext Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov., a Novel Mangrove Soil Actinobacterium with Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Potentials
    Ser HL, Tan LT, Palanisamy UD, Abd Malek SN, Yin WF, Chan KG, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:899.
    PMID: 27379040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00899
    A novel strain, Streptomyces antioxidans MUSC 164(T) was recovered from mangrove forest soil located at Tanjung Lumpur, Malaysia. The Gram-positive bacterium forms yellowish-white aerial and brilliant greenish yellow substrate mycelium on ISP 2 agar. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomy status of strain MUSC 164(T). The strain showed a spectrum of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), while the identified polar lipids consisted of aminolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lipid. The cell wall sugars consist of galactose, glucose and ribose. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10.0%) were identified as iso-C15: 0 (34.8%) and anteiso-C15: 0(14.0%). Phylogenetic analysis identified that closely related strains for MUSC 164(T) as Streptomyces javensis NBRC 100777(T) (99.6% sequence similarity), Streptomyces yogyakartensis NBRC 100779(T) (99.6%) and Streptomyces violaceusniger NBRC 13459(T) (99.6%). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between MUSC 164(T) and closely related type strains ranged from 23.8 ± 0.3% to 53.1 ± 4.3%. BOX-PCR fingerprints comparison showed that MUSC 164(T) exhibits a unique DNA profile, with DNA G + C content determined to be 71.6 mol%. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 164(T), it is concluded that this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 164(T) (=DSM 101523(T) = MCCC 1K01590(T)). The extract of MUSC 164(T) showed potent antioxidative and neuroprotective activities against hydrogen peroxide. The chemical analysis of the extract revealed that the strain produces pyrazines and phenolic-related compounds that could explain for the observed bioactivities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  5. Fulltext Effects of dietary postbiotic and inulin on growth performance, IGF1 and GHR mRNA expression, faecal microbiota and volatile fatty acids in broilers
    Kareem KY, Loh TC, Foo HL, Akit H, Samsudin AA
    BMC Vet Res, 2016;12(1):163.
    PMID: 27496016 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0790-9
    Postbiotics (metabolic products by lactic acid bacteria) and prebiotics have been established as substitute to antibiotics in order to enhance immunity and growth performance in broiler chickens. Nonetheless, insufficient information is available on the effects of postbiotics and prebiotics combination on growth performance, faecal microbiota, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA), as well as liver insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA expressions in broiler chickens. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different types of postbiotics with different levels of prebiotic (inulin) on broiler for those parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Volatile
  6. Fulltext Industrially produced trans fatty acids: major potential sources in Malaysian diet
    Azimah, A., Azrina, A., Norhaizan, M.E., Mohd Sokhini, A.M., Daud, A.Z.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1157-1164.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to determine the major potential sources of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFAs) in Malaysian diet. Levels of IP-TFAs were initially determined in samples (n = 136) collected from 8 food groups (baked products, snacks, dairy products, breakfast cereals, fast foods, semisolid fats and cooking oils, and fried foods). A survey was carried out to 105 subjects aged 19-59 years old to determine the intake of IP-TFAs using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The IP-TFAs range from 0-5.79% of food, with the highest found in semisolid fats and cooking oils (0.1-5.79%), followed by fast foods (0.04-0.86%), baked products (0.01-0.29%), breakfast cereals (0.06-0.45%), snacks (0.03-0.26%), dairy products (0-0.26%), and fried foods (0.002-0.06%). A Spearman’s Rho rank test showed that there were significant correlations (p < 0.05) between 4 of the food groups (semisolid fats and cooking oils, fast foods, fried foods, and baked products), with the total IP-TFA intakes of subjects. In general, total IP-TFAs intakes of subjects were < 1% of subjects' diet (0.067%-0.91% of subjects’ total calorie intakes). This indicate that high fat foods (semisolid fats and cooking oils, fast foods, fried foods, and baked products) were the main contributor of IP-TFAs in Malaysian diet, despite the low proportion of trans fatty acids, following their high frequency of daily intake.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trans Fatty Acids
  7. Fulltext The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on Carbon Tetrachloride -Induced Liver Damage in Rats
    Al-Faqeh, H.H., Muhammad, B.Y., Nafie, E.M., Khorshid, A.
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2010;8(2):1-18.
    MyJurnal
    We attempted to investigate possible hepatoprotective effect of Eurycoma longifolia jack (ELJ) using carbon tetrachloride-induced (CC14) acute hepatotoxicity model in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced by oral administration of 4.0mg/kg of CCI4 in corn oil (1:1) once to one experimental group of 5 rats and, in three other similar groups, challenged doses (300, 750 and 1500 mg/kg respectively) of ELJ were given one day before and one hour after 4.0 mg/kg CC14 and then once daily for three consecutive days. Three other groups of 5 rats each serving as controls were administered with distilled water, corn oil and ELJ (750mg/kg) only respectively. Rats were sacrificed on day three (corn oil & CC14 treated groups) and on day 4 (Distilled water, ELJ alone and CC14 with graded doses of ELJ treated groups) and samples of blood and liver tissue were taken for biochemical (serum) and histopathological examinations to assess hepatoprotection of ELJ against CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. In the low (300mg/kg) and medium (750 mg/kg) dose ELJ treated groups, CCI4 induced moderate inflammation, fatty acid change and necrosis of hepatocytes while in the high (1500mg/kg) dose ELJ, CC14 induced severe inflammation, fatty acid change and necrosis of hepatocytes. Biochemical measurements of ALT and ALP shows a moderate and insignificant reduction of serum levels in the low dose ELJ group but a more significant reduction in the medium and high dose ELJ groups when compared with the CC14 only group. The increase in serum total bilirubin caused by CC14 was non-significantly reduced by all the doses of ELJ. Animals treated with CC14 alone and in groups treated with both CC14 and graded doses of ELJ had a reduction in body weight, food and water intake but in ELJ (750mg/kg) only treated group, no such reduction in body weight, food and water intake was observed. This observation suggest that ELJ administered alone did not cause any toxic effect to the liver but in combination with CCI4, appeared to synergize the CC14-induced hepatotoxicity which increases as the dose of ELJ is increased. The anorexic, hypodypsic and reduced body weight evident in the CC14 alone and in ELJ plus CC14 treated groups but not in animals treated with ELJ alone, suggests that ELJ alone does not induce anorexia, hypodypsia or loss of weight. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that ELJ is not hepatotoxic when given alone and appeared to have some degree of protective effects in rats against CC14-induced hepatotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  8. Fulltext Carboxymethyl cellulose from palm oil empty fruit bunch - their properties and use as a film coating agent
    Amin, M.C.I., Soom, R.M., Ahmad, I., Lian, H.H.
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2006;4(2):53-62.
    MyJurnal
    This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from cellulose of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) and its use asa film-coating agent. Samples were prepared at various concentrations and then their physicochemical properties were studied including the viscosity, pH, tensile strength of films, surface properties of the films and dissolution studies on coated tablets. CMC EFB showed lower viscosity than commercial CMC product at the concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% with the values of 44.0cp, 299.9cp, 358.9cp and 90.0cp, 689.9cp, 5569.0cp respectively. The tensile strength of the films for CMC EFB were 7.85MPa, 14.79MPa, 10.36MPa while the commercial CMC exhibited higher values of 21.72MPa, 35.14MPa and 26.9MPa at similar concentration. The scanning electron microscope showed different surface properties of the films for both of them where the commercial CMC is smoother in texture and very transparent unlike its counterpart. However, dissolution studies on paracetamol tablets coated using the samples showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in drug release profile between the two materials. Hence, CMC EFB has a greater potential to be developed as a competitive tablet-coating agent despite the differences in its physicochemical properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  9. Fulltext Oily fish, liquid wax esters and keriorrhoea – a review
    Barling, Peter Micheal, YI, Huan Foong
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2015;9(1):21-25.
    MyJurnal
    Keriorrhoea is the involuntarily passing of orange oil per rectum. One of us (PMB) had the misfortune to experience this symptom, together with considerable gastrointestinal disturbances for a prolonged period of time after consumption of a deep sea fish, orange roughy, which is rich in liquid wax esters (LWEs). This paper presents a summary of available evidence concerned with the physiology and pathology of ingestion of LWEs, which can enter the human diet in substantial amounts from consumption of several species of deep-sea fish. LWEs are poorly digested and absorbed by the human body. They generally cause keriorrhoea when ingested deliberately or accidentally. Jojoba oil, which is a plant LWE, together with certain nutritional products (e.g. olestra) and medical (e.g. Orlistat) which are not LWEs may mimic the effects of LWEs, and cause similar gastrointestinal disturbances. This paper discusses the potential effects of LWEs as components of gastrointestinal micelles, and predicts that the orange oil which is leaked from a bout of keriorrhoea may contain considerable volumes of triacylglycerols (TAGs).
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  10. Fulltext Alkaloids from Piper Nigrum and Piper Betle
    Lim, C.M., Ee, G.C.L., Rahmani, M., Bong, C.F.J.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2009;17(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    An investigation, on the roots of Piper nigrum and the aerial parts of Piper betle, has yielded several alkaloids. The dried root sample of Piper nigrum was extracted using various solvents in increasing polarity. The dried aerial part of Piper betle was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. The alkaloids isolated were pellitorine(1), (E)-1-[3’,4’- (Methylenedioxy)cinnamoyl]piperidine(2), piperine(3), piperolactam D(4), cepharadione A(5), and 2,4-tetradecadienoic acid isobutyl amide(6). These compounds were isolated using chromatographic methods, while the elucidation of the structures was carried out using MS, IR and NMR techniques. The xtracts of Piper nigrum and Piper betle were also tested for cytotoxicity activities. This is the first report on E)-1-[3’,4’-(Methylenedioxy)cinnamoyl] piperidine(2) from Piper nigrum as a natural product.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
  11. Fulltext Biotechnological applications of microalgae
    Chu, Wan-Loy
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(10):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Microalgae are important biological resources that have a wide range of biotechnological
    applications. Due to their high nutritional value, microalgae such as Spirulina and Chlorella are being mass cultured for health food. A variety of high-value products including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, and bioactive compounds are useful as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, as well as for industrial applications. In terms of environmental biotechnology, microalgae are useful for bioremediation of agro-industrial wastewater, and as a biological tool for assessment and monitoring of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In recent years, microalgae have attracted much interest due to their potential use as feedstock for biodiesel production. In Malaysia, there has been active research on microalgal biotechnology for the past 30 years, tapping into the potential of our
    rich microalgal resources for high-value products and applications in wastewater treatment and assessment of environmental toxicants. A culture collection of microalgae has been established, and this serves as an important resource for microalgal biotechnology
    research. Microalgal biotechnology should continue to be regarded as a priority area of research in this country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
  12. Performance of modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor treating recycled paper mill effluent: effects of influent chemical oxygen demand concentration and hydraulic retention time
    Zwain HM, Aziz HA, Dahlan I
    Environ Technol, 2018 Jun;39(12):1557-1565.
    PMID: 28514902 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1332692
    The performance of modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) treating recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) was investigated by varying the influent chemical oxygen demand (CODin) concentration from 1000 to 4000 mg/L, and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 3 to 1 day, corresponding to an organic loading rate increase from 0.33 to 4 g COD/L day. Throughout 126 days of operation, a maximum removal efficiency of up to 96% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99% of biological oxygen demand, methane (CH4) yield of 0.259 L CH4/g COD, and a stable effluent pH of 6.5 were achieved. Furthermore, the compartmental performance showed that most of the organic substrates were removed in the initial two compartments, resulting in low pH and alkalinity levels and a high concentration of volatile fatty acids. Overall, the results showed that the MAI-BR successfully treated RPME, and the performance was affected by the variation of HRT more than the CODin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Volatile
  13. Fulltext Metabolites Re-programming and Physiological Changes Induced in Scenedesmus regularis under Nitrate Treatment
    Ma NL, Aziz A, Teh KY, Lam SS, Cha TS
    Sci Rep, 2018 06 27;8(1):9746.
    PMID: 29950688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27894-0
    Nitrate is required to maintain the growth and metabolism of plant and animals. Nevertheless, in excess amount such as polluted water, its concentration can be harmful to living organisms such as microalgae. Recently, studies on microalgae response towards nutrient fluctuation are usually limited to lipid accumulation for the production of biofuels, disregarding the other potential of microalgae to be used in wastewater treatments and as source of important metabolites. Our study therefore captures the need to investigate overall metabolite changes via NMR spectroscopy approach coupled with multivariate data to understand the complex molecular process under high (4X) and low (1/4X) concentrations of nitrate ([Formula: see text]). NMR spectra with the aid of chemometric analysis revealed contrasting metabolites makeup under abundance and limited nitrate treatment. By using NMR technique, 43 types of metabolites and 8 types of fatty acid chains were detected. Nevertheless, only 20 key changes were observed and 16 were down regulated in limited nitrate condition. This paper has demonstrated the feasibility of NMR-based metabolomics approach to study the physiological impact of changing environment such as pollution to the implications for growth and productivity of microalgae population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  14. Fulltext Effect of microwave heating with different exposure times on the degradation of corn oil
    Abbas Ali, Hadi Mesran, M., Nik Mahmood, N.A., Abd Latip, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(2):842-848.
    MyJurnal
    In the present work, the influence of microwave power and heating times on the quality
    degradation of corn oil was evaluated. Microwave heating test was carried out using a domestic
    microwave oven for different periods at low- and medium-power settings for the corn oil sample.
    The changes in physicochemical characteristics related to oil degradation of the samples during
    heating were determined by standard methods. In this study, refractive index, free fatty acid
    content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, viscosity and total polar compound
    of the oils all increased with increasing heating power and time of exposure. In GLC analysis,
    the percentage of linoleic acid tended to decrease, whereas the percentage of palmitic, stearic
    and oleic acids increased. The C18:2/C16:0 ratio decreased in all oil samples with increasing
    heating times. Exposing the corn oil to various microwave power settings and heating periods
    caused the formation of hydroperoxides and secondary oxidation products. The heating reduced
    the various tocopherol isomers in corn oil and highest reduction was detected in γ-tocopherol.
    Longer microwave heating times resulted in a greater degree of oil deterioration. Microwave
    heating caused the formation of comparatively lower amounts of some degradative products in
    the oil samples heated at low-power setting compared to medium-power setting. The present
    analysis indicated that oil quality was affected by both microwave power and heating time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
  15. Fulltext In Silico, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Novel Ester, 3-hydroxyoctyl -5- trans-docosenoate Isolated from Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb. Against HepG-2 Cancer Cells
    Hussain S, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Ali Shah SA, Ali Shah AU, Shah SM, et al.
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2019;13:4195-4205.
    PMID: 31849451 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S228971
    Background: Cancer is one of the chronic health conditions worldwide. Various therapeutically active compounds from medicinal plants were the current focus of this research in order to uncover a treatment regimen for cancer. Anchusa arvensis (A. anchusa) (L.) M.Bieb. contains many biologically active compounds.

    Methods: In the current study, new ester 3-hydroxyoctyl -5- trans-docosenoate (compound-1) was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of A. anchusa using column chromatography. Using MTT assay, the anticancer effect of the compound was determined in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2) compared with normal epithelial cell line (Vero). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were performed to assess the antioxidant potential. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE-2016) tool was used against tyrosine kinase.

    Results: The structure of the compound was elucidated based on IR, EI, and NMR spectroscopy technique. It exhibited a considerable cytotoxic effect against HepG-2 cell lines with IC50 value of 6.50 ± 0.70 µg/mL in comparison to positive control (doxorubicin) which showed IC50 value of 1.3±0.21 µg/mL. The compound did not show a cytotoxic effect against normal epithelial cell line (Vero). The compound also exhibited significant DPHH scavenging ability with IC50 value of 12 ± 0.80 µg/mL, whereas ascorbic acid, used as positive control, demonstrated activity with IC50 = 05 ± 0.15 µg/mL. Similarly, it showed ABTS radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 130 ± 0.20 µg/mL) compared with the value obtained for ascorbic acid (06 ± 0.85 µg/mL). In docking studies using MOE-2016 tool, it was observed that compound-1 was highly bound to tyrosine kinase by having two hydrogen bonds at the hinge region. This good bonding network by the compound might be one of the reasons for showing significant activity against this enzyme.

    Conclusion: Our findings led to the isolation of a new compound from A. anchusa which has significant cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cell lines with marked antioxidant potential.

    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/isolation & purification; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology*; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry
  16. Synthesis and characterization of esters derived from ricinoleic acid and evaluation of their low temperature property
    Jumat Salimon, Nadia Salih, Yousif E
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1239-1244.
    A series of ester compounds derived from ricinoleic acid to be used as biolubricants base stock have been synthesized. The resulting products were confirmed by FTIR and NMR analyses. The synthesis was carried out in three stages: epoxidation of ricinoleic acid; synthesis of 10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearic acid from epoxidized ricinoleic acid with various fatty acids and esterification of the acyloxystearic acid products with octanol to yield octyl-10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearate. The viscosities, flash points and pour points (PP) behavior of the products were measured. The resulting esters had an increased in molar weight and viscosity and decreased in pour points as compared to ricinoleic acid.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids
  17. Optimum conditions for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate from cassava wastewater by the newly isolated Cupriavidus sp. KKU38
    Sangyoka S, Poomipuk N, Reungsang A
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1211-1216.
    The Cassava starch manufacturing wastewater (CSW) was used as a substrate to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Cupriavidus sp. KKU38. The acidogenic fermentation process of CSW was first conducted to obtain volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are more efficient in PHB production than raw CSW. The effect on substrate concentration and nutrients, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, by means of chemical oxygen demand: nitrogen: phosphorus ratio (COD:N:P ratio) variation was investigated. The results indicated that PHB production from fermented CSW by Cupriavidus sp. KKU38 was optimized at the soluble COD:N:P ratio of 100:0.5:11. This ratio gave the maximum PHB content and yield of 85.53% and 0.31 g PHB/g COD consumed, respectively. By using the proposed PHB production process, the potential to produce 0.19 kg of PHB from 1.0 kg of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) contained in CSW was exhibited. The relatively high COD removal efficiency of 73.82% at the optimal condition could be achieved, which demonstrated the concept of water quality improvements alongside the production of the value-added by-product, PHB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Volatile
  18. Frying quality of virgin coconut oil as affected by Zea mays extract
    Marina A, Wan Rosli WI, Neoh S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1311-1315.
    The effect of corn silk or Zea mays extract on the physicochemical changes of virgin coconut oil was studied during three consecutive days of deep frying. There were three types of oil blend systems used: virgin coconut oil without antioxidant as control system; virgin coconut oil with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as synthetic antioxidant and virgin coconut oil with Zea mays extract as natural antioxidant. The oil quality was assessed by measuring the colour, viscosity, peroxide, p-anisidine, free fatty acids, totox and iodine value. The results show that Zea mays extract delayed the oil deterioration. The Zea mays extract significantly (p<0.05) lowered the rate of oxidation in virgin coconut oil compared to control oil and was comparable to BHT. Zea mays extract did not change the sensory profiles of French fries which was shown by insignificant difference (p<0.05) between Zea mays and control fries for all sensory attributes (colour, taste, aroma, crispiness, oiliness and overall quality). In general, the Zea may extract was capable of extending the stability and quality of virgin coconut oil and therefore has potential as new source of natural antioxidant for use in deep frying.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
  19. Nutritional composition of selected commercial biscuits in Malaysia
    Norhayati M, Mohd Fairulnizal M, Aswir A, Ang J, Mohd Naeem M, Suraiami M, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:581-591.
    The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient composition of selected commercial biscuits in Malaysia. A total
    of six brands from each type of biscuit (chocolate chip, corn, cracker with sugar, vegetable flavoured cracker, cream
    filled, oatmeal, shortbread and fully coated chocolate wafer) and five brands of wholemeal crackers were sampled
    from local supermarkets in the Klang Valley. The total energy content in commercial biscuits was ranging from 453.30
    to 499.25 kcal/100 g. Carbohydrate was the major macronutrient in commercial biscuits ranging from 56.86 to 66.07
    g/100 g. The highest protein content was found in the wholemeal crackers (9.92 g/100 g) and the lowest protein content
    was found in the cream filled biscuits (5.65 g/100 g). Fat content lay in the range of 16.89 to 25.75 g/100 g. The major
    minerals detected in biscuits were sodium, followed by calcium and magnesium. The vitamin content in A and E of the
    biscuits examined was almost comparable. Small quantities of trans fatty acids were detected in all biscuits in the range
    of 0.02 to 0.68 g/100 g. These findings indicate that Malaysian commercial biscuits are a good source of carbohydrate
    (34.12-39.64 g per serving), calcium (26.09-384.67 g per serving), magnesium (10.42-37.24 g per serving) and contain
    low proportion of trans fatty acids (0.01-0.41 g per serving).
    Matched MeSH terms: Trans Fatty Acids
  20. Emerging trends in modification of dietary oils and fats, and health implications - a review
    Puligundla P, Variyar PS, Ko S, Obulams VSR
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:871-877.
    In recent years, issues regading safety and wellness of dietary oils and fats have received major attention. This is particularly so in the case of structured modified fats, which are being used extensively to meet the product-specific demand primarily in bakery industry as shortenings, cocoa butter substitutes in confectionary industry, and in margarine preparation, as butter substitute. During modification stages, native oils and fats are subjected to different physical and chemical treatments such as fractionation, hydrogenation and interesterification in order to produce fats with desirable
    physical as well as functional properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated the adverse health effects of these modified oils and fats, especially trans fatty acids, using animal models as well as human volunteers. Consequently, the decadesold process of partial hydrogenation of oils has been abandoned in most nations. However, alternative technologies to hydrogenation are on rise, creating new trends in modified oils and fats synthesis to cater food industry needs that may have unforeseeable consequences on human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trans Fatty Acids
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