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GSK-3beta phosphorylation and alteration of beta-catenin in hepatocellular carcinoma

Ban KC, Singh H, Krishnan R, Seow HF

Cancer Lett, 2003 Sep 25;199(2):201-8.
PMID: 12969793

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential correlation between the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (phospho-GSK-3beta) and beta-catenin, and the mutations of beta-catenin gene at the consensus GSK-3beta phosphorylation site. The reason for this approach is to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis in Malaysia. The expression of phospho-GSK-3beta and beta-catenin by immunohistochemistry and the mutations of beta-catenin were studied in 23 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surrounding tissues. Overexpression of phospho-GSK-3beta and beta-catenin was found in 12/23 (52.2%) and 13/23 (56.5%) in HCC tissues, 6/23 (26.1%) and 9/23 (39.1%) in surrounding tissues, respectively. Overexpression of beta-catenin in HCC tissues compared to the surrounding liver tissue was found to be higher in HCC tissues (p=0.015). In addition, we found that the expression of phospho-GSK-3beta was related with the accumulation of beta-catenin in surrounding tissues (p<0.05). The expression of phospho-GSK-3beta and its association with the development of HCC is reported for the first time. In addition, this is the first report from Malaysia which shows that there are no mutations at the GSK-3beta consensus phosphorylation sites on beta-catenin gene in all 23 paired HCC and surrounding tissues. This result differed from HCC in geographical areas with high aflatoxin exposure.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism*; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
Fulltext Primary thyroid lymphoma: A rare malignancy in the head and neck

Mohd Shaiful Nizam Mamat Nasir, Bathma Dhevi Susibalan, Muhammad Nasri Abu Bakar, Suhaimi Yusof, Arfahiza Selimin, Kahairi Abdullah, et al.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2018;13(2):1-4.
MyJurnal

Primary thyroid lymphoma is a relatively uncommon pathology of the thyroid gland that mainly occurs in elderly females. We describe a rare case of B-cell thyroid lymphoma in a young healthy male. It is an important diagnosis to be considered in patients presenting with a rapidly enlarging neck mass as its management is different from other differentiated thyroid carcinoma which require total thyroidectomy plus adjuvant radioactive iodine ablation. Our report emphasizes the need for clinical awareness leading to early detection, followed by early multidisciplinary management.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Papillary
Cyclophosphamide-induced transitional cell carcinoma of bladder in lupus nephritis

Chow SK, Looi LM, Loh CS, Yeap SS

Intern Med J, 2002 Mar;32(3):114-6.
PMID: 11885838 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.d01-29.x
Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/chemically induced*; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/diagnosis; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/surgery
Fulltext Increase in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with regulatory T cell immunophenotypes and reduced zeta-chain expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients

Yip WK, Abdullah MA, Yusoff SM, Seow HF

Clin Exp Immunol, 2009 Mar;155(3):412-22.
PMID: 19220831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03793.x

The pathological significance of the mechanisms of tumour immune-evasion and/or immunosuppression, such as loss of T cell signalling and increase in regulatory T cells (T(regs)), has not been well established in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) microenvironment. To evaluate the T(reg) immunophenotypes in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we performed a double-enzymatic immunostaining for detection of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and other markers including CD4, CD8, and CD25 on 64 NPC and 36 non-malignant nasopharyngeal (NP) paraffin-embedded tissues. Expression of CD3 zeta and CD3 epsilon was also determined. The prevalence of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) cells in CD4(+) T cells and the ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD8(+) were increased significantly in NPC compared with those in NP tissues (P < 0.001 and P = 0.025 respectively). Moreover, the ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD25(+)FoxP3(-) in NPC was significantly lower than that in NP tissues (P = 0.005), suggesting an imbalance favouring activated phenotype of T cells in NPC. A significant negative correlation between the abundance of FoxP3(+) and CD25(+)FoxP3(-) cells (P < 0.001) was also identified. When histological types of NPC were considered, a lower ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD25(+)FoxP3(-) was found in non-keratinizing and undifferentiated carcinomas. Increased CD4(+)FoxP3(+)/CD4(+) proportion and FoxP3(+)/CD8(+) ratio were associated with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. A reduced expression of CD3 zeta in TILs was found in 20.6% of the NPC tissues but none of the NP tissues. These data provide evidence for the imbalances of T(reg) and effector T cell phenotypes and down-regulation of signal-transducing molecules in TILs, supporting their role in suppression of immune response and immune evasion of NPC.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma/immunology*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
Fulltext Establishment and analysis of the 3-dimensional (3D) spheroids generated from the Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma cell line HK1

Muniandy, Kalaivani, Sankar, Prabu Siva, Lian, Benedict Shi Xiang, Khoo, Alan Soo-Beng, Balakrishnan, Venugopal, Mohana-Kumaran, Nethia

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016;27(11):125-130.
MyJurnal

Spheroids have been shown to recapitulate the tumour in vivo with properties
such as the tumour microenvironment, concentration gradients, and tumour phenotype. As
such, it can serve as a platform for determining the growth and invasion behaviour pattern
of the cancer cells as well as be utilised for drug sensitivity assays; capable of exhibiting
results that are closer to what is observed in vivo compared to two-dimensional (2D) cell
culture assays. This study focused on establishing a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture
model using the Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) cell line, HK1 and analysing its growth
and invasion phenotypes. The spheroids will also serve as a model to elucidate their
sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug, Flavopiridol. The liquid overlay method was
employed to generate the spheroids which was embedded in bovine collagen I matrix for
growth and invasion phenotypes observation. The HK1 cells formed compact spheroids
within 72 hours. Our observation from the 3 days experiments revealed that the spheroids
gradually grew and invaded into the collagen matrix, showing that the HK1 spheroids are
capable of growth and invasion. Progressing from these experiments, the HK1 spheroids
were employed to perform a drug sensitivity assay using the chemotherapeutic drug,
Flavopiridol. The drug had a dose-dependent inhibition on spheroid growth and invasion.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma
Genetic variations in transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene: association of TCF7L2 rs12255372(G/T) or rs7903146(C/T) with breast cancer risk and clinico-pathological parameters

Naidu R, Yip CH, Taib NA

Med Oncol, 2012 Jun;29(2):411-7.
PMID: 21301999 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9837-8

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between TCF7L2 rs12255372(G/T) or rs7903146(C/T) polymorphism and breast cancer risk, and clinico-pathologic characteristics of the patients. Genotyping of these polymorphisms was performed on 387 breast cancer patients and 252 normal and healthy women who had no history of any malignancy using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in a hospital-based Malaysian population. The allele (P = 0.033) frequency of rs7903146 (T) polymorphism was significantly higher in the cancer patients than normal individuals. No significant association was demonstrated between CT (OR(adj) = 1.386; 95% CI, 0.985-1.949) or TT (OR(adj) = 1.579; 95% CI, 0.869-2.870) genotype and breast cancer risk. However, women who were carriers of T allele (OR(adj) = 1.316; 95% CI, 1.022-1.695) or T allele genotype (OR(adj) = 1.419; 95% CI, 1.027-1.960) showed significant increased risk of breast cancer. Women who were GT heterozygotes (OR(adj) = 1.329; 95% CI, 0.948-1.862) or TT homozygotes (OR(adj) = 1.574; 95% CI, 0.829-2.987), and carriers of T allele genotype (OR(adj) = 1.365; 95% CI, 0.989-1.883) or T allele (OR(adj) = 1.284; 95% CI, 0.995-1.657) were not associated with breast cancer risk. The rs7903146(T) allele genotype was significantly associated with nodal involvement (P = 0.003) but rs12255372 (T) allele genotype was not associated with the clinico-pathologic characteristics. In conclusion, our findings suggest that rs7903146 (T) variant may elevate the risk of breast cancer, thus could be a potential candidate for breast cancer susceptibility. The variant may also increase the metastatic potential of the tumor.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics*; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology*
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen as an adjunct tumour marker in primary carcinoma of the lung

Cheah PL, Liam CK, Yap SF, Looi LM

J Clin Pathol, 1994 Jun;47(6):535-7.
PMID: 8063936

AIMS: To determine (1) the detection rate of primary carcinoma of the lung by serological assay of CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen); and (2) whether addition of seroassay of squamous cell carcinoma related antigen before treatment improves detection sensitivity.
METHODS: A prospective study spanning 27 months was conducted at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Serum CEA (Abbott IMx) and serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (Abbott IMx) from patients clinically suspected of having primary carcinoma of the lung, were assayed using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay method.
RESULTS: Thirty seven cases of histologically confirmed primary lung carcinoma were studied. Of these, 17 were squamous cell carcinomas, 10 adenocarcinomas, nine small cell carcinomas, and one large cell carcinoma. The patients' ages ranged from 34-82 years. The male:female ratio was 3.6:1. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen was raised above the cutoff value of 1.5 ng/ml in 94.1% of squamous cell carcinomas, 20.0% of adenocarcinomas, and 11.1% of small cell carcinomas. By comparison, CEA was raised above the cutoff value of 3.0 ng/ml in 70.6% of squamous cell carcinomas, 77.8% of small cell carcinomas, and 100% of adenocarcinomas. CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen were not raised in the patient with large cell carcinoma and in 14 healthy volunteers. None of 15 patients with a variety of benign lung diseases showed a rise of CEA, while two patients--a 25 year old Indian woman with pneumonia and a 64 year old Malay man with bronchial asthma--had raised squamous cell carcinoma antigen values above the cutoff. Serum CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen values did not seem to correlate with stage or degree of differentiation of the tumours.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that CEA is a good general marker for carcinoma, particularly adenocarcinoma. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma antigen is more specific for squamous carcinoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis; Carcinoma, Small Cell/diagnosis
Potential biomarkers in NASH-induced liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma: A preliminary work on roles of exosomal miR-182, miR-301a, and miR-373

Muhammad Yusuf AN, Raja Ali RA, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Mokhtar NM

Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):377-384.
PMID: 33361718

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have published the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various type of malignancies and can be developed as potential biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study was to identify the expression level of selected miRNAs (miR-182, miR-301a, and miR-373) in exosomes of the serum and ascitic fluid in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related liver cirrhosis with or without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed to identify potential miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. Unpaired serum and ascitic fluid were obtained from 52 patients with NASH related liver cirrhosis (n=26 for each group of with and without HCC). Exosomal miRNA was isolated from all samples. Expression levels of miR-182, miR-301a and miR- 373 were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.
RESULTS: Serum-derived exosomal mir-182, miR-301a and miR-373 were significantly up-regulated with fold change of 1.77, 2.52, and 1.67 (p< 0.05) respectively in NASH-induced liver cirrhosis with HCC as compared to NASH-induced liver cirrhosis without HCC. We identified the expression levels of ascitic fluid-derived exosomal mir-182, miR-301a, and miR-373 were significantly up-regulated with fold change of 1.6, 1.94 and 2.13 respectively in NASH-induced liver cirrhosis with HCC as compared to NASH-induced liver cirrhosis without HCC (p <0.05). There was poor correlation expression of all the selected exosomal miRNA between serum- and ascitic fluid-derived in HCC group.
CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary data showed significant increase in the expression levels of exosomal miR-182, miR-301a and miR- 373 in both serum and ascetic fluid suggesting the possible roles of these miRNAs as circulating biomarkers for NASH-induced liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism*
Fulltext Delay In Diagnosis Of Oral Cancer In Malaysia: A Study Of Five Centres

Khoo, Suan Phaik, Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Mahadzir, W.M., Tay, K.K., Latif, A., Nair, S.

Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
MyJurnal

The diagnosis of oral cancer have been variously reported as being due to delay by clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer on more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma into the Right Atrium with Associated Pulmonary Tumour Emboli

Amran, A.R., Ranganathan, S.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(1):1-5.
MyJurnal

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with right atrial metastases and pulmonary tumour embolism is rare . Intracavitary cardiac metastasis is uncommon and metastasis to the right atrium is even less common. The majority of such cases are believed to be due to advanced HCC such as Stage III or IV, in which the progression rate is high, and in infiltrative HCC it tends to be associated with vascular invasion. The diagnosis of pulmonary intravascular tumour emboli is difficult to establish both clinically and with conventional radiographic studies. We report a case hepatocellular carcinoma associated with tumour thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC), right atrium and pulmonary tumour embolism detected with multidetector helical computerized tomography (MDHCT).

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Fulltext Montelukast sodium-induced hypomania

Zainal, N.Z., Tan, T.Y

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;24(1):96-98.
MyJurnal

Objective: A rare case of induced hypomania was reported. Method: Patient was a 78-year-old Indian female with squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum, childhood bronchial asthma and underlying bipolar disorder. Her bipolar disorder is currently in remission. She developed hypomanic symptoms after one week of initiation of montelukast sodium for treatment of acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Result: Her hypomanic symptoms improved after stopping usage of montelukast sodium. Conclusion: Montelukast sodium likely had induced hypomania in this patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Radiation induced sarcoma: a risk that is almost forgotten

Ruhi Fadzlyana, J., Nani Harlina, M.L., Saladina Jaszle, J., Rohaizak, M.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2014;4(1):67-69.
MyJurnal

Radiotherapy has been widely use as an adjuvant therapy in the breast cancer management. The usage has increased the incidence of radiation induce sarcoma. We here present a case of radiation induce sarcoma of the axilla following mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for infiltrating ductal carcinoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Ductal
Salivary gland tumours in Malaya

Loke YW

Br. J. Cancer, 1967 Dec;21(4):665-74.
PMID: 6074690
Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Basal Cell/epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
Fulltext Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic renal cell carcinoma - a case report

Wan Muhaizan Wan Mustaffa, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed Husain

Medicine & Health, 2006;1(1):75-80.
MyJurnal

Fine needle aspiration cytology under radiologic guidance for diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma is well established and is increasingly utilized. This is because renal cell carcinoma displays fairly characteristic cellular features permitting correct cytologic identification. We present a case of a 66-year-old man who had advanced renal cell carcinoma with spread to aortic and cervical lymph nodes, lungs and liver. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the para-aortic mass showed tight clusters of malignant cells with abundant and vacuolated cytoplasm consistent with renal cell carcinoma. Histology of the left cervical lymph nodes together with immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The patient succumb to his illness three years after the diagnosis was made.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Renal Cell
Fulltext Free radial forearm flap after partial glossectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Chuah, U.C., Kamarul, T., Sara, T.

JUMMEC, 2006;9(2):28-31.
MyJurnal

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is a highly malignant condition and results in high mortality and morbidity in patients despite its early detection (1). Early surgical interventions have been found to reduce mortality but in many reports, tongue reconstructions using live grafts have been found to reduce normal tongue function of speech, swallow and taste. In contrast, our report using free radial forearm flap (FRFF) to reconstruct the defect left over after a radical tongue resection in a 38-year-old gentleman with oral cancer has shown promising results. This type of reconstruction has left the patient with a functional and cosmetically acceptable tongue with minimal alteration in recognizable speech.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext P53/MDM2 co-expression correlates with the tumour differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma - a retrospective study and a systematic review

Choon, Y.F., Ramanathan, A., Ali, H., Ghani, W.M.N., Cheong, S.C., Zain, R.B.

Ann Dent, 2011;18(1):8-17.
MyJurnal

Background: MDM2 and p53 are involved in a negative feedback loop where p53 regulates MDM2 at the transcriptional level. MDM2, in turn, downregulates p53. This co-ordinated interaction between these proteins is set to play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle progression following DNA damage to cells. The over-expression of both p53 and MDM2 has been reported in various cancers. However there are only few studies discussing the co-expression of MDM2 with p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of co-expression of p53, MDM2, and Ki-67 proteins with clinico-pathological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to conduct a systematic review of the co-expression of p53/MDM2.

Method: This is a retrospective descriptive study and a systematic review. Formalin-fixed paraffinembedded tissues from 45 OSCC cases were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p53, MDM2, and Ki-67 proteins.

Results: Immuno-reactivity for p53, MDM2, and Ki-67 was seen in 75.6%, 97.8%, and 62.2% cases of OSCC respectively. The co-expression of p53 and MDM2 (p53/MDM2) was detected in 97.1%, however there was no significant correlation between p53 and MDM2 expression. Notably, p53/MDM2 coexpression was significantly associated with tumour differentiation (p-value = 0.045). The Ki-67LI was not significantly associated with neither MDM2 nor p53/MDM2 co-expression (p-value = 0.268, 0.916 respectively).

Conclusion: The expression of MDM2 was not signif icantly associated with p53 expression suggesting that MDM2 expression is mediated by p53-independent pathways or mutated p53 could not induce the expression of MDM2 in this set of OSCCs. The only clinico-pathological parameter that correlates significantly with co-expression of p53/MDM2 is tumour differentiation where it is suggestive that the co-expression of these 2 proteins is indicative of aggressive tumour behavior.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Solitary adrenal metastasis from invasive infiltrating ductal carcinoma: A case report and review of literature

Sangeetha Poovaneswaran, Justin Zon Ern Lee, Whei Ying Lim, Navarasi S Raja Gopal, Fauziah Mohd Dali, Ibtisam Mohamad

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2013;7(1):33-36.
MyJurnal

Solitary adrenal metastasis is a rare presentation in breast cancer and it presents the clinician with a difficult therapeutic dilemma as there are no existing guidelines for optimal management. On literature review, we only found one published case report of solitary adrenal metastasis from infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. Here we present a case of a 75 year-old lady who presented with a right breast lump which was subsequently confirmed to be infiltrating ductal carcinoma. She underwent a right mastectomy and axillary clearance. Computerised tomography (CT) staging revealed a solitary adrenal metastasis. She was treated with aromatase inhibitors and her tumour markers which were initially raised has now normalised.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Ductal
Fulltext Lichenoid Lesion And Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Tongue

Yaacob, H.B., Ngeow, W.C., Tan, P.L., Zainal Arif, A.R.

Ann Dent, 2002;9(1):-.
MyJurnal

The controversy on malignant transformation of oral lichen planus has always intrigued researchers. We present a case of lichenoid lesion and squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, occurring in a middle aged Indian lady. The diagnosis and timing of these lesions is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Anterolateral thigh free flap in reconstruction of oral cavity malignancy: UMMC experience

Ahmad, N.A., Margaret, L.

JUMMEC, 2008;11(1):33-36.
MyJurnal

Oral cavity malignancy reconstructive surgery has advanced from pedicle flaps to microvascular free tissue transfer. Previously, reconstruction of these defects were done using radial forearm free flaps in this centre. We report our experience using anterolateral thigh free flap in a 49 year old lady with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Excision of tumour left a defect which was later reconstructed using microvascular free tissue transfer using the right anterolateral thigh free flap. The flap was well taken up at the recepient site and no evidence of flap failure noted post operatively and on completion of radiotherapy. She was able to maintain comprehensible speech and swallowing ability.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Clausenidin Induces Caspase 8-Dependent Apoptosis and Suppresses Production of VEGF in Liver Cancer Cells

Waziri PM, Abdullah R, Rosli R, Omar AR, Abdul AB, Kassim NK, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Apr 25;19(4):917-922.
PMID: 29693341

Clausena excavata Burm f. is used by traditional healers to treat cancer patients in South East Asia. The use of the
plant and its compounds is based on Asian folklore with little or no scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy
The current study aimed to determine the effect of pure clausenidin isolated from C. excavata on caspase-8-induced cell
death as well as angiogenesis in the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Caspase-8 and extrinsic death receptor
protein expression was determined using spectrophotometry and protein profile arrays, respectively. Ultrastructural
analysis of clausenidin-treated cells was conducted using transmission electron microscopy. In addition, anti-angiogenic
effects of clausenidin were investigated by Western blot analysis. Clausenidin significantly (p<0.05) increased the
activity of caspase-8 and expression of protein components of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) in HepG2
cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the clausenidin-treated HepG2 cells revealed morphological abnormalities typical of
apoptosis. Furthermore, clausenidin significantly (p<0.05) decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF). Therefore, clausenidin is a potential anti-angiogenic agent which may induce apoptosis of hepatocellular
carcinoma cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology*

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