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  1. Fulltext Evolutionary pattern of Macaca fascicularis in Southeast Asia inferred using Y-chromosomal gene
    Rovie-Ryan JJ, Khan FAA, Abdullah MT
    BMC Ecol Evol, 2021 02 15;21(1):26.
    PMID: 33588750 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01757-1
    BACKGROUND: We analyzed a combined segment (2032-bp) of the sex-determining region and the testis-specific protein of the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) gene to clarify the gene flow and phylogenetic relationships of the long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic relationships were constructed using the maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and the median-joining network from a total of 164 adult male M. fascicularis from 62 localities in Malaysia, including sequences from the other regions from previous studies.

    RESULTS: Based on Y-DNA, we confirm the presence of two lineages of M. fascicularis: the Indochinese and Sundaic lineages. The Indochinese lineage is represented by M. fascicularis located northwards of the Surat Thani-Krabi depression region and is introgressed by the Macaca mulatta Y-DNA. The Sundaic lineage is free from such hybridization event, thus defined as the original carrier of the M. fascicularis Y-DNA. We further revealed that the Sundaic lineage differentiated into two forms: the insular and the continental forms. The insular form, which represents the ancestral form of M. fascicularis, consists of two haplotypes: a single homogenous haplotype occupying the island of Borneo, Philippines, and southern Sumatra; and the Javan haplotype. The more diverse continental form consists of 17 haplotypes in which a dominant haplotype was shared by individuals from southern Thai Peninsular (south of Surat Thani-Krabi depression), Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. Uniquely, Sumatra contains both the continental and insular Y-DNA which can be explained by a secondary contact hypothesis.

    CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings in this study are important: (1) to help authority particularly in Malaysia on the population management activities including translocation and culling of conflict M. fascicularis, (2) to identify the unknown origin of captive M. fascicularis used in biomedical research, and; (3) the separation between the continental and insular forms warrants for the treatment as separate management units.

    Matched MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern
  2. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and immediate outcome of Kawasaki disease: a population-based study from a tropical country
    Mat Bah MN, Alias EY, Razak H, Sapian MH, Foo FH, Abdullah N
    Eur J Pediatr, 2021 Aug;180(8):2599-2606.
    PMID: 34086103 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04135-7
    Data on Kawasaki disease from tropical countries are scarce. Hence, this population-based study aims to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of Kawasaki disease in children enrolled in the Kawasaki disease registry between 2006 and 2019 in Southern Malaysia. Diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was made using standard criteria. Primary outcome measure was a coronary artery aneurysm. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associated risk factors for coronary artery aneurysm. There were 661 Kawasaki disease, with 27% incomplete and 11% atypical presentations. Male-to-female ratio was 2:1, and median age of diagnosis was 1.4 years (interquartile range 9 to 32 months). Incidence in children of less than 5 years was 14.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.6 to 16.0) per 100,000 population, higher in males (19/100,000) and Chinese (22/100,000), with a gradual increase from 5.7/100,000 in 2006 to 19.6/100,000 in 2019, p < 0.001. Incidence in children between 5 and 9 years old was 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.6) per 100,000 population and remained stable over time. There was a seasonal pattern with peak incidence during the rainy season. Out of 625 intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG)-treated Kawasaki disease, 7.4% were resistant, and 9% had coronary artery aneurysms. Atypical presentation, male sex, late diagnosis, and IVIG resistance were independent risk factors for coronary artery aneurysms.Conclusions: Despite the tropical climate, Kawasaki disease epidemiology is similar to non-tropic regions with seasonal patterns and a rising incidence. Atypical presentation, male sex, late diagnosis, and IVIG resistance were significantly associated with coronary artery aneurysms. What is Known: • Kawasaki disease predominantly occurs in males, children less than 5 years old, and the Asian population. • Male sex, late diagnosis, incomplete Kawasaki disease, and IVIG resistance were associated with coronary artery aneurysms. What is New: • In multi-ethnic Asian countries such as Malaysia, ethnic Chinese have a higher prevalence of Kawasaki disease compared to other ethnicities. • Kawasaki disease with atypical presentation can occur in both complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease and is significantly associated with a coronary artery aneurysm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  3. Early phase oncology clinical trials in Malaysia: current status and future perspectives
    Voon PJ, Lai WH, Bustaman RS, Siu LL, Razak ARA, Yusof A, et al.
    Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2023 Jun;19(3):296-304.
    PMID: 36305522 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13886
    Historically, the majority of oncology clinical trials are conducted in Western Europe and North America. Globalization of drug development has resulted in sponsors shifting their focus to the Asia-Pacific region. In Malaysia, implementation of various government policies to promote clinical trials has been initiated over a decade ago and includes the establishment of Clinical Research Malaysia, which functions as a facilitator and enabler of industry-sponsored clinical trials on a nationwide basis. Although oncology clinical trials in Malaysia have seen promising growth, there are still only a limited number of early phase oncology studies being conducted. Hence, the Phase 1 Realization Project was initiated to develop Malaysia's early phase clinical trial capabilities. In addition, the adaptation of good practices from other countries contribute to the effective implementation of existing initiatives to drive progress in the development of early phase drug development set up in Malaysia. Furthermore, holistic approaches with emphasis in training and education, infrastructure capacities, strategic alliances, reinforcement of upstream activities in the value chain of drug development, enhanced patient advocacy, coupled with continued commitment from policy makers are imperative in nurturing a resilient clinical research ecosystem in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  4. Report of the 10(th) Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand Congress (Organising Chair and Scientific Chair)
    A RS, Abdullah S
    J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol, 2016 10;21(3):439-43.
    PMID: 27595972 DOI: 10.1142/S2424835516970018
    A report on the 10(th) Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for the Surgery of the Hand and 6(th) Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Hand Therapists is submitted detailing the numbers of attendees participating, papers presented and support received as well the some of the challenges faced and how best to overcome them from the local conference chair and scientific chair point of view.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  5. Contraceptive method switching in Peninsular Malaysia: ethnic differences, 1940s-1970s
    Davanzo J, Starbird E, Reboussin D, Tan Boon Ann, Abdullah SH
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1988 Jun;6(1):1-21.
    PMID: 12281591
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia; Asia, Southeastern
  6. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among consumers in developing countries: An international survey
    Odeyemi OA, Sani NA, Obadina AO, Saba CKS, Bamidele FA, Abughoush M, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2019 02;116:1386-1390.
    PMID: 30716930 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.030
    An international survey among consumers in developing countries from Asia and Africa on food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) was carried out using structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 453 consumers comprising 265 from Africa and 188 from Asia. Significant difference (p Asia was observed. In Africa, consumers in Cameroon had the least food safety knowledge (73.15 ± 16.43) compared to Ghana (78.19 ± 15.84) and Nigeria (88.16 ± 8.88). Similarly, consumers in Iran had the least food safety knowledge (73.33 ± 19.84) in Asia compared to Malaysia (88.36 ± 11.64) and Pakistan (89.42 ± 9.89). Among the respondents, 89% were aware of food poisoning while 304 (67.1%) consume food kept for long at room temperature. There was significant difference (p Asia. Overall, respondents from Asia have better food safety knowledge than respondents from Africa.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  7. A seasonal analysis of Chinese births
    Abeysinghe T
    J Appl Stat, 1991;18(2):275-86.
    PMID: 12343764
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia; Asia, Southeastern
  8. HIV in Southeast Asia
    Abrams S
    Harv AIDS Rev, 1998.
    PMID: 12294443
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia; Asia, Southeastern
  9. Fulltext Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications
    Yahya MS, Soeung S, Singh NSS, Yunusa Z, Chinda FE, Rahim SKA, et al.
    Sensors (Basel), 2023 Jun 06;23(12).
    PMID: 37420526 DOI: 10.3390/s23125359
    In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS® software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm × 50 mm × 0.6 mm (0.12λ0×0.07λ0 × 0.001λ0 at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design's accuracy and the antenna's suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  10. Fulltext Metagenomic datasets of air samples collected during episodes of severe smoke-haze in Malaysia
    James GL, Latif MT, Isa MNM, Bakar MFA, Yusuf NYM, Broughton W, et al.
    Data Brief, 2021 Jun;36:107124.
    PMID: 34095374 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107124
    Transboundary emissions of smoke-haze from land and forest fires have recurred annually during the dry period (June to October, over the past few decades) in South East Asia. Hazardous air quality has been recorded in Malaysia during these episodes. Agricultural practices such as slash-and-burn of biomass and peat fires particularly in Sumatera and Kalimantan, Indonesia, have been implicated as the major causes of the haze. Past findings have shown that a diversity of microbes can thrive in air including in smoke-haze polluted air. In this study, metagenomic data were generated to reveal the diversity of microorganisms in air during days with and without haze. Air samples were collected during non-haze (2013A01) and two haze (2013A04 and 2013A05) periods in the month of June 2013. DNA was extracted from the samples, subjected to Multiple Displacement Amplification and whole genome sequencing (Next Generation Sequencing) using the HiSeq 2000 Platform. Extensive bio-informatic analyses of the raw sequence data then followed. Raw reads from these six air samples were deposited in the NCBI SRA databases under Bioproject PRJNA662021 with accession numbers SRX9087478, SRX9087479 and SRX9087480.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern
  11. Findings from a large Asian chronic hepatitis C real-life study
    Lim SG, Phyo WW, Shah SR, Win KM, Hamid S, Piratvisuth T, et al.
    J Viral Hepat, 2018 12;25(12):1533-1542.
    PMID: 30141214 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12989
    There is a paucity of information on chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients treated with direct antiviral agents (DAAs) in Asia. We invited Asia-Pacific physicians to collate databases of patients enrolled for CHC treatment, recording baseline clinical, virologic and biochemical characteristics, sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) and virologic failure. SVR12 outcome was based on intention to treat (ITT). Multivariate analysis was used to assess independent risk factors for SVR12 using SPSS version 20. A total of 2171 patients from India (n = 977), Myanmar (n = 552), Pakistan (n = 406), Thailand (n = 139), Singapore (n = 72) and Malaysia (n = 25) were collected. At baseline, mean age was 49 years, 50.2% were males, and 41.8% had cirrhosis. Overall, SVR12 was 89.5% and by genotype (GT) based on ITT and treatment completion, respectively, was 91% and 92% for GT1, 100% and 100% for GT2, 91% and 97% for GT3, 64% and 95% for GT4, 87% and 87% for GT6 and 79% and 91% for GT untested. Patients with cirrhosis had SVR12 of 85% vs 93% for noncirrhosis (P < 0.001) (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.1, P = 0.0002). Patients with GT1 and GT3 treated with sofosbuvir/ribavirin (SR) had 88% and 89% SVR12, respectively, but those GT6 treated with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SL) had only 77.6% SVR12. Multivariate analysis showed absence of cirrhosis was associated with higher SVR12 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1, P = 0.002). In conclusion, patients with GT1 and GT3 with/without cirrhosis had surprisingly high efficacy using SR, suggesting that Asians may respond better to some DAAs. However, poor GT6 response to SL suggests this regimen is suboptimal for this genotype.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  12. Fulltext Nature and pattern of cricket injuries: the Asian Cricket Council Under-19, Elite Cup, 2013
    Das NS, Usman J, Choudhury D, Abu Osman NA
    PLoS One, 2014;9(6):e100028.
    PMID: 24927127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100028
    Cricket has over the years gained much popularity in Asia, thus the number of cricket players has also grown in tandem. However, cricket players are not as fortunate as other athletes as they do not always have a standard cricket infrastructure to practice; therefore, the injury prevalence is expected to be high. Unfortunately, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the nature and pattern of cricket injuries prevalent to cricketers in this region. Therefore, a prospective cohort injury surveillance study was conducted during the Asian Cricket Council (ACC) Under-19 Elite Cup held in June 2013 in order to gather more data on the type of injuries sustained by cricket players. Overall, 31 injuries occurred to 28 players throughout the tournament, of which 7 injuries happened during practice sessions. The overall injury incidence rate (IIR) was 292.0 per 10,000 player hours (95% CI 176.9-407.1) and 10.4 per 10,000 balls faced and 2.6 per 1000 overs bowled delivered during batting and bowling, respectively. Injuries to the lower limb (IIR: 146; 95% CI 1.8-98.2) were the most frequent, followed by injuries to the upper limb (97.3;95% CI 30.2-164.5) and to the trunk and back (IIR: 36.5;95% CI 0.0-77.7). Sprain/strains (IIR 109.5;95% CI 38.4-180.7) to muscle/tendon and joint/ligament were the most commonly reported nature of injury. This is the first study investigating injury incidence among the players of the ACC. It provides an overview of injuries sustained by elite players' under-19 years of age from 10 Asian countries. The overall IIR is similar to earlier studies conducted in well-established cricket playing nations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
  13. Early Detection of Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palms Using Artificial Neural Network Spectral Analysis
    Ahmadi P, Muharam FM, Ahmad K, Mansor S, Abu Seman I
    Plant Dis, 2017 Jun;101(6):1009-1016.
    PMID: 30682927 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1699-RE
    Ganoderma boninense is a causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) and is responsible for a significant portion of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) losses, which can reach US$500 million a year in Southeast Asia. At the early stage of this disease, infected palms are symptomless, which imposes difficulties in detecting the disease. In spite of the availability of tissue and DNA sampling techniques, there is a particular need for replacing costly field data collection methods for detecting Ganoderma in its early stage with a technique derived from spectroscopic and imagery data. Therefore, this study was carried out to apply the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis technique for discriminating and classifying fungal infections in oil palm trees at an early stage using raw, first, and second derivative spectroradiometer datasets. These were acquired from 1,016 spectral signatures of foliar samples in four disease levels (T1: healthy, T2: mildly-infected, T3: moderately infected, and T4: severely infected). Most of the satisfactory results occurred in the visible range, especially in the green wavelength. The healthy oil palms and those which were infected by Ganoderma at an early stage (T2) were classified satisfactorily with an accuracy of 83.3%, and 100.0% in 540 to 550 nm, respectively, by ANN using first derivative spectral data. The results further indicated that the sensitive frond number modeled by ANN provided the highest accuracy of 100.0% for frond number 9 compared with frond 17. This study showed evidence that employment of ANN can predict the early infection of BSR disease on oil palm with a high degree of accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern
  14. Malaysia [Population education in countries of the region]
    Abu-bakar F
    Bull Unesco Reg Off Educ Asia Pac, 1982 Jun.
    PMID: 12265670
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia; Asia, Southeastern
  15. Fulltext Neglected tropical diseases among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): overview and update
    Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Strych U, Chang LY, Lim YA, Goodenow MM, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2015 Apr;9(4):e0003575.
    PMID: 25880767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003575
    The ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) constitute an economic powerhouse, yet these countries also harbor a mostly hidden burden of poverty and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Almost 200 million people live in extreme poverty in ASEAN countries, mostly in the low or lower middle-income countries of Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Viet Nam, and Cambodia, and many of them are affected by at least one NTD. However, NTDs are prevalent even among upper middle-income ASEAN countries such as Malaysia and Thailand, especially among the indigenous populations. The three major intestinal helminth infections are the most common NTDs; each helminthiasis is associated with approximately 100 million infections in the region. In addition, more than 10 million people suffer from either liver or intestinal fluke infections, as well as schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF). Intestinal protozoan infections are widespread, while leishmaniasis has emerged in Thailand, and zoonotic malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi infection) causes severe morbidity in Malaysia. Melioidosis has emerged as an important bacterial NTD, as have selected rickettsial infections, and leptospirosis. Leprosy, yaws, and trachoma are still endemic in focal areas. Almost 70 million cases of dengue fever occur annually in ASEAN countries, such that this arboviral infection is now one of the most common and economically important NTDs in the region. A number of other arboviral and zoonotic viral infections have also emerged, including Japanese encephalitis; tick-borne viral infections; Nipah virus, a zoonosis present in fruit bats; and enterovirus 71 infection. There are urgent needs to expand surveillance activities in ASEAN countries, as well as to ensure mass drug administration is provided to populations at risk for intestinal helminth and fluke infections, LF, trachoma, and yaws. An ASEAN Network for Drugs, Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Traditional Medicines Innovation provides a policy framework for the development of new control and elimination tools. Together with prominent research institutions and universities, the World Health Organization (WHO), and its regional offices, these organizations could implement important public health improvements through NTD control and elimination in the coming decade.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology
  16. Fulltext A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for broad coverage detection of Asian and African Zika virus lineages
    Teoh BT, Chin KL, Samsudin NI, Loong SK, Sam SS, Tan KK, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2020 Dec 11;20(1):947.
    PMID: 33308203 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05585-4
    BACKGROUND: Early detection of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during the viremia and viruria facilitates proper patient management and mosquito control measurement to prevent disease spread. Therefore, a cost-effective nucleic acid detection method for the diagnosis of ZIKV infection, especially in resource-deficient settings, is highly required.

    METHODS: In the present study, a single-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of both the Asian and African-lineage ZIKV. The detection limit, strain coverage and cross-reactivity of the ZIKV RT-LAMP assay was evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP were also evaluated using a total of 24 simulated clinical samples. The ZIKV quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used as the reference assay.

    RESULTS: The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was 3.73 ZIKV RNA copies (probit analysis, P ≤ 0.05). The RT-LAMP assay detected the ZIKV genomes of both the Asian and African lineages without cross-reacting with other arthropod-borne viruses. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP assay were 90% (95% CI = 59.6-98.2) and 100% (95% CI = 78.5-100.0), respectively. The RT-LAMP assay detected ZIKV genome in 9 of 24 (37.5%) of the simulated clinical samples compared to 10 of 24 (41.7%) by qRT-PCR assay with a high level of concordance (κ = 0.913, P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Asia/epidemiology
  17. Updates on chikungunya epidemiology, clinical disease, and diagnostics
    Sam IC, Kümmerer BM, Chan YF, Roques P, Drosten C, AbuBakar S
    Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2015 Apr;15(4):223-30.
    PMID: 25897809 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1680
    Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Aedes-borne alphavirus, historically found in Africa and Asia, where it caused sporadic outbreaks. In 2004, CHIKV reemerged in East Africa and spread globally to cause epidemics, including, for the first time, autochthonous transmission in Europe, the Middle East, and Oceania. The epidemic strains were of the East/Central/South African genotype. Strains of the Asian genotype of CHIKV continued to cause outbreaks in Asia and spread to Oceania and, in 2013, to the Americas. Acute disease, mainly comprising fever, rash, and arthralgia, was previously regarded as self-limiting; however, there is growing evidence of severe but rare manifestations, such as neurological disease. Furthermore, CHIKV appears to cause a significant burden of long-term morbidity due to persistent arthralgia. Diagnostic assays have advanced greatly in recent years, although there remains a need for simple, accurate, and affordable tests for the developing countries where CHIKV is most prevalent. This review focuses on recent important work on the epidemiology, clinical disease and diagnostics of CHIKV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia/epidemiology
  18. An overview of rickettsiae in Southeast Asia: Vector-animal-human interface
    Low VL, Tan TK, Khoo JJ, Lim FS, AbuBakar S
    Acta Trop, 2020 Feb;202:105282.
    PMID: 31778642 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105282
    Rickettsioses are emerging, and re-emerging diseases caused by obligate intracellular arthropod-borne bacteria that infect humans and animals worldwide. Various rickettsiae such as Orientia, Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have been circulated in companion, domesticated and wild animals through bites of infected ticks, fleas, lice or mites. This review summarizes the infections of rickettsiae, including the newly discovered regional species Rickettsia thailandii, Candidatus Rickettsia sepangensis, Candidatus Rickettsia johorensis, Candidatus Rickettsia laoensis, Candidatus Rickettsia mahosotii, Candidatus Rickettsia khammouanensis, Candidatus Anaplasma pangolinii, and other novel genotypes in vectors, humans and animals in Southeast Asia. Issues on some unidentified rickettsiae that elicit immune responses and production of antibodies that are cross-reactive with the antigens used are discussed. Knowledge gaps which required attention are also identified in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology
  19. Women and the media in Malaysia
    Adnan MH
    Media Asia, 1987;14(4):194-203.
    PMID: 12281076
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia; Asia, Southeastern
  20. Fulltext Biologics for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review in Tuberculosis-Endemic Countries
    Banerjee R, Ali RAR, Wei SC, Adsul S
    Gut Liver, 2020 11 15;14(6):685-698.
    PMID: 33191310 DOI: 10.5009/gnl19209
    The advent of biologics and biologic therapy has transformed the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with enhanced early and adequate responses to treatment, fewer hospitalizations, a reduced need for surgery, and unprecedented outcomes including complete mucosal and histologic healing. However, an important issue with the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents in IBD is the increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). This is compounded by the diagnostic dilemma when differentiating between Crohn's disease and gastrointestinal TB, and the potentially serious consequences of initiating an incorrect treatment in the case of misdiagnosis. The interplay between IBD and TB is most relevant in Asia, where more than 60% of the 10.4 million new TB cases in 2016 were reported. A number of studies have reported an increased risk of TB with anti-TNF agents, including in patients who had tested negative for TB prior to treatment initiation. The limited evidence currently available regarding adhesion molecule antagonists such as vedolizumab suggests a comparatively lower risk of TB, thus making them a promising option for IBD management in TBendemic regions. This comprehensive review examines the available literature on the risk of TB with the use of biologics in the TB-endemic regions of Asia, focusing on the diagnostic dilemma, the risk of reactivation, and the optimized management algorithms for latent and active disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asia
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