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Susuks: charm needles in facial soft tissues

Shanmuhasuntharam P, Ghani SH

Br Dent J, 1991 Apr 20;170(8):309-11.
PMID: 2036281

Susuks or charm needles are a form of talisman inserted and worn subcutaneously, in the face and other parts of the body, in the belief that they will enhance or preserve the wearer's beauty, youth, charisma, strength or health, or bring success in business. This mystic practice is found among some south-east Asian people, especially Malayan and Muslim females. Most susuk wearers are secretive about their hidden talismans, but these gold or silver needles are being discovered with increasing frequency now that radiographs are used more widely. An understanding of this practice and an awareness of its existence is important to avoid misdiagnosis and mismanagement of these patients. The practice of susuk wearing and its relevance to dentistry is discussed. Nine cases of facial susuk wearers are presented and previous reports are reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Face*
Anticipating local flaps closed-form solution on 3D face models using finite element method

Kwan Z, Khairu Najhan NN, Yau YH, Luximon Y, M Nor F

Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng, 2020 11;36(11):e3390.
PMID: 32735083 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3390

A realistic three-dimensional (3D) computational model of skin flap closures using Asian-like head templates from two different genders, male and female, has been developed. The current study aimed to understand the biomechanics of the local flap designs along with the effect of wound closures on the respective genders. Two Asian head templates from opposite genders were obtained to use as base models. A third-order Yeoh hyperelastic model was adapted to characterize as skin material properties. A single layer composed of combined epidermis and dermis was considered, and the models were thickened according to respective anatomical positions. Each model gender was excised with a fixed defect size which was consequently covered by three different local flap designs, namely advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps. Post-operative simulation presented various scenarios of skin flap closures. Rotation and rhomboid flaps demonstrated maximal tension at the apex of the flap for both genders as well as advancement flap in the female face model. However, advancement flap closure in the male face model was presented otherwise. Yet, the deformation patterns and the peak tension of the discussed flaps were consistent with conventional local flap surgery. Moreover, male face models generated higher stresses compared to the female face models with a 70.34% mean difference. Overall, the skin flap operations were executed manually, and the designed surgery model met the objectives successfully while acknowledging the study limitations. NOVELTY FILE: 3D head templates were considered to address the gap as 3D face models were uncommonly employed in understanding the biomechanics of the local flaps realistically. Most of the existing studies focus on the 2D and 3D planar geometry in their models. As gender comparison has yet to be addressed, we intended to fill this gap by exploring the stress contours of the local flap designs in different genders. Create a 3D face model from two opposite genders which is capable of simulating closure of wounds using local flaps with a focus on advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps.

Matched MeSH terms: Face/surgery
Facial profile study using 3-dimensional photographs to assess esthetic preferences of Hong Kong Chinese orthognathic patients and laypersons

Tan SK, Leung WK, Tang ATH, Zwahlen RA

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2022 Feb;161(2):e105-e113.
PMID: 34531091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.01.024

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to investigate and compare esthetic perceptions of different facial profiles among Hong Kong Chinese laypersons and patients scheduled for orthognathic treatment.
METHODS: Two sets of 3-dimensional facial photographs (1 male and 1 female) each comprised 7 images that showed different dentoskeletal relations (ie, Class I, bimaxillary protrusion, bimaxillary retrusion, maxillary protrusion, maxillary retrusion, mandibular protrusion, and mandibular retrusion). The sets of photographs were shown to 101 laypersons (age, 28.87 ± 6.22 years) and 60 patients seeking orthognathic treatment (age, 27.12 ± 6.07 years). They rated their esthetic perceptions of the photographs on the basis of a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive).
RESULTS: The dentoskeletal Class I facial profile was ranked as the most attractive profile. Female orthognathic judges selected the retrusive maxilla while male orthognathic judges and male and female laypersons ranked the mandibular protrusion profile as the least attractive profile for both females and males. A bimaxillary protrusive female profile was viewed as more attractive by the orthognathic male (P = 0.006) and female (P = 0.006) judges, compared with female layperson judges. After adjustment for age, no statistically significant interaction between sex and judges (P >0.10) for all VAS scores were detected. For the female bimaxillary protrusive profile, orthognathic patient judges assigned a mean VAS score of 9.174 points higher than layperson judges (95% confidence interval, 3.11-15.24; P = 0.003).
CONCLUSION: Dentoskeletal Class I facial profile was generally considered the most attractive profile in both sexes; male and female orthognathic patients preferred a bimaxillary protrusive female profile. A concave facial profile was perceived as least attractive in both sexes.

Matched MeSH terms: Face/anatomy & histology
Study on the criteria for assessing skull-face correspondence in craniofacial superimposition

Ibáñez O, Valsecchi A, Cavalli F, Huete MI, Campomanes-Alvarez BR, Campomanes-Alvarez C, et al.

Leg Med (Tokyo), 2016 Nov;23:59-70.
PMID: 27890106 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.09.009

Craniofacial superimposition has the potential to be used as an identification method when other traditional biological techniques are not applicable due to insufficient quality or absence of ante-mortem and post-mortem data. Despite having been used in many countries as a method of inclusion and exclusion for over a century it lacks standards. Thus, the purpose of this research is to provide forensic practitioners with standard criteria for analysing skull-face relationships. Thirty-seven experts from 16 different institutions participated in this study, which consisted of evaluating 65 criteria for assessing skull-face anatomical consistency on a sample of 24 different skull-face superimpositions. An unbiased statistical analysis established the most objective and discriminative criteria. Results did not show strong associations, however, important insights to address lack of standards were provided. In addition, a novel methodology for understanding and standardizing identification methods based on the observation of morphological patterns has been proposed.

Matched MeSH terms: Face/anatomy & histology*
Fulltext Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma

Oettlé AC, Demeter FP, L'abbé EN

Anat Rec (Hoboken), 2017 01;300(1):196-208.
PMID: 28000408 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23469

The variable development of the zygoma, dictating its shape and size variations among ancestral groups, has important clinical implications and valuable anthropological and evolutionary inferences. The purpose of the study was to review the literature regarding the variations in the zygoma with ancestry. Ancestral variation in the zygoma reflects genetic variations because of genetic drift as well as natural selection and epigenetic changes to adapt to diet and climate variations with possible intensification by isolation. Prominence of the zygoma, zygomaxillary tuberosity, and malar tubercle have been associated with Eastern Asian populations in whom these features intensified. Prominence of the zygoma is also associated with groups from Eastern Europe and the rest of Asia. Diffusion of these traits occurred across the Behring Sea to the Arctic areas and to North and South America. The greatest zygomatic projections are exhibited in Arctic groups as an adaptation to extreme cold conditions, while Native South American groups also present with other features of facial robusticity. Groups from Australia, Malaysia, and Oceania show prominence of the zygoma to a certain extent, possibly because of archaic occupations by undifferentiated Southeast Asian populations. More recent interactions with Chinese groups might explain the prominent cheekbones noted in certain South African groups. Many deductions regarding evolutionary processes and diversifications of early groups have been made. Cognisance of these ancestral variations also have implications for forensic anthropological assessments as well as plastic and reconstructive surgery. More studies are needed to improve accuracy of forensic anthropological identification techniques. Anat Rec, 300:196-208, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Matched MeSH terms: Face/anatomy & histology*
Fulltext Change in facial shape in two cohorts of Japanese adult female students twenty years apart

Hossain MG, Saw A, Ohtsuki F, Lestrel PE, Kamarul T

Singapore Med J, 2011 Nov;52(11):818-23.
PMID: 22173252

Secular changes in the head and body dimensions of the Japanese population were recorded during the last century, but studies on Japanese adult facial shape were poorly documented. This study aimed to document the secular changes in facial shape and their association with craniofacial measures of Japanese adult female students.

Matched MeSH terms: Face*
Redness enhances perceived aggression, dominance and attractiveness in men's faces

Stephen ID, Oldham FH, Perrett DI, Barton RA

Evol Psychol, 2012 Aug 17;10(3):562-72.
PMID: 22947678

In a range of non-human primate, bird and fish species, the intensity of red coloration in males is associated with social dominance, testosterone levels and mate selection. In humans too, skin redness is associated with health, but it is not known whether--as in non-human species--it is also associated with dominance and links to attractiveness have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we allow female participants to manipulate the CIELab a* value (red-green axis) of skin to maximize the perceived aggression, dominance and attractiveness of photographs of men's faces, and make two findings. First, participants increased a* (increasing redness) to enhance each attribute, suggesting that facial redness is perceived as conveying similar information about a male's qualities in humans as it does in non-human species. Second, there were significant differences between trial types: the highest levels of red were associated with aggression, an intermediate level with dominance, and the least with attractiveness. These differences may reflect a trade-off between the benefits of selecting a healthy, dominant partner and the negative consequences of aggression.

Matched MeSH terms: Face*
Fulltext Optimal Geometrical Set for Automated Marker Placement to Virtualized Real-Time Facial Emotions

Maruthapillai V, Murugappan M

PLoS One, 2016;11(2):e0149003.
PMID: 26859884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149003

In recent years, real-time face recognition has been a major topic of interest in developing intelligent human-machine interaction systems. Over the past several decades, researchers have proposed different algorithms for facial expression recognition, but there has been little focus on detection in real-time scenarios. The present work proposes a new algorithmic method of automated marker placement used to classify six facial expressions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. Emotional facial expressions were captured using a webcam, while the proposed algorithm placed a set of eight virtual markers on each subject's face. Facial feature extraction methods, including marker distance (distance between each marker to the center of the face) and change in marker distance (change in distance between the original and new marker positions), were used to extract three statistical features (mean, variance, and root mean square) from the real-time video sequence. The initial position of each marker was subjected to the optical flow algorithm for marker tracking with each emotional facial expression. Finally, the extracted statistical features were mapped into corresponding emotional facial expressions using two simple non-linear classifiers, K-nearest neighbor and probabilistic neural network. The results indicate that the proposed automated marker placement algorithm effectively placed eight virtual markers on each subject's face and gave a maximum mean emotion classification rate of 96.94% using the probabilistic neural network.

Matched MeSH terms: Face/anatomy & histology
Fulltext Comparisons between Caucasian-validated and Chinese-validated photo-numeric scales for assessing facial wrinkles

Ng JY, Zhou H, Li T, Chew FT

Sci Rep, 2024 Nov 16;14(1):28293.
PMID: 39550380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-78945-8

Skin ageing results in wrinkling. In this study, we discuss four types of facial wrinkles: Crow's Feet wrinkles, forehead wrinkles, glabellar frown wrinkles, and nasolabial folds. These four phenotypes can be assessed either with a photo-numeric scale developed and validated on Caucasian skin (i.e., Caucasian scale) or with a photo-numeric scale developed and validated on Chinese skin (i.e., Chinese scale). As Caucasian and Chinese skin have inherent differences, the main objective of this study is to determine whether these inherent differences affect the suitability of evaluating facial wrinkles on ethnic Chinese skin with a Caucasian scale. Three trained assessors studied four types of wrinkles on the faces of 1,081 ethnic Chinese young adults from the Singapore/Malaysia Cross-sectional Genetics Epidemiology Study (SMCGES). We found that Caucasian scales and Chinese scales are concordant (Spearman's Rank Correlation (ρ) values: 0.53-0.80) and the level of agreement between the Caucasian scales and Chinese scales is moderately high (Cohen's Kappa (κ) values: 0.40-0.49). When tested on ethnic Chinese skin, both the Caucasian scale and the Chinese scale are largely consistent in showing presence or absence of a given facial wrinkle (Area under curve (AUC) values: 0.79-0.90). All assessors are highly internally consistent (Weighted Kappa (κw) values: 0.686-0.992). Our results build confidence that four types of facial wrinkles on ethnic Chinese faces can be assessed with Caucasian scales. To the best of our knowledge, Chinese scales for facial wrinkles beyond the four types discussed here have yet to be developed. Caucasian scales for these other facial wrinkles will also need to be tested for their suitability to be used on ethnic Chinese skin as and when more Chinese scales are developed.

Matched MeSH terms: Face*
Fulltext Unusual branching pattern and termination of facial artery and its clinical implications for facial operations

Padur AA, Kumar N

J Vasc Bras, 2019 Jul 12;18:e20190021.
PMID: 31360158 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.190021

The facial artery is the main artery of the face and variations in its origin and its branching pattern have been documented. We report herein multiple facial artery branch variations in the face. A large posterior (premasseteric) branch originated from the left facial artery and coursed upwards behind the main trunk of the facial artery. This artery presented with a straight course and was closely related to the anterior border of the masseter. The branch then terminated by supplying the adjacent connective tissue below the parotid duct. It was also observed that the facial artery was very thick and tortuous and terminated as the superior labial artery. Knowledge of this variation is of great clinical significance in facial operations, especially for maxillofacial surgeons and plastic surgeons, because it forms the anatomical basis for the facial artery musculo-mucosal flap.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Eye tracker as an implied social presence: awareness of being eye-tracked induces social-norm-based looking behaviour

Wong HK, Stephen ID

J Eye Mov Res, 2019 Aug 05;12(2).
PMID: 33828723 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.2.5

Human behaviour is not only influenced by the physical presence of others, but also implied social presence. This study examines the impact of awareness of being eye-tracked on eye movement behaviour in a laboratory setting. During a classic yes/no face recognition task, participants were made to believe that their eye movements were recorded (or not recorded) by eye trackers. Their looking patterns with and without the awareness of being eye-tracked were compared while perceiving social (faces, faces-and-bodies) and non-social (inanimate objects) video stimuli. Area-of-interest (AOI) analysis revealed that misinformed participants (who were not aware that their eye movements were being recorded) looked more at the body (chest and waist) compared to informed participants (who believed they were being eye-tracked), whereas informed participants fixated longer on the mouth and shorter on the eyes of female models than misinformed participants did. These findings highlight the potential impact of an awareness of being eye tracked on one's eye movement pattern when perceiving a social stimulus. We conclude that even within laboratory settings an eye tracker may function as an implied social presence that leads individuals to modify their eye movement behaviour according to socially-derived inhibitory norms.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Optimization of cassava peel medium to an enriched animal feed by the white rot fungi Panus tigrinus M609RQY

Tijani, I.D.R., Jamal, P., Alam, M.Z., Mirghani, M.E.S.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):427-432.
MyJurnal

Media components such as wheat flour, MgSO4 and particle size were screened by Placket Burman design (PBD) while the operating range was fixed by one-factor-at-a-time method (OFAT), primarily for the enrichment of cassava peels as animal feed. Optimization of the selected media components was carried out using Face–Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the responses were measured in term of protein and lignin contents. Statistical analysis of the result showed that the quadratic term of wheat flour and the interaction between wheat flour and particle size were highly significant (P

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Ludwig's Angina Infection In A Child: A Cause For Concern

Ngeow, W.C.

Ann Dent, 1999;6(1):-.
MyJurnal

Ludwig's angina is a rare type of facial infection usually reported in adults. This paper presents a case of Ludwig's angina infection occurring in a 3 year-old Malay boy. The dentists must be able to detect such presentation early. Hospitalization for monitoring of airway is essential.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Anthropometric Study of Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Malay Adults

Othman SA, Majawit LP, Wan Hassan WN, Wey MC, Mohd Razi R

PLoS One, 2016;11(10):e0164180.
PMID: 27706220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164180

To establish the three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue morphology of adult Malaysian subjects of the Malay ethnic group; and to determine the morphological differences between the genders, using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Reply to: Details of the participants and medical intervention used in the study evaluating the effect of a mouth exercising device on burning sensation in oral submucous fibrosis

Patil PG, Hazarey V, Chaudhari R, Nimbalkar-Patil S

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2017 06;123(6):735-737.
PMID: 28412237 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.01.017
Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Natural features technique for non-contact three dimensional craniofacial anthropometry using stereophotogrammetry

Majid, Z., Chong, A., Setan, H., Ahmad, A., Rajion, Z.A.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2006;1(1):42-50.
MyJurnal

This paper describes the use of stereophotogrammetry approach to measure and hence identify accurately threedimensional (3D) coordinates of important landmarks on a craniofacial surface. A "novel" technique dubbed as "natural features" technique was employed to accurately compute the 3D coordinates of selected craniofacial landmarks. The natural features technique involves the use of 3D coordinates of the natural features (such as acne, scar, corners of eyes, edge of mouth, point of chin, etc.) that appear on the craniofacial surface as an absolute stereophotogrammetric mapping control points. The 3D coordinates of the natural features were gained using digital photogrammetric bundle adjustment method. Validation of the proposed technique has firstly been carried out using mannequin and finally, it was applied on the real-life human faces. The result shows that the craniofacial landmark measurement accuracy of 0.8mm with one standard deviation can be successfully achieved by the proposed technique.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Genetics of cleft lip and palate

ROSLINA R., ZAINUL AHMAD R., ZILFALIL BA, WAN AZMAN WS, AHMAD SUKARI H, SAIDI J.

Buletin Persatuan Genetik Malaysia, 2011;18(1):22-25.
MyJurnal

Orofacial clefts are one of the most common congenital malformations among newborns. The two main types of oral clefts are cleft lip with or without cleft (CLP) and cleft palate alone (CP). Cleft is an abnormal ssure in an anatomical structure that is normally fused. Cleft lip is the congenital failure of the maxillary and medial nasal processes to fuse, forming a ssure in the lip. Cleft palate is the congenital failure of the palate to fuse properly, forming a ssure in the roof of the mouth (Mossey, 2009).clefts are one of the most common congenital malformations among newborns. The two main types of oral clefts are cleft lip with or without cleft (CLP) and cleft palate alone (CP). Cleft is an abnormal ssure in an anatomical structure that is normally fused. Cleft lip is the congenital failure of the maxillary and medial nasal processes to fuse, forming a ssure in the lip. Cleft palate is the congenital failure of the palate to fuse properly, forming a ssure in the roof of the mouth (Mossey, 2009).

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Mucopyocele in the oral region: an unusual case

Telang , Ajay, Lahari, T., Chacko , James P.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2011;6(2):1-4.
MyJurnal

Mucopyoceles are rare lesions defined as infected mucoceles. They have been reported only in the paranasal sinuses and appendix. Our case is the first to be reported in the oral region. A 58- year-old male presented with complaint of a painless swelling of two years duration in the right buccal sulcus with associated pus discharge. Radiographic examination ruled out pulpal and periodontal foci of infection and histopathology confirmed an underlying mucopyocele in the right buccal mucosa.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Management of large mandibular ameloblastoma - a case report and literature reviews

Kahairi, A., Ahmad, R.L., Wan Islah, L., Norra, H.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2008;3(2):52-55.
MyJurnal

Ameloblastoma is a slow growing benign tumour of the jaw and patients usually present late after the tumour achieved considerable size to cause facial disfigurement. Diagnosis mainly from tissue biopsy and characteristic findings on plain X-rays does assist in differentiating between types of ameloblastoma. The challenges in the management of this tumour are to provide complete excision as recurrence may occur in incomplete removal and also to reconstruct the bony defect in order to give reasonable cosmetic and functional outcome to the patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Face
Fulltext Orthognatic surgery and treatment: an Islamic legal maxims analysis

Nor Azura Ahmad Tarmidzi, Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail, Nik Salida Suhaila Nik Salleh, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, Haslinda Ramli, Nalisha Mohamed Ramli, et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):26-26.
MyJurnal

The position of facial bones contribute great impact to the shape of the face. Shape
of these underlying facial bones responsible for a person facial proportions, angles and contours.
Facial deformity can either be congenital or acquired. Functional impairment related to facial
deformity include chewing problems, breathing problems, speech impairments and
temporomandibular joint pathology. Orthognathic surgery is a procedure involving incision and
manipulation using instrument to align the jaws. Performing cosmetic surgery seems to change the
creation of Allah and the original law of changing Allah creation is prohibited. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Face

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