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The effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and CLP-induced lethal sepsis in mice

Tham CL, Lam KW, Rajajendram R, Cheah YK, Sulaiman MR, Lajis NH, et al.

Eur J Pharmacol, 2011 Feb 10;652(1-3):136-44.
PMID: 21114991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.092

We previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (BHMC), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. In this study we explain the mechanism of action of BHMC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced U937 monocytes and further show that BHMC prevents lethality of CLP-induced sepsis. BHMC showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, JNK and ERK 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors ATF-2, c-Jun and Elk-1 respectively. Inhibition of these transcription factors subsequently caused total abolishment of AP-1-DNA binding. BHMC inhibited p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding of p65 NF-κB only at the highest concentration used (12.5μM) but failed to alter phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2 and STAT-1. Since the inhibition of p38 activity was more pronounced we evaluated the possibility that BHMC may bind to p38. Molecular docking experiments confirmed that BHMC fits well in the highly conserved hydrophobic pocket of p38 MAP kinase. We also show that BHMC was able to improve survival from lethal sepsis in a murine caecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) model.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Involvement of monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of aqueous extract of Channa striatus in mice

Saleem AM, Taufik Hidayat M, Jais AM, Fakurazi S, Moklas MA, Sulaiman MR, et al.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2013;17(15):2019-22.
PMID: 23884821

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, the aqueous extract of Channa striatus (family: Channidae) fillet (AECSF) showed an antidepressant-like effect in mice. However, the mechanism of the antidepressant-like effect is unknown.
AIM: The objective of this study was to explore the involvement of monoamines in the antidepressant-like effect of AECSF in mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: AECSF was prepared by steaming the fillets of C. striatus. The male ICR mice were pretreated with various monoaminergic antagonists viz., p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by treatment with AECSF and tested in tail suspension test (TST). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey test were used at p < 0.05 for significance.
RESULTS: The pretreatments with p-chlorophenylalanine, prazosin and yohimbine, but not with SCH23390 and sulpiride, were able to reverse the antidepressant-like effect of AECSF in TST.
CONCLUSIONS: The antidepressant-like effect of AECSF may be mediated through the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and not through the dopaminergic system.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Antidepressant-like effect of aqueous extract of Channa striatus fillet in mice models of depression

Saleem AM, Taufik Hidayat M, Mat Jais AM, Fakurazi S, Moklas M, Sulaiman MR, et al.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Jul;15(7):795-802.
PMID: 21780549

Channa (C.) striatus (Malay-Haruan), is a fresh water snakehead fish, consumed as a rejuvenating diet in post-parturition period in local Malay population. The aqueous extract of C. striatus fillet (AECSF) was reported to act through serotonergic receptor system in a previous study. There is no scientific report on neuropharmacological effects of C. striatus. Based on these data, the antidepressant-like effect of C. striatus was evaluated in mice models of depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Therapeutic Potential of Bama Pig Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis

Wu X, Zhang S, Lai J, Lu H, Sun Y, Guan W

Exp Clin Transplant, 2020 12;18(7):823-831.
PMID: 33349209 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0108

OBJECTIVES: Liver fibrosis is inevitable in the healing process of liver injury. Liver fibrosis will develop into liver cirrhosis unless the damaging factors are removed. This study investigated the potential therapy of Bama pig adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis Institute of Cancer Research strain mice model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were injected intravenously into the tails of mice of the Institute of Cancer Research strain that had been treated with carbon tetrachloride for 4 weeks. Survival rate, migration, and proliferation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the liver were observed by histochemistry, fluorescent labeling, and serological detection.
RESULTS: At 1, 2, and 3 weeks after adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell injection, liver fibrosis was significantly ameliorated. The injected adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells had hepatic differentiation potential in vivo, and the survival rate of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells declined over time.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study confirmed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived from the Bama pig can be used in the treatment of liver fibrosis, and the grafted adipose-derived mesenchy-mal stem cells can migrate, survive, and differentiate into hepatic cells in vivo.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit extract attenuates the rewarding effect of heroin in conditioned place preference but not withdrawal in rodents

Narasingam M, Pandy V, Mohamed Z

Exp Anim, 2016 May 20;65(2):157-64.
PMID: 26744024 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0088

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia Linn. fruit (MMC) on the rewarding effect of heroin in the rat conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in mice. In the first experiment, following a baseline preference test (preconditioning score), the rats were subjected to conditioning trials with five counterbalanced escalating doses of heroin versus saline followed by a preference test conducted under drug-free conditions (post-conditioning score) using the CPP test. Meanwhile, in the second experiment, withdrawal jumping was precipitated by naloxone administration after heroin dependence was induced by escalating doses for 6 days (3×/ day). The CPP test results revealed that acute administration of MMC (1, 3, and 5 g/kg body weight (bw), p.o.), 1 h prior to the CPP test on the 12th day significantly reversed the heroin-seeking behavior in a dose-dependent manner, which was similar to the results observed with a reference drug, methadone (3 mg/kg bw, p.o.). On the other hand, MMC (0.5, 1, and 3 g/kg bw, p.o.) did not attenuate the heroin withdrawal jumps precipitated by naloxone. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which MMC inhibits the rewarding effect of heroin is distinct from naloxone-precipitated heroin withdrawal.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Antipsychotic-like activity of scopoletin and rutin against the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in mouse models

Pandy V, Vijeepallam K

Exp Anim, 2017 Oct 30;66(4):417-423.
PMID: 28701621 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0050

In an earlier report, we demonstrated an antipsychotic-like activity of a methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia Linn fruit in mouse models and postulated the contribution of its bioactive principles, scopoletin and rutin. Moreover, the antidopaminergic activities of scopoletin and rutin were reported in isolated vas deferens preparations. In the present study, scopoletin and rutin were assessed for antipsychotic-like activity using apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice. The results of this study revealed that scopoletin and rutin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, p.o.) had a "U-shaped" dose-dependent effect on climbing and stereotyped behaviors induced by apomorphine and methamphetamine, respectively, in mice. A significant reduction in climbing and stereotyped behaviors caused by scopoletin and rutin was observed only at a dose 0.1 mg/kg. This study suggests that scopoletin and rutin can alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia only at a specific dose. Further studies evaluating the effects of scopoletin and rutin on animal models for negative symptoms of schizophrenia are required for a novel drug discovery in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext The ethyl acetate fraction of a methanolic extract of unripe noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit exhibits a biphasic effect on the dopaminergic system in mice

Pandy V, Narasingam M, Vijeepallam K, Mohan S, Mani V, Mohamed Z

Exp Anim, 2017 Aug 05;66(3):283-291.
PMID: 28450692 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0105

In earlier ex vivo studies, we reported the biphasic effect of a methanolic extract of unripe Morinda citrifolia fruit (MMC) on dopamine-induced contractility in isolated rat vas deferens preparations. The present in vivo study was designed and undertaken to further explore our earlier ex vivo findings. This study examined the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of a methanolic extract of unripe Morinda citrifolia Linn. fruit (EA-MMC; 5-100 mg/kg, p.o.) on the dopaminergic system using mouse models of apomorphine-induced climbing time and climbing behavior, methamphetamine-induced stereotypy (sniffing, biting, gnawing, and licking) and haloperidol-induced catalepsy using the bar test. Acute treatment with EA-MMC at a low dose (25 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly attenuated the apomorphine-induced climbing time and climbing behavior in mice. Similarly, EA-MMC (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in mice. These results demonstrated that the antidopaminergic effect of EA-MMC was observed at relatively lower doses (<25 mg/kg, p.o.). On the other hand, EA-MMC showed dopaminergic agonistic activity at a high dose (3,000 mg/kg, p.o.), which was evident from alleviation of haloperidol (a dopamine D2 blocker)-induced catalepsy in mice. Therefore, it is concluded that EA-MMC might possess a biphasic effect on the dopaminergic system, i.e., an antagonistic effect at lower doses (<25 mg/kg, p.o.) and an agonistic effect at higher doses (>1,000 mg/kg, p.o.). However, further receptor-ligand binding assays are necessary to confirm the biphasic effects of M. citrifolia fruit on the dopaminergic system.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice attenuates the rewarding effect of ethanol in conditioned place preference in mice

Pandy V, Khan Y

Exp Anim, 2016 Nov 1;65(4):437-445.
PMID: 27333840

Morinda citrifolia L. commonly known as noni or Indian mulberry belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Noni fruit juice has recently become a very popular remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the anticraving effect of Tahitian Noni® Juice (TNJ) against ethanol seeking behavior in ICR male mice using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. The CPP procedure consisted of four phases: preconditioning, conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. During conditioning, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ethanol (2 g/kg body weight (bw)) and normal saline (10 ml/kg bw) were given on alternate days for 12 days. Then, the animals were subjected to extinction trials for the next 12 days to weaken CPP. Finally, CPP was reinstated in the extinguished animals by a single low-dose priming injection of ethanol (0.4 g/kg bw, i.p.). The effect of TNJ (as a source of drinking water) on different phases of ethanol CPP in mice was studied. TNJ-treated mice showed a significant reduction in ethanol seeking behavior in the CPP test. The reference drug, acamprosate (ACAM) also showed a similar effect in the CPP test. The outcome of this study suggests that TNJ is effective in attenuating ethanol craving in mice and could be utilized for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Further clinical studies in this direction are warranted to support the present preclinical findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Toxoplasma gondii: serological characterization and immunogenicity of recombinant surface antigen 2 (SAG2) expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris

Lau YL, Fong MY

Exp Parasitol, 2008 Jul;119(3):373-8.
PMID: 18457835 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.03.016

The full length surface antigen 2 (SAG2) gene of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii was cloned and intracellularly expressed in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The molecular weight of the expressed recombinant SAG2 (36 kDa) was much larger than the native SAG2 (22 kDa). This discrepancy in size was due to hyperglycosylation, as deglycosylation assay reduced the size of the recombinant SAG2 to 22 kDa. Despite being hyperglycosylated, the recombinant SAG2 reacted strongly with pooled anti-Toxoplasma human serum, pooled anti-Toxoplasma mouse serum and a SAG2-specific monoclonal antibody. The glycosylated recombinant SAG2 was further evaluated in Western blot and in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 80 human serum samples, including confirmed early acute (IgM positive, IgG negative; n=20), acute (IgM positive, IgG positive; n=20) and chronic (IgM negative, IgG positive; n=20) toxoplasmosis patients, and toxoplasmosis negative control patients (n=20). Results of the Western blot showed that the recombinant SAG2 reacted with all 60 samples of the toxoplasmosis cases but not with the Toxoplasma-negative samples. The sensitivity of in-house ELISA was 80%, 95% and 100% for early acute, acute and chronic patients' serum samples, respectively. Vaccination study showed that serum from mice immunised with the glycosylated recombinant SAG2 reacted specifically with the native SAG2 of T. gondii. The mice were significantly protected against lethal challenge with live T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites (P<0.01) and their survival time was increased compared to controls. Therefore, the present study shows that the P. pastoris-derived recombinant SAG2 was specific and suitable for use as antigen for detecting anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. The vaccination study showed that recombinant SAG2 protein was immunoprotective in mice against lethal challenge.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
RAGE modulatory effects on cytokines network and histopathological conditions in malarial mice

Chin VK, Chuah YK, Lee TY, Nordin N, Ibraheem ZO, Zakaria ZA, et al.

Exp Parasitol, 2020 Sep;216:107946.
PMID: 32622941 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107946

This study was aimed at investigating the involvement of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) during malaria infection and the effects of modulating RAGE on the inflammatory cytokines release and histopathological conditions of affected organs in malarial animal model. Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) ANKA-infected ICR mice were treated with mRAGE/pAb and rmRAGE/Fc Chimera drugs from day 1 to day 4 post infection. Survival and parasitaemia levels were monitored daily. On day 5 post infection, mice were sacrificed, blood were drawn for cytokines analysis and major organs including kidney, spleen, liver, brain and lungs were extracted for histopathological analysis. RAGE levels were increased systemically during malaria infection. Positive correlation between RAGE plasma concentration and parasitaemia development was observed. Treatment with RAGE related drugs did not improve survival of malaria-infected mice. However, significant reduction on the parasitaemia levels were recorded. On the other hand, inhibition and neutralization of RAGE production during the infection significantly increased the plasma levels of interleukin (IL-4, IL-17A, IL-10 and IL-2) and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. Histopathological analysis revealed that all treated malarial mice showed a better outcome in histological assessment of affected organs (brain, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney). RAGE is involved in malaria pathogenesis and targeting RAGE could be beneficial in malaria infected host in which RAGE inhibition or neutralization increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFNγ) which may help alleviate tissue injury and improve histopathological conditions of affected organs during the infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Anti-inflammatory effect of zerumbone on acute and chronic inflammation models in mice

Sulaiman MR, Perimal EK, Akhtar MN, Mohamad AS, Khalid MH, Tasrip NA, et al.

Fitoterapia, 2010 Oct;81(7):855-8.
PMID: 20546845 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.009

The anti-inflammatory activity of zerumbone (1), a natural cyclic sesquiterpene isolated from Zingiber zerumbet Smith was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue formation test in mice. It was demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of 1 at a dose of 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan. It was also demonstrated that 1 at similar doses significantly suppressed granulomatous tissue formation in cotton pellet-induced granuloma test.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone on a mouse model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain

Zulazmi NA, Gopalsamy B, Farouk AA, Sulaiman MR, Bharatham BH, Perimal EK

Fitoterapia, 2015 Sep;105:215-21.
PMID: 26205045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.07.011

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that is difficult to be treated. Current therapies available are either ineffective or non-specific thus requiring newer treatment approaches. In this study, we investigated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone, a bioactive sesquiterpene from Zingiber zerumbet in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain animal model. Our findings showed that single and repeated dose of intra-peritoneal administration of zerumbone (5, 10, 50, 100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the CCI-induced neuropathic pain when evaluated using the electronic von Frey anesthesiometer, cold plate, Randall-Selitto analgesiometer and the Hargreaves plantar test. Zerumbone significantly alleviated tactile and cold allodynia as well as mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Our findings are in comparison to the positive control drugs thatused gabapentin (20 mg/kgi.p.) and morphine (1 mg/kgi.p.). Together, these results showed that the systemic administration of zerumbone produced marked antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects in the CCI-induced neuropathic pain in mice and may serve as a potential lead compound for further analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Effect of green and ripe Carica papaya epicarp extracts on wound healing and during pregnancy

Anuar NS, Zahari SS, Taib IA, Rahman MT

Food Chem Toxicol, 2008 Jul;46(7):2384-9.
PMID: 18468758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.025

The traditional use of papaya to treat many diseases, especially skin conditions and its prohibition for consumption during pregnancy has prompted us to determine whether papaya extracts both from green and ripe fruits improve wound healing and also produce foetal toxicity. Aqueous extracts of green papaya epicarp (GPE) and ripe papaya epicarp (RPE) were applied on induced wounds on mice. GPE treatment induced complete healing in shorter periods (13 days) than that required while using RPE (17 days), sterile water (18 days) and Solcoseryl ointment (21 days). Extracts were administered orally (1 mg/g body weight/day) to pregnant mice from day 10 and onwards after conception. 3 (n=7) mice and 1 (n=6) mice given RPE and misoprostol, an abortive drug, respectively experienced embryonic resorption while this effect was observed in none of the mice given GPE (n=5) and water (n=5). The average body weight of live pups delivered by mice given GPE (1.12+/-0.04 g) was significantly lower than those delivered by mice given water (1.38+/-0.02 g). In SDS-PAGE, proteins were distributed in three bands (Mr range approximately 8-29 kDa). Band intensity at Mr approximately 28-29 kDa was higher in GPE than in RPE. In contrast, band intensity at low Mr (approximately 8 kDa) was found to be higher in RPE than in GPE. Notably, the band corresponding to Mr approximately 23-25 kDa was absent in RPE. These differences in composition may have contributed to the different wound healing and abortive effects of green and ripe papaya.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Morinda citrifolia leaf enhanced performance by improving angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory & stress responses

Mohamad Shalan NA, Mustapha NM, Mohamed S

Food Chem, 2016 Dec 01;212:443-52.
PMID: 27374554 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.179

Morinda citrifolia fruit, (noni), enhanced performances in athletes and post-menopausal women in clinical studies. This report shows the edible noni leaves water extract enhances performance in a weight-loaded swimming animal model better than the fruit or standardized green tea extract. The 4weeks study showed the extract (containing scopoletin and epicatechin) progressively prolonged the time to exhaustion by threefold longer than the control, fruit or tea extract. The extract improved (i) the mammalian antioxidant responses (MDA, GSH and SOD2 levels), (ii) tissue nutrient (glucose) and metabolite (lactate) management, (iii) stress hormone (cortisol) regulation; (iv) neurotransmitter (dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin) expressions, transporter or receptor levels, (v) anti-inflammatory (IL4 & IL10) responses; (v) skeletal muscle angiogenesis (VEGFA) and (v) energy and mitochondrial biogenesis (via PGC, UCP3, NRF2, AMPK, MAPK1, and CAMK4). The ergogenic extract helped delay fatigue by enhancing energy production, regulation and efficiency, which suggests benefits for physical activities and disease recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Effect of DNase treatment on RNA extraction from preimplantation murine embryos

Norhazlin J, Nor-Ashikin MN, Hoh BP, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Norita S, Mohd-Fazirul M, et al.

Genet. Mol. Res., 2015;14(3):10172-84.
PMID: 26345954 DOI: 10.4238/2015.August.28.1

The quality of RNA is crucial when performing microarray experiments. This is particularly important when dealing with preimplantation embryos, from which a minimum yield of RNA of good quality can be produced. We report the optimization of several RNA extraction methods applied to preimplantation embryos at different stages of development. The quality of the samples was confirmed using a microarray and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. A total of 30 cultured two-cell stage embryos of ICR mice were pooled at the 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages. The embryos were divided into two groups comprising DNase-treated and non-DNase-treated RNA samples. Total RNA was extracted using a Pico Pure RNA Isolation Kit following the manufacturer protocol, with some modifications. Lysed samples were bound to a silica-based filter, treated with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), and washed several times before elution. RNA concentration and integrity were evaluated using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and an RNA 6000 Pico Assay kit. Although concentrations of non-DNase-treated RNAs were higher than DNase-treated RNA, DNase-treated RNA gave a higher RNA integrity number compared with non-DNase-treated RNA. Inclusion of DNase treatment in the RNA extraction procedure gave the best quality RNA samples from preimplantation embryos, as validated by microarray and RT-qPCR quality control.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Investigation of in vivo antipyretic activity of thottea dependens leaves

Ahmed, QU, Radhiyah I, Siti Zaiton MS

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2015;14(2):17-22.
MyJurnal

Leaves of Thottea dependens have been used as folk medicine in Malaysia for the treatment of
several conditions involving pain and inflammation with accompanying pyrexia. However, there is no scientific
evidence for its effectiveness to treat fever. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-pyretic
activity of methanol (MeOH) and aqueous (Aq) extracts of T. dependens leaves in albino mice (ICR strain).

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext The Antimalarial properties of essential oils of The Leaves of Malaysian Plectranthus Amboinicus (Lour) Spreng in Mice infected with Plasmodium Berghei

Norazsida, R., Pakeer, O., Taher, M.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(1):67-74.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical contents and antimalarial properties of the oils extracted from the leaves of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The essential oils were extracted and prepared by using steam distillation technique and subjected to phytochemical screening by using GC-MS. Antimalarial activity of different extract doses of the essential oil was tested in vivo in ICR mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (PZZ1/100) during early, established and residual infections. In all, 5 compounds made up 88.34% of total oil and the major chemical compounds were carvacrol (85.14%), thymoquinone (1.65%), terpinen-4-ol (0.70%), octenol (0.62%) and thymol (0.23%). Antimalarial assay showed this essential oil as a potential prophylactic agent with the percentage chemosuppression of 45.23%, 18.28%, 45.38% and 58.26% while treated with 50, 200, 400 and 1000 µL/kg respectively of essential oil and curative agent with percentage of chemo suppression of 54.10%, 47.35%, 56.75% and 65.38% while treated with the above dose of essential oil. Statistically no reduction of parasitemia was calculated for suppressive test. The extract has prophylactic and curative effects on P.berghei in mice

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate BV2 microglia responses to lipopolysaccharide

Ooi YY, Ramasamy R, Rahmat Z, Subramaiam H, Tan SW, Abdullah M, et al.

Int Immunopharmacol, 2010 Dec;10(12):1532-40.
PMID: 20850581 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.001

The immunoregulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been demonstrated on a wide range of cells. Here, we describe the modulatory effects of mouse bone marrow-derived MSC on BV2 microglia proliferation rate, nitric oxide (NO) production and CD40 expression. Mouse bone marrow MSC were co-cultured with BV2 cells at various seeding density ratios and activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that MSC exert an anti-proliferative effect on microglia and are potent producers of NO when stimulated by soluble factors released by LPS-activated BV2. MSC suppressed proliferation of both untreated and LPS-treated microglia in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reducing BV2 proliferation at seeding density ratios of 1:0.2 and 1:0.1 (p

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Timing of The First Zygotic Cleavage Affects Post-Vitrification Viability of Murine Embryos Produced In Vivo

Jusof WH, Khan NA, Rajikin MH, Satar NA, Mustafa MF, Jusoh N, et al.

Int J Fertil Steril, 2015 07 27;9(2):221-9.
PMID: 26246881

BACKGROUND: Timing of the first zygotic cleavage is an accurate predictor of embryo quality. Embryos that cleaved early (EC) have been shown to exhibit higher develop- mental viability compared to those that cleaved at a later period (LC). However, the vi- ability of EC embryos in comparison to LC embryos after vitrification is unknown. The present study aims to investigate the post-vitrification developmental viability of murine EC versus LC embryos.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, female ICR mice (6-8 weeks old) were superovulated and cohabited with fertile males for 24 hours. Afterwards, their ovi- ducts were excised and embryos harvested. Embryos at the 2-cell stage were catego- rized as EC embryos, while zygotes with two pronuclei were categorized as LC embryos. Embryos were cultured in M16 medium supplemented with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a humidified 5% CO2atmosphere. Control embryos were cultured until the blastocyst stage without vitrification. Experimental embryos at the 2-cell stage were vitri- fied for one hour using 40% v/v ethylene glycol, 18% w/v Ficoll-70 and 0.5 M sucrose as the cryoprotectant. We recorded the numbers of surviving embryos from the control and experimental groups and their development until the blastocyst stage. Results were analyzed using the chi-square test.
RESULTS: A significantly higher proportion of EC embryos (96.7%) from the control group developed to the blastocyst stage compared with LC embryos (57.5%, P<0.0001). Similarly, in the experimental group, a significantly higher percentage of vitrified EC embryos (69.4%) reached the blastocyst stage compared to vitrified LC embryos (27.1%, P<0.0001).
CONCLUSION: Vitrified EC embryos are more vitrification tolerant than LC embryos. Prese- lection of EC embryos may be used as a tool for selection of embryos that exhibit higher developmental competence after vitrification.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR
Fulltext Antinociceptive action of isolated mitragynine from Mitragyna Speciosa through activation of opioid receptor system

Shamima AR, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, Hairuszah I, Moklas MA, Arulselvan P

Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(9):11427-42.
PMID: 23109863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911427

Cannabinoids and opioids systems share numerous pharmacological properties and antinociception is one of them. Previous findings have shown that mitragynine (MG), a major indole alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa (MS) can exert its antinociceptive effects through the opioids system. In the present study, the action of MG was investigated as the antinociceptive agent acting on Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and effects on the opioids receptor. The latency time was recorded until the mice showed pain responses such as shaking, licking or jumping and the duration of latency was measured for 2 h at every 15 min interval by hot plate analysis. To investigate the beneficial effects of MG as antinociceptive agent, it was administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to pain induction with a single dosage (3, 10, 15, 30, and 35 mg/kg b.wt). In this investigation, 35 mg/kg of MG showed significant increase in the latency time and this dosage was used in the antagonist receptor study. The treated groups were administered with AM251 (cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist), naloxone (non-selective opioid antagonist), naltrindole (δ-opioid antagonist) naloxonazine (μ(1)-receptor antagonist) and norbinaltorpimine (κ-opioid antagonist) respectively, prior to administration of MG (35 mg/kg). The results showed that the antinociceptive effect of MG was not antagonized by AM251; naloxone and naltrindole were effectively blocked; and norbinaltorpimine partially blocked the antinociceptive effect of MG. Naloxonazine did inhibit the effect of MG, but it was not statistically significant. These results demonstrate that CB1 does not directly have a role in the antinociceptive action of MG where the effect was observed with the activation of opioid receptor.

Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred ICR

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