Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 69 in total

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  1. Enhancement of anti-candidal activity of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. ED2, isolated from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, by incorporation of host plant extract in culture medium
    Yenn TW, Lee CC, Ibrahim D, Zakaria L
    J Microbiol, 2012 Aug;50(4):581-5.
    PMID: 22923105 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2083-8
    This study examined the effect of host extract in the culture medium on anti-candidal activity of Phomopsis sp. ED2, previously isolated from the medicinal herb Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Interestingly, upon addition of aqueous host extract to the culture medium, the ethyl acetate extract prepared from fermentative broth exhibited moderate anti-candidal activity in a disc diffusion assay. The minimal inhibitory concentration of this extract was 62.5 μg/ml and it only exhibited fungistatic activity against C. albicans. In the time-kill study, a 50% growth reduction of C. albicans was observed at 31.4 h for extract from the culture incorporating host extract. In the bioautography assay, only one single spot (Rf 0.59) developed from the extract exhibited anti-candidal activity. A spot with the a similar Rf was not detected for the crude extract from YES broth without host extract. This indicated that the terpenoid anti-candidal compound was only produced when the host extract was introduced into the medium. The study concluded that the incorporation of aqueous extract of the host plant into the culture medium significantly enhanced the anti-candidal activity of Phomopsis sp. ED2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/microbiology*
  2. Determination of betulinic acid from Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract in rat plasma
    Akowuah GA, Zhari I
    Pharmazie, 2008 Nov;63(11):788-90.
    PMID: 19069237
    A simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine the content of betulinic acid (BA) in rat plasma collected at different times (0-8 h) after oral administration of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract was developed. The features of the assay include protein precipitation using acetonitrile and isocratic elution using reverse phase C-18 column with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The recovery of BA from plasma varied from 98.4 to 102.5%. The R.S.D of intra- and inter-day precision from rat plasma ranged from 4.2 to 9.8%. The maximum concentration of BA in the plasma was 1.2 +/- 0.3 microg/ml at 1 h after oral administration of the extract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  3. Method development for analysis of proteins extracted from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus
    Koay SY, Gam LH
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2011 Jul 15;879(22):2179-83.
    PMID: 21689998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.041
    Orthosiphon aristatus is a traditionally used medicinal plant. In order to study the proteome of the plant, we have developed a simple plant protein extraction method by direct extraction of protein using a modified 2D-gel compatible tris-sucrose buffer followed by a double TCA-acetone precipitation. This method omitted the use of toxic phenol which is widely used in the studies of plants proteins. Moreover, it shortens the lengthy extraction procedure of phenol extraction and back-extraction method and therefore reduced the extraction time (by 2h) while increased in protein yields (by 50%). Comparison of the 2D-gel images of the two extracts revealed that >60 extra protein spots were detected in the extract of our current method. The method was applied on the leaves of O. aristatus collected from six geographical areas in Malaysia. The correlation coefficient of each replicate gels from the six areas ranged from 0.70 to 0.90 indicating good reproducibility of the method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  4. Fulltext HPLC and anti-inflammatory studies of the flavonoid rich chloroform extract fraction of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves
    Yam MF, Lim V, Salman IM, Ameer OZ, Ang LF, Rosidah N, et al.
    Molecules, 2010 Jun 21;15(6):4452-66.
    PMID: 20657453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064452
    The aim of the present study was to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extracts and to identify the active compound(s) contributing to its anti-inflammatory activity using a developed HPLC method. Active chloroform extract of O. stamineus was fractionated into three fractions using a dry flash column chromatography method. These three fractions were investigated for anti-peritoneal capillary permeability, in vitro nitric oxide scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The flavonoid rich chloroform extract fraction (CF2) [containing sinensetin (2.86% w/w), eupatorin (5.05% w/w) and 3'-hydroxy-5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (1.101% w/w)], significantly reduced rat hind paw edema, NO and decreased dye leakage to peritoneal cavity at p < 0.05. IC(50) of in vitro NO scavenging of CF2 was 0.3 mg/mL. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these CF2 may possibly be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds capable of affecting the NO pathway.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  5. Acute toxicity of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth standardized extract in Sprague Dawley rats
    Abdullah NR, Ismail Z, Ismail Z
    Phytomedicine, 2009 Mar;16(2-3):222-6.
    PMID: 17498941
    The acute toxicity of standardized extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was studied in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were administered a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally on Day 0 and observed for 14 days. There were no deaths recorded and the animals did not show signs of toxicity during the experimental period. The effect of the extract on general behavior, BW, food and water intake, relative organ weight per 100 g BW, hematology and clinical biochemistry were measured. All the parameters measured were unaffected as compared to the control. The acute toxicity LD(50) was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg BW.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/toxicity*
  6. Urinary metabolic profiling of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and nephroprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy
    Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Azam A, Khatib A, Abas F, Shaari K, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2017 Feb 20;135:20-30.
    PMID: 27987392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.010
    Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a popular medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic agent and for renal system disorders. This study employed 1H NMR based metabolomics approach to investigate the possible protective activity of OS in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity owing to its diuretic and antioxidant activities. Aqueous (OSAE) and 50% aqueous ethanolic (OSFE) extracts of OS leaves were orally administered at 400mg/kg BW doses to rats which were then intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at 5mg/kg BW dose. The 1H NMR profile of the urine samples collected on day 5 after cisplatin administration were analyzed by multivariate pattern recognition techniques, whereby 19 marker metabolites suggestive in the involvement of TCA cycle, disturbed energy metabolism, altered gut microflora and BCAA metabolism pathways were identified. It was observed that OSFE caused significant changes (p<0.05) in the levels of 8 markers namely leucine, acetate, hippurate, lysine, valine, 2-oxoglutarate, 3-HBT and acetoacetate resulting in a moderate ameliorative effect, however, it did not completely protect from nephrotoxicity. OSAE did not demonstrate significant down regulatory effects on any markers, albeit, it potentiated the cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inducing significant increase in glucose, glycine, creatinine, citrate, TMAO, acetate and creatine levels. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 1H NMR spectra of OS extracts identified that OSFE had higher concentrations of the secondary metabolites such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and orthosiphol, among others. Whereas, OSAE was characterized by higher concentrations of acetate, lactate, succinic acid, valine and phosphatidylcholine. This research denotes the first comprehensive analysis to identify the effects of OS extracts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/metabolism*
  7. Java Tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) protected against osteoarthritis by mitigating inflammation and cartilage degradation: a preclinical study
    Bokhari RA, Tantowi NACA, Lau SF, Mohamed S
    Inflammopharmacology, 2018 Aug;26(4):939-949.
    PMID: 29380171 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0432-2
    The effect of Orthosiphon stamineus aqueous (OSA) extract against osteoarthritis (OA) was investigated in explant cartilage culture and in postmenopausal OA rat model. Female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX). Osteoarthritis was induced after surgical recovery, by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the right knee. Rats were grouped (n = 8) into: healthy sham control; non-treated OA; OA + diclofenac (positive control 5 mg/kg); and two doses OSA (150-300 mg/kg). After 4 weeks' treatment, rats were evaluated for OA-related parameters and biomarkers. The OSA reduced proteoglycan and ROS release from the cartilage explants under inflammatory (IL-1b) conditions. In the OA-induced rats' cartilages, the OSA downregulated the mRNA expressions for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NF-κβ, NOS2, PTGS2, PTGER2, ACAN, COL2A1, MMP1, MMP13, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 and TIMP1, mostly dose-dependently. The OSA reduced the OA rats' serum levels for PGE2, CTX-II, TNF-α, MMP1, MMP13, PIINP, OPG, RANKL, OC and BALP, but not dose-dependently. The OSA contained polyphenols and flavonoids (tetramethoxyflavone). The OSA alleviated articular cartilage degradation, inflammation, collagenase/aggrecanase activities, to improve joint and subchondral bone structure. O. stamineus mitigated osteoarthritis by downregulating inflammation, peptidases and aggrecanases, at a dose equivalent to about 30 mg/kg for humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  8. Orthosiphon stamineus Extracts Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Uterine Fibroid Cells
    Pauzi N, Mohd KS, Abdul Halim NH, Ismail Z
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Oct 26;19(10):2737-2744.
    PMID: 30360599
    Objectives: The effects of water and 50% ethanolic-water extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (OS) on cell proliferation and apoptotic activity against uterine leiomyosarcoma (SK-UT-1) cells were investigated. Methods: Anti-proliferation effect was evaluated through cell cycle analysis whereas apoptotic activity was determined via screening and quantifying using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. The effect of extracts on molecular mechanism was studied using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: Cell cycle flow cytometric analysis showed the induction of cell cycle arrests were behaves in a p53-independent manner. The examination using fluorescence microscopy and Annexin V flow cytometry revealed the presence of morphological features of apoptotic bodies. Downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) supports the apoptotic activity of OS extracts although poorly induce PARP-1 cleavage in Western blot analysis. The extracts also inhibit the SK-UT-1 growth by suppressing VEGF-A, TGF-β1 and PCNA genes, which involved in angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that O. stamineus extracts are able to inhibit proliferation and induced apoptosis of uterine fibroid cells and is worth further investigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  9. Antiobesity and Lipid Lowering Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
    Seyedan A, Alshawsh MA, Alshagga MA, Mohamed Z
    Planta Med, 2017 May;83(8):684-692.
    PMID: 27992939 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-121754
    The present study investigated the antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of an ethanolic extract of leaves obtained from Orthosiphon stamineus (200 and 400 mg/kg) and its major compound (rosmarinic acid, 10 mg/kg) in obese mice (C57BL/6) induced by a high-fat diet. Continuous supplementation with O. stamineus extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks significantly decreased body weight gain (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  10. Fulltext Urinary metabolomics study on the protective role of Orthosiphon stamineus in Streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats via (1)H NMR spectroscopy
    Azam AA, Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Ismail A, Khatib A, Abas F, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017 May 25;17(1):278.
    PMID: 28545435 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1777-1
    BACKGROUND: Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a herb known in ethnomedicine for treating diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, a (1)H NMR based urine metabolomics tool has been used for the first time to identify the metabolic protective mechanism of OS in DM using Streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental model in rats.

    METHODS: Four different solvent extracts of OS, namely aqueous, ethanolic, 50% aqueous ethanolic and methanolic, at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) were orally administered for 14 days to diabetic rats induced via intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg bw STZ. NMR metabolomics approach using pattern recognition combined with multivariate statistical analysis was applied in the rat urine to study the resulted metabolic perturbations.

    RESULTS: OS aqueous extract (OSAE) caused a reversal of DM comparable to that of 10 mg/kg bw glibenclamide. A total of 15 urinary metabolites, which levels changed significantly upon treatment were identified as the biomarkers of OSAE in diabetes. A systematic metabolic pathways analysis identified that OSAE contributed to the antidiabetic activity mainly through regulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, lipid and amino acid metabolism.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study validated the ethnopharmacological use of OS in diabetes and unveiled the biochemical and metabolic mechanisms involved.

    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  11. Evaluation of the anti-pyretic potential of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth standardized extract
    Yam MF, Ang LF, Basir R, Salman IM, Ameer OZ, Asmawi MZ
    Inflammopharmacology, 2009 Feb;17(1):50-4.
    PMID: 19127348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-008-8038-3
    The anti-pyretic activity of a standardized methanol/water (50/50) extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (SEOS) was investigated for its effect on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The SEOS showed no effect on normal body temperature. Doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of SEOS significantly reduced the yeast-induced elevation in body temperature. This effect persisted up to 4 h following the administration of the extract. The anti-pyretic effect of SEOS was comparable with that of paracetamol (acetaminophen in U.S) (150 mg/kg p.o.), a standard anti-pyretic agent. HPLC study revealed that rosmarinic acid, sinensetin, eupatorin and tetramethoxyflavone were present in SEOS in the amounts of 7.58%, 0.2%, 0.34% and 0.24% respectively. The LD(50) of the extract in rats was higher than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Therefore, the present study ascertained that SEOS possesses a significant anti-pyretic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  12. An investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract
    Yam MF, Asmawi MZ, Basir R
    J Med Food, 2008 Jun;11(2):362-8.
    PMID: 18598181 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.065
    Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a standardized Orthosiphon stamineus methanol:water (50:50 vol/vol) leaf extract (SEOS) were evaluated in animal models. Oral administration of SEOS at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly reduced the hind paw edema in rats at 3 and 5 hours after carrageenan administration (P < .01 and P < .01; P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). SEOS (1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) also produced significant (P < .05) analgesic activity in both the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced licking test (late phase) in mice and rats, respectively. However, SEOS showed no effect on the tail flick and hot plate tests in mice. The results of the present study support the proposal that O. stamineus has anti-inflammatory and non-narcotic analgesic activities. These findings justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain and inflammation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  13. Diuretic properties of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth
    Adam Y, Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Nasaruddin AA, Zuraini A, Bustamam AA, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2009 Jul 6;124(1):154-8.
    PMID: 19375494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.014
    Orthosiphon stamineus has been used in traditional medicine for centuries especially to treat diseases of the urinary system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon*
  14. Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract protects against ethanol-induced gastropathy in rats
    Yam MF, Ang LF, Salman IM, Ameer OZ, Lim V, Ong LM, et al.
    J Med Food, 2009 Oct;12(5):1089-97.
    PMID: 19857074 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0005
    Orthosiphon stamineus Benth., which is used as a gastroprotective herbal remedy in Malaysia, was assessed for its anti-ulcerogenic activity against ethanol-induced ulcers in rats. Fifty percent methanol was used to extract the oven-dried O. stamineus leaves. The extract was then lyophilized with a rotary evaporator and freeze-dried. Oral administration of O. stamineus methanolic extract (OSME) (125, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) was found to significantly decrease the ulcer index (P < .01, P < .001, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). Histological study of a section of the rat stomach also showed a marked improvement in the gastric mucosal damage in groups receiving OSME. In order to further investigate the gastroprotective mechanism of OSME, mucus secretion and lipid peroxidation level were estimated in vitro and ex vivo. OSME exhibited dose-dependent stimulation of mucus secretion (r = 0.718, P < .001) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat gastric mucosal homogenates (both in vitro [r = 0.819, P < .05] and ex vivo [r = 0.981, P < .05]). It was concluded that the gastroprotective mechanism of OSME was partly due to its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and stimulate gastric mucus secretion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon*
  15. In vitro effects of active constituents and extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus on the activities of three major human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes
    Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PC, et al.
    Chem Biol Interact, 2011 Mar 15;190(1):1-8.
    PMID: 21276781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.022
    Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes, kidney and urinary disorders, high blood pressure and bone or muscular pain. To assess the possibility of drug-herb interaction via interference of metabolism, effects of four OS extracts of different polarity and three active constituents (sinensetin, eupatorin and rosmarinic acid) on major human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were investigated. Three substrate-probe based high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays were established to serve as activity markers for CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Our results indicate that OS extracts and constituents exhibited differential modulatory effects on different CYPs. While none of the OS components showed significant inhibition on CYP2C9, eupatorin strongly and uncompetitively inhibited CYP2D6 activity with a K(i) value of 10.2μM. CYP3A4 appeared to be the most susceptible enzyme to OS inhibitory effects. It was moderately inhibited by OS dichloromethane and petroleum ether extract with mixed-type and noncompetitive inhibitions (K(i)=93.7 and 44.9μg/mL), respectively. Correlation study indicated that the inhibition was accounted for by the presence of eupatorin in the extracts. When IC(50) values of these extracts were expressed in volume per dose unit to reflect inhibitory effect at recommended human doses from commercially available products, moderate inhibition was also observed. In addition, CYP3A4 was strongly and noncompetitively inhibited by eupatorin alone, with a K(i) value of 9.3μM. These findings suggest that co-administration of OS products, especially those with high eupatorin content, with conventional drugs may have the potential to cause drug-herb interactions involving inhibition of major CYP enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  16. Toxicity evaluation of a standardised 50% ethanol extract of Orthosiphon stamineus
    Mohamed EA, Lim CP, Ebrika OS, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Yam MF
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Jan 27;133(2):358-63.
    PMID: 20937371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.008
    The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of standardised 50% ethanol extract of Orthosiphon stamineus plant by determining its potential toxicity after acute and subchronic administration in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/toxicity*
  17. Fulltext Antioxidant and toxicity studies of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth
    Yam MF, Lim CP, Fung Ang L, Por LY, Wong ST, Asmawi MZ, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:351602.
    PMID: 24490155 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351602
    The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity and potential toxicity of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (Lamiaceae) leaves (MEOS) after acute and subchronic administration in rats. Superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extract. In acute toxicity study, single dose of MEOS, 5000 mg/kg, was administered to rats by oral gavage, and the treated rats were monitored for 14 days. While in the subchronic toxicity study, MEOS was administered orally, at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. From the results, MEOS showed good superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and antilipid peroxidation activities. There was no mortality detected or any signs of toxicity in acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in bodyweight, relative organ weight, and haematological and biochemical parameters between both male and female treated rats in any doses tested. No abnormality of internal organs was observed between treatment and control groups. The oral lethal dose determined was more than 5000 mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of MEOS for both male and female rats is considered to be 5000 mg/kg per day.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  18. Fulltext Phytochemical analysis of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extracts for their antibacterial and antioxidant potential
    Malahubban M, Alimon AR, Sazili AQ, Fakurazi S, Zakry FA
    Trop Biomed, 2013 Sep;30(3):467-80.
    PMID: 24189677 MyJurnal
    Leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus were extracted with water, ethanol, methanol and chloroform to assess their potential as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the methanolic extracts of A. paniculata and O. stamineus leaves gave the highest amounts of andrographolide and rosmarinic acid, respectively. These leaf extracts exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and, at the highest concentration tested (200 mg/mL), showed greater inhibitory effects against the Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus than 10% acetic acid. Andrographis paniculata and O. stamineus methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts also showed the strongest antioxidant activity as compared with the other extracts tested. The bioactive compounds present in these leaf extracts have the potential to be developed into natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents that may have applications in animal and human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  19. Fulltext Genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity studies of nano liposomes of Orthosiphon stamineus ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats
    Shafaei A, Esmailli K, Farsi E, Aisha AF, Abul Majid AM, Ismail Z
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:360.
    PMID: 26467526 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0885-z
    Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) Benth is a medicinal plant and native in Southeast Asia. Pharmacological effects of OS are attributed to the presence of lipophilic flavones. However; lipophilic compounds suffer from poor aqueous solubility which limits the OS oral bioavailability and therapeutic applications. Therefore, OS was prepared in nano formulation form using liposomes from soybean phospholipids. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro genotoxicity and in vivo oral toxicity of nano liposomes of OS ethanolic extract (OS-EL).
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon/chemistry*
  20. Fulltext Toxicological studies of Orthosiphon stamineus (Misai Kucing) standardized ethanol extract in combination with gemcitabine in athymic nude mice model
    Yehya AHS, Asif M, Kaur G, Hassan LEA, Al-Suede FSR, Abdul Majid AMS, et al.
    J Adv Res, 2019 Jan;15:59-68.
    PMID: 30581613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.006
    Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate among cancers due to its aggressive biology and lack of effective treatment. Gemcitabine, the first line anticancer drug has reduced efficacy due to acquired resistance. The current study evaluates the toxicological effects of Orthosiphon stamineus (O.s) and its marker compound (rosmarinic acid) in combination with gemcitabine. O.s (200 or 400 mg/kg/day) and rosmarinic acid (32 mg/kg/day) were administered orally and gemcitabine (10 mg/kg/3 days) intraperitoneally either alone or in combination treatment for fourteen days. Parameters including blood serum biochemistry, hematology, myeloid-erythroid ratio, incident of lethality, and histopathological analysis of liver, kidney, and spleen tissues were studied. Neither, individual drugs/extract nor chemo-herbal combinations at tested doses induced any toxicity and damage to organs in nude mice when compared to control group. Toxicological data obtained from this study will help to select the best doses of chemo-herbal combination for future pancreatic xenograft tumor studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Orthosiphon
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