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The rate of loss of maxillary anterior alveolar bone height in patients with leprosy

Subramaniam K, Marks SC, Seang Hoo Nah

Lepr Rev, 1983 Jun;54(2):119-27.
PMID: 6888141
Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/etiology
Fulltext The prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a healthy Malay population in Malaysia

Zahari, N.M., Ismail, R., Bunyarit, S.S., Shafiei, Z., Al Rawenduzy, K.C.M.A.

Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(1):45-50.
MyJurnal

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major pathogen in periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans from 46 subjects aged 20-24 years old of who were all periodontally healthy Malays.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext The expert says...... oral microbiology, periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease

Nor Adinar Baharuddin

Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):97-98.
MyJurnal

There are evidences that chronic oral infections are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Periodontal disease is a common, mixed oral infection affecting the supporting structures around the teeth. It was reported that 75% of the adult population has gingivitis and 20% to 30% exhibits the severe destructive form of periodontitis. Although more than 500 bacterial species inhabit the human oral cavity, only a few Gram negative bacteria such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and Actinobacillus actinomycetamcomitans causes gingivitis and periodontitis. These periodontal pathogen occupy the subgingival space and organize as a bacterial biofilm. The bacterial biofilm will be in direct contact with host tissues along an ulcerated epithelial interface, called periodontal pocket. The break in the epithelial integrity directly exposes the host to bacteria and their products eg. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext Perceived knowledge and awareness of periodontal health amongst ante-natal mothers

Nurul Asyikin, Y., Nor Shaida, A., Nur Amirah, Z.

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2010;16(2):57-65.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Physiological changes in the oral cavity and dental-related complications may occur during pregnancy. These intraoral changes that occur during pregnancy combined with lack of routine dental check-ups and delays in treatment for oral disease, place pregnant women at higher risk for dental infections. The objectives of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of pregnant women on periodontal disease and its effect on pregnancy, to investigate the relationship of their knowledge and awareness with level of education and the barriers of oral healthcare utilization among pregnant women.
Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire with an introductory letter and consent form were given to pregnant women who came for their routine maternity check-up at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Kuala Lumpur Hospital. Data entry and analysis was done using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12.
Result: Ninety-two pregnant women responded to the questionnaire. Only 23.9% answered correctly to the question on what is plaque. However, 45.7% knew that plaque can cause gum disease and a majority of the respondents 72.8% also knew that bleeding gum is an indication to inflamed gums. The result shows that, although 59.8% of the respondents were aware that it is necessary to brush their teeth frequently during pregnancy, only less than half of the respondents (44.6%) were aware that dental plaque and poor plaque control may cause periodontal disease among pregnant women. The majority (33.7%) feels that the long waiting time in the clinic would be their main barrier in seeking dental treatment.
Conclusion: A majority of pregnant women have limited knowledge and poor awareness on periodontal disease and its effect on pregnancy.

Study site: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Kuala Lumpur Hospital

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext Oral health status of a group of visually impaired school children in Kuala Lumpur

Afsary Jahan Khan, Mas Suryalis Ahmad, Ahmad Shuhud Irfani Zakaria, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Tanti Irawati Rosli

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(1):100-105.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Children with visual impairment are reported to be at higher risk of poor oral health. They faced dif- ficulties in basic skills including oral care. For this reason, they may develop dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of a group of visually impaired school children in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on students from a Special Education School in Kuala Lumpur. Oral examination was conducted to determine caries experience and oral hygiene status. Caries was mea- sured using DMFT index and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) for oral hygiene status. Oral examination was based on modified World Health Organization (WHO) oral health assessment criteria for children. Chi-square test was used to determine associations between demographic variables and oral health status. Results: A total of 91 visually impaired students (41 blind, 50 low vision) within the age group of 13 to 17 years old participated in this study. The mean OHI-S score was 1.68 (SD 0.87) with majority of students had fair oral hygiene (39.6%) and 29.7% with poor and very poor oral hygiene. The mean DMFT score of total students were 0.80 (SD 1.62). Male students demonstrated significantly better oral health status than female in relation to prevalence and mean score of dental caries. Conclusion: Most of the visually impaired children in this study showed fair oral health status. Regular oral health education is recommended to improve the oral hygiene especially in the totally blind group.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext The association between smoking and periodontal health status among army personnel in North-East Malaysia

Ruzawani Ruslan, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Normastura Abd Rahman

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):216-224.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Smoking is a common risk factor for periodontal disease and other chronic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking among army personnel and its association with periodontal health status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among randomly selected 233 army personnel in 8th Brigade Infantry, Kelantan. A face validated self-administered Bahasa Malaysia questionnaire was used for data col- lection. Periodontal examination was done using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and coded as ‘0’ for healthy; ‘1’ for bleeding observation; ‘2’ for detection of calculus; ‘3’ for probing of 4-5mm pocketing and ‘4’ for probing of 6mm or more pocketing. Results: All respondents (n=233) were male, the majority (92.7%) Malays, not married (60.5%) with the mean (SD) age of 25.8 (5.06) years. The prevalence of smoking among army personnel was 76.0% (95% CI: 70.4, 81.5). Almost all (97.4%) have some degree of periodontal disease. The non-smoker, ex-smoker and smoker groups were highest for having calculus with a percentage of 40.5%, 57.1%, and 57.1%, respectively. No significant association was found between smoking status (ever-smoker and non-smoker) and periodontal pocketing (CPI 0-2 and CPI 3-4) (p=0.960). However, the ever-smokers (93.2%) significantly higher percentage for the need of invasive treatment (CPI >2) compared to the non-smokers (76.2%) (p=0.002). Conclusion: The prevalence of smok- ing among army personnel in North-East Malaysia was high, with most of them have some degree of periodontal disease. Smoking cessation intervention should be strategized in the military community to reduce the burden of care for chronic diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext Periodontal status and provision of periodontal services in Malaysia: trends and way forward

Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom, Khairiyah Abdul-Muttalib, Rasidah Ayob, Yaw, Siew Lan, Ahmad Sharifuddin Mohd-Asadi, Mohd Rizal Abdul-Manaf, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2013;13(2):38-47.
MyJurnal

The paucity of published literature on periodontal treatment needs and services in developing countries has undermined the significance of periodontal disease burden on healthcare systems. This study analyses periodontal status and population treatment needs of Malaysians, and patterns of periodontal services provided at public sector dental clinics. A retrospective approach to secondary data analysis was employed. Data for population treatment needs were extracted from three decennial national oral health surveys for adults (1990, 2000 and 2010). Annual reports from the dental subsystem of the government Health Information Management System (HIMS) provided information on oral health care delivery for years 2006-2010. They were based on summaries of aggregated data; analyses were limited to reporting absolute numbers and frequency distributions. Periodontal disease prevalence declined between 1990 (92.8%) to 2000 (87.2%) but a sharp rise was observed in the 2010 survey (94.0%). The proportion of participants demonstrating periodontal pockets of 6 mm and more increased in 2010 survey after showing improvements in 2000. Individuals not requiring periodontal treatment (TN0) increased in proportion from 1990 to 2000, only to drop in 2010. An increase in utilisation was observed alongside a growing uptake of periodontal procedures (62.2% in 2006 to 73.6% in 2010). Only about 10% of treatment was surgeries. While the clinical burden of periodontal disease is observed to be substantial, the types of treatment provided did not reflect the increasing needs for complex periodontal treatment. Emphasis on downstream and multi-collaborative efforts of oral health care is deemed fit to contain the burden of periodontal disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext Proportion and factors related to periodontal disease among young adult attended Al-Fatah Dental Faculty, Libya

Fadilla, Y.I., Sutan, R.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2011;11(2):40-43.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to determine the proportion and factors associated with periodontal disease among younger adult attended Al Fatah Dental Faculty in Libya. A cross sectional study with universal sampling methods was carried out from July 2010 until September 2010 among 70 Libyan subjects aged between 20-35 years. The data in this study was collected using self administrated questionnaire, followed by oral examination done by trained dentists. The results of this study showed that, the prevalence of periodontal disease in Libyan subjects was 75.7%. Gender, oral care habits, smoking were found significantly associated with presence of periodontal disease. Gingivitis has been found the most common types of periodontal disease (94%). High percentage of periodontal disease in this study was among men (87.9%) compared to women (69.9%). In conclusion, modifiable factors like changing lifestyle such as avoiding smoking and practicing oral care can be promoted to prevent periodontitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Fulltext Dental Students’ Knowledge and Perception of Elderly in Relation to Geriatric Dentistry Training

Medicine & Health, 2009;4(2):76-83.
MyJurnal

Dental students need to be equipped with skills, knowledge and positive attitudes while providing dental care to the elderly. Reports from Ministry of Health alaysia indicatedthat the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was high among older people in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and perception of final year dental students towards the elderly in relation to training of geriatric dentistry in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia edical Centre (UKMMC). All the final year dental students were required to complete a questionnaire that comprised of 3 sections: 1) Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz II, 2) Oral health and social concerns of patients, and 3) Perception towards the teaching of geriatric dentistry. A total of 83 students participated in the study. Twenty-four per cent (n=20) scored more than 70% to questions on knowledge about older people and 73% (n=61) scored between 50 -700%. The students had ranked physical disability, transportation problems andcomplex and overlapping priorities as reasons for elderly not keeping to their appointments. Majority of the students reported that lack of educational resourcematerials and very minimum clinical sites experience were the main barriers facedduring the course. In conclusion, majority of the students had moderate to goodknowledge about older people and were able to recognize issues of social oncerns that can influence their oral health. In general, there were not many changes in the perceived competencies of managing older patients following the geriatric module.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Oral health status of military personnel in the Federation of Malaya, 1962

BURNETT GW, MOREIRA BJ, IMM BC, IDRIS F

Mil Med, 1965 Jan;130:68-72.
PMID: 14219191
Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases*
Fulltext Systemic Manifestations of the Periodontal Disease: A Bibliometric Review

Ahmad P, Arshad AI, Della Bella E, Khurshid Z, Stoddart M

Molecules, 2020 Oct 01;25(19).
PMID: 33019648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194508

This bibliometric review aimed to identify and analyze the top 100 most-cited publications on the systemic manifestations of periodontal disease (PD). A literature search was performed using the Web of Science (WoS) 'All Databases', without any restriction of language, publication year, or study design. Of 4418 articles, the top 100 were included based on their citation count. After downloading the full texts, their bibliometric information was extracted and analyzed. The citation counts for the top 100 articles ranged from 156 to 4191 (median 217). The most productive years were 2003 and 2005, with 20 articles on the list. Majority of the articles were published in the Journal of Periodontology (n = 25). The top 100 articles were generated primarily from the USA (n = 61). Most of the publications were clinical trials (n = 27) and focused on the cardiovascular manifestations of PD (n = 31). Most of the articles were within the evidence level V (n = 41). A total of 58 studies received funding and the most frequently used keyword in the top articles was "periodontal disease" (n = 39). The current citation analysis presents insights into the current trends in the systemic manifestations of periodontal disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/pathology*
Fulltext Attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity

Akram Z, Abduljabbar T, Hanif A, Khan A, Vohra F

Niger J Clin Pract, 2017 05;20(5):595-599.
PMID: 28513519 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.197017

OBJECTIVES: To assess the attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners (FMPs) towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed and a 13-item survey questionnaire was given to FMPs practicing in 12 different teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The questions were aimed at exploring the knowledge of FMP's regarding the association of obesity and periodontal disease and their attitude towards the association of obesity and periodontal disease. Chi-square and Spearman co-efficient were conducted to compare subgroups and correlate factors with the knowledge score of FMPs.
RESULTS: A total of 314 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 92%). Median age of participants was 41 years and 57% were females. Almost 61% of FMPs answered all the knowledge questions correctly and 64% reported moderate understanding of the association between periodontal health and obesity. Nearly 73% FMPs inquired from obese patients regarding the periodontal disease and more than half (58%) refer patients to a dentist for evaluation. More than half of FMPs perform periodontal disease screening. Nearly all FMPs considered informing obese patients regarding periodontal disease as one of their roles.
CONCLUSIONS: FMP's play an important role in the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal conditions in obese patients. More than two thirds of FMPs showed good knowledge of the association of obesity and periodontal disease. The attitudes of FMPs towards assessing and referring obese patients at a risk of having periodontal disease were reassuring.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/complications*
Establishing and managing a periodontal biobank for research: the sharing of experience

Vaithilingam RD, Safii SH, Baharuddin NA, Karen-Ng LP, Saub R, Ariffin F, et al.

Oral Dis, 2015 Jan;21(1):e62-9.
PMID: 24930489 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12267

Periodontal bio-repositories, which allow banking of clinically validated human data and biological samples, provide an opportunity to derive biomarkers for periodontal diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic activities which are expected to improve patient management. This article presents the establishing of the Malaysian Periodontal Database and Biobank System (MPDBS) which was initiated in 2011 with the aim to facilitate periodontal research. Partnerships were established with collaborating centres. Policies on specimen access, authorship and acknowledgement policies were agreed upon by all participating centres before the initiation of the periodontal biobank. Ethical approval for the collection of samples and data were obtained from institutional ethics review boards. A broad-based approach for informed consent was used, which covered areas related to quality of life impacts, genetics and molecular aspects of periodontal disease. Sample collection and processing was performed using a standardized protocol. Biobanking resources such as equipment and freezers were shared with the Malaysian Oral Cancer Database and Tissue Bank System (MOCDTBS). In the development of the MPDBS, challenges that were previously faced by the MOCDTBS were considered. Future challenges in terms of ethical and legal issues will be faced when international collaborations necessitate the transportation of specimens across borders.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
C-Reactive Protein Levels and Periodontal Diseases During Pregnancy in Malaysian Women

Ahmad A, Nazar Z, Swaminathan D

Oral Health Prev Dent, 2018 7 22;16(3):281-289.
PMID: 30027167 DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a40759

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between plasma CRP levels and periodontal disease during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic, UMMC for their first antenatal check-up consented and were recruited for this study: 28 subjects with diseased periodontium (test group) and 28 subjects with healthy periodontium (control). The test group underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy and the control group was given oral hygiene education. Periodontal parameters and CRP levels were evaluated at baseline and 6 weeks. Pregnancy outcome data were recorded from the Antenatal Clinic, UMMC.
RESULTS: Plasma CRP levels in the test group were statistically significantly elevated compared to the control group (8.55 ± 5.28 mg/l vs 5.66 ± 2.91 mg/l). After nonsurgical periodontal therapy, a statistically significant reduction in the CRP level in the test group (2.06 mg/l) along with statistically significant improvement in periodontal status in both groups was observed. The mean birth weight for infants of both groups showed no statistically significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CRP levels in pregnant women with diseased periodontium were statistically significantly reduced after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. However, no association between CRP levels and adverse pregnancy outcome was observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology; Periodontal Diseases/therapy*
Bactericidal Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Against Periodontal Pathogens in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review

Akram Z, Al-Shareef SA, Daood U, Asiri FY, Shah AH, AlQahtani MA, et al.

Photomed Laser Surg, 2016 Apr;34(4):137-49.
PMID: 26982216 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4076

The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic dynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) against periodontal pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/drug therapy; Periodontal Diseases/microbiology*; Periodontal Diseases/therapy*
Fulltext Mature Biofilm Degradation by Potential Probiotics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans versus Lactobacillus spp

Jaffar N, Ishikawa Y, Mizuno K, Okinaga T, Maeda T

PLoS One, 2016;11(7):e0159466.
PMID: 27438340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159466

The biofilm degradation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is essential as a complete periodontal disease therapy, and here we show the effects of potential probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. for the biofilm of several serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. Eight of the 13 species showed the competent biofilm degradation of ≥ 90% reduction in biofilm values in A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (serotype b) as well as four of the seven species for the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMZ 534 (serotype e). In contrast, the probiotic bacteria did not have a big impact for the degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) biofilm. The dispersed A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 cells through the biofilm detachment were still viable and plausible factors for the biofilm degradation were not due to the lactic acid and low pH conditions. The three enzymes, protease, lipase, and amylase may be responsible for the biofilm degradation; in particular, lipase was the most effective enzyme for the biofilm degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 along with the protease activity which should be also important for the other serotypes. Remarkable lipase enzyme activities were detected from some of the potential probiotics and a supporting result using a lipase inhibitor presented corroborating evidence that lipase activity is one of the contributing factors for biofilm degradation outside of the protease which is also another possible factor for the biofilm of the other serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. On the other hand, the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) was not powerfully degraded by the lipase enzyme because the lipase inhibitor was slightly functional for only two of potential probiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/microbiology; Periodontal Diseases/therapy*
Induction of periodontal disease via retentive ligature, lipopolysaccharide injection, and their combination in a rat model

Mustafa H, Cheng CH, Radzi R, Fong LS, Mustapha NM, Dyary HO

Pol J Vet Sci, 2021 Sep;24(3):365-373.
PMID: 34730299 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.138727

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent, chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the periodontium that results in the periodontium and alveolar bone loss's progressive destruction. In this study, the induction of periodontal disease via retentive ligature, lipopolysaccharide, and their combination at three different times were compared in a rat model. Seventy-two Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into four treatment groups: 1) control group with no treatment; 2) application of 4/0 nylon ligature around second maxillary molars; 3) combination of ligature and LPS injection (ligature-LPS); 4) intragingival injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) to the palatal mucosa of the second maxillary molars. Six rats were sacrificed from each group after 7, 14, and 30 days of periodontal disease induction. Alveolar bone loss, attachment loss, number of inflammatory cells, and blood vessels were evaluated histologically. A micro-CT scan was used as a parameter to know the rate of alveolar bone loss. Parametric data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction with a significance set at 5%. Non-parametric data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, followed by multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction. The histological results revealed significant destructive changes in the periodontal tissues and alveolar bone following the ligature and ligature-LPS induction techniques. These changes were evident as early as seven days, maintained until 14 days post-treatment, and declined with time. The ligature technique was effective in inducing acute periodontal disease. The LPS injection technique did not induce alveolar bone loss, and its combination to ligature added insignificant effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/etiology*; Periodontal Diseases/pathology
Proteomic Investigations of In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Periodontal Disease

Binti Badlishah Sham NI, Lewin SD, Grant MM

Proteomics Clin Appl, 2020 05;14(3):e1900043.
PMID: 31419032 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900043

Proteomics has currently been a developing field in periodontal diseases to obtain protein information of certain samples. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder that attacks the teeth, connective tissues, and alveolar bone within the oral cavity. Proteomics information can provide proteins that are differentially expressed in diseased or healthy samples. This review provides insight into approaches researching single species, multi species, bacteria, non-human, and human models of periodontal disease for proteomics information. The approaches that have been taken include gel electrophoresis and qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry. This review is carried out by extracting information about in vitro and in vivo studies of proteomics in models of periodontal diseases that have been carried out in the past two decades. The research has concentrated on a relatively small but well-known group of microorganisms. A wide range of models has been reviewed and conclusions across the breadth of these studies are presented in this review.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/metabolism*
Utilization of services and referrals through dental outreach programs in rural areas of India. A two year study

Asawa K, Bhanushali NV, Tak M, Kumar DR, Rahim MF, Alshahran OA, et al.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 2015;66(3):275-80.
PMID: 26400125

Oral health care services are often sparse and inconsistent in India therefore it is often difficult for poor people to get access to the oral health care services. The approach by dental institutions with the help of community outreach programs is a step ahead in overcoming this situation.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology; Periodontal Diseases/prevention & control*
Lactate dehydrogenase activity during tooth movement under 1.0 N and 1.5 N continuous force applications

Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin, Nurfathiha Abu Kasim, Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab, Abdul Aziz Jemain

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:99-105.

The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in GCF and the rate of tooth movement at two different orthodontic forces (1.0 N and 1.5 N). Twelve subjects participated in this study and was chosen based on the inclusion criteria. Each subject received forces of 1.0 N and 1.5 N for tooth movement either on the left or right side of the maxillary canine. GCF sample was collected at mesial and distal sites of the canines before applying the appliance (week 0) and every week for 5 weeks after tooth movement (week 1 to week 5) where baseline activity served as control. LDH activity was assayed spectrophotometically at 340 nm. The tooth movements were measured from casted study models. LDH specific activity at mesial sites in 1.0 N and 1.5 N force groups, respectively increased significantly (p<0.05) only on week four and throughout the treatment when compared with baseline. At distal sites, LDH specific activity with 1.5 N was higher than 1.0 N throughout the five weeks of tooth movement. LDH specific activity with 1.5 N force increased at both mesial (week 2) and distal sites (week 3) with significant different (p<0.05) when compared with 1.0 N force. Tooth movement with 1.5 N showed significantly faster (p<0.05) at the end of week 5 when compared with 1.0 N. LDH has the potential as a biological marker of inflammation during tooth movement.A force of 1 N was more suitable to be used although less tooth movement was produced because less inflammation caused by the force can be useful in orthodontic treatment for patients with stabilised periodontal diseases compared with 1.5 N force.

Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases

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