Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 157 in total

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  1. Fulltext Graphene nanoplatelets as novel reinforcement filler in poly(lactic acid)/epoxidized palm oil green nanocomposites: mechanical properties
    Chieng BW, Ibrahim NA, Yunus WM, Hussein MZ, Giita Silverajah VS
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(9):10920-34.
    PMID: 23109829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130910920
    Graphene nanoplatelet (xGnP) was investigated as a novel reinforcement filler in mechanical properties for poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/epoxidized palm oil (EPO) blend. PLA/EPO/xGnP green nanocomposites were successfully prepared by melt blending method. PLA/EPO reinforced with xGnP resulted in an increase of up to 26.5% and 60.6% in the tensile strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposites respectively, compared to PLA/EPO blend. XRD pattern showed the presence of peak around 26.5° in PLA/EPO nanocomposites which corresponds to characteristic peak of graphene nanoplatelets. However, incorporation of xGnP has no effect on the flexural strength and modulus. Impact strength of PLA/5 wt% EPO improved by 73.6% with the presence of 0.5 wt% xGnP loading. Mechanical properties of PLA were greatly improved by the addition of a small amount of graphene nanoplatelets (<1 wt%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  2. Fulltext Factors predicting outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among elderly Malaysians: a retrospective study
    Nik Muhamad NA, Nidzwani S
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Jun;67(3):278-83.
    PMID: 23082417 MyJurnal
    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been standard treatment for all cardiac arrest patients that arrive at the Emergency Department. However it is unclear whether prolonging resuscitation among the elderly victims will provide any benefit or improve outcome. This study is to evaluate factors that can influence outcome of CPR among the elderly, such as time of arrest, duration of CPR, lactate levels and age (among elderly age groups). 89 patients fit the inclusion criteria from January 2007 to January 2009, and all underwent CPR. Lactate levels (p=0.047) and duration of CPR performed (p=0.019) had significant relation to outcome. Time of arrest to CPR and age had no significance. Of 89 patients studied, 4 (4.5%) survived to hospital discharge. The remaining 85 (95.5%) died either in the emergency department, the wards or the Intensive Care Unit. Among the survivors, only 2 (2.3%) functional (independent on activities of daily life) patients were identified. Among the survivors, the mean lactate level was 4.0 mmol/L. The mean lactate levels among the dead were 9.84 mmol/L. The mean length of CPR among the survivors was 5.42 minutes and for the non-survivors, 19.28 minutes. This study reports certain factors such as duration of resuscitation and initial lactate levels that can be valuable tools in decision making when resuscitating an elderly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/blood
  3. Fulltext Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of poly(lactic acid)/epoxidized palm olein blend
    Silverajah VS, Ibrahim NA, Zainuddin N, Yunus WM, Hassan HA
    Molecules, 2012 Oct 08;17(10):11729-47.
    PMID: 23044711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011729
    Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is known to be a useful material in substituting the conventional petroleum-based polymer used in packaging, due to its biodegradability and high mechanical strength. Despite the excellent properties of PLA, low flexibility has limited the application of this material. Thus, epoxidized palm olein (EPO) was incorporated into PLA at different loadings (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt%) through the melt blending technique and the product was characterized. The addition of EPO resulted in a decrease in glass transition temperature and an increase of elongation-at-break, which indicates an increase in the PLA chain mobility. PLA/EPO blends also exhibited higher thermal stability than neat PLA. Further, the PLA/1 wt% EPO blend showed enhancement in the tensile, flexural and impact properties. This is due to improved interaction in the blend producing good compatible morphologies, which can be revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Therefore, PLA can be efficiently plasticized by EPO and the feasibility of its use as flexible film for food packaging should be considered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  4. Chemical recycling of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a method towards sustainable development
    Ariffin H, Nishida H, Hassan MA, Shirai Y
    Biotechnol J, 2010 May;5(5):484-92.
    PMID: 20408140 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900293
    Chemical recycling of bio-based polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by thermal degradation was investigated from the viewpoint of biorefinery. The thermal degradation resulted in successful transformation of PHAs into vinyl monomers using alkali earth compound (AEC) catalysts. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)s (PHBVs) were smoothly and selectively depolymerized into crotonic (CA) and 2-pentenoic (2-PA) acids at lower degradation temperatures in the presence of CaO and Mg(OH)(2) as catalysts. Obtained CA from 3-hydroxybutyrate sequences in PHBV was copolymerized with acrylic acid to produce useful water-soluble copolymers, poly(crotonic acid-co-acrylic acid) that have high glass-transition temperatures. The copolymerization of CA derived from PHA pyrolysis is an example of cascade utilization of PHAs, which meets the idea of sustainable development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry
  5. Fulltext In vitro fermentation of broiler cecal content: the role of lactobacilli and pH value on the composition of microbiota and end products fermentation
    Meimandipour A, Shuhaimi M, Hair-Bejo M, Azhar K, Kabeir BM, Rasti B, et al.
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2009 Oct;49(4):415-20.
    PMID: 19725887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02674.x
    To assess the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus agilis JCM 1048 and L. salivarius ssp. salicinius JCM 1230 and the pH on the cecal microflora of chicken and metabolic end products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/metabolism
  6. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of ground corn stover for the production of fuel ethanol using Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli K011
    Vincent M, Pometto AL, van Leeuwen JH
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011 Jul;21(7):703-10.
    PMID: 21791956
    Enzymatic saccharification of corn stover using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Gloeophyllum trabeum and subsequent fermentation of the saccharification products to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli K011 were achieved. Prior to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for ethanol production, solid-state fermentation was performed for four days on ground corn stover using either P. chrysosporium or G. trabeum to induce in situ cellulase production. During SSF with S. cerevisiae or E. coli, ethanol production was the highest on day 4 for all samples. For corn stover treated with P. chrysosporium, the conversion to ethanol was 2.29 g/100 g corn stover with S. cerevisiae as the fermenting organism, whereas for the sample inoculated with E. coli K011, the ethanol production was 4.14 g/100 g corn stover. Corn stover treated with G. trabeum showed a conversion 1.90 and 4.79 g/100 g corn stover with S. cerevisiae and E. coli K011 as the fermenting organisms, respectively. Other fermentation co-products, such as acetic acid and lactic acid, were also monitored. Acetic acid production ranged between 0.45 and 0.78 g/100 g corn stover, while no lactic acid production was detected throughout the 5 days of SSF. The results of our experiment suggest that it is possible to perform SSF of corn stover using P. chrysosporium, G. trabeum, S. cerevisiae and E. coli K011 for the production of fuel ethanol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/metabolism
  7. Growth of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in medida (fermented cereal porridge) and their survival during refrigerated storage
    Kabeir BM, Abd-Aziz S, Muhammad K, Shuhaimi M, Yazid AM
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2005;41(2):125-31.
    PMID: 16033508
    To develop medida, a Sudanese fermented thin porridge as a probiotic dietary adjunct with high total solids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/analysis
  8. Lactic acid-based bioresorbable polymers: properties and traps
    Vert M
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:73-4.
    PMID: 15468825
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/analysis*
  9. Biomimetic structures for implants and tissue engineering scaffolds
    Ambrosio L, Battista S, Borzacchiello A, Borselli C, Causa F, De Santis R, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:71-2.
    PMID: 15468824
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/analysis*
  10. Effects of R-salbutamol on the inflammatory response and acute lung injury in endotoxemic mice
    Beng H, Hu J, Wang S, Liang X, Qin H, Tan W
    Int Immunopharmacol, 2023 Aug;121:110482.
    PMID: 37364330 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110482
    Salbutamol, which consists of an R-isomer and S-isomer, is an effective and widely used β2 adrenoreceptor agonist that may possess anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its bronchodilator activity. Whether the salbutamol R-isomer has advantages over its racemic mixture and effectiveness in treating endotoxemia and endotoxin-induced lung injury has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the preventive and therapeutic effects of R-salbutamol (R-sal), S-salbutamol (S-sal), and their racemic mixture (Rac-sal) on a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Dexamethasone (Dex) was used for comparison. The results showed that R-sal markedly improved the 7-day survival rate of endotoxic mice when administered before and after LPS treatment. Dex was toxic and accelerated the death of endotoxic mice when administered before LPS injection. Histological examination of the lungs revealed that the LPS challenge resulted in acute lung damage, including inflammatory cell infiltration, thickened alveolar septa, and congestion. R-sal pre-treatment effectively inhibited these changes, accompanied by markedly reduced lung myeloperoxidase levels, serum cytokine levels, and lactate release, significant restoration of lymphocyte count, and reduction of monocyte count. This may have occurred through inhibition of M1 macrophage inflammatory responses by enhancement of β-arrestin2 expression and suppression of NF-κB activation. Rac-sal exhibited diminished effects compared to that of R-sal, while S-sal showed enhanced release of some inflammatory cytokines. In addition, R-sal pre-treatment showed a better improvement in prognostic pulmonary function on day 4 compared to that by Rac-sal. Collectively, our results indicate the potential benefits of R-sal in regulating inflammatory responses to endotoxemia and endotoxin-induced lung injury.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/blood
  11. Triple-layered PLGA/nanoapatite/lauric acid graded composite membrane for periodontal guided bone regeneration
    Jamuna-Thevi K, Saarani NN, Abdul Kadir MR, Hermawan H
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2014 Oct;43:253-63.
    PMID: 25175212 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.028
    This paper discusses the successful fabrication of a novel triple-layered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based composite membrane using only a single step that combines the techniques of solvent casting and thermally induced phase separation/solvent leaching. The resulting graded membrane consists of a small pore size layer-1 containing 10 wt% non-stoichiometric nanoapatite (NAp)+1-3 wt% lauric acid (LA) for fibroblastic cell and bacterial inhibition, an intermediate layer-2 with 20-50 wt% NAp+1 wt% LA, and a large pore size layer-3 containing 30-100 wt% NAp without LA to allow bone cell growth. The synergic effects of 10-30 wt% NAp and 1 wt% LA in the membrane demonstrated higher tensile strength (0.61 MPa) and a more elastic behavior (16.1% elongation at break) in 3 wt% LA added membrane compared with the pure PLGA (0.49 MPa, 9.1%). The addition of LA resulted in a remarkable plasticizing effect on PLGA at 3 wt% due to weak intermolecular interactions in PLGA. The pure and composite PLGA membranes had good cell viability toward human skin fibroblast, regardless of LA and NAp contents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  12. Fulltext The effect of fiber bleaching treatment on the properties of poly(lactic acid)/oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber composites
    Rayung M, Ibrahim NA, Zainuddin N, Saad WZ, Razak NI, Chieng BW
    Int J Mol Sci, 2014;15(8):14728-42.
    PMID: 25153628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814728
    In this work, biodegradable composites from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber were prepared by melt blending method. Prior to mixing, the fiber was modified through bleaching treatment using hydrogen peroxide. Bleached fiber composite showed an improvement in mechanical properties as compared to untreated fiber composite due to the enhanced fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion. Interestingly, fiber bleaching treatment also improved the physical appearance of the composite. The study was extended by blending the composites with commercially available masterbatch colorant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  13. Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) synergistically enhanced lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus FTDC 8313 via affecting different stages of the hexose monophosphate pathway
    Lew LC, Choi SB, Tan PL, Liong MT
    J Appl Microbiol, 2014 Mar;116(3):644-53.
    PMID: 24267975 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12399
    The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) on lactic acid production using response surface methodology and to further study their effects on interactions between the enzymes and substrates along the hexose monophosphate pathway using a molecular modelling approach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/biosynthesis*
  14. In vitro degradation of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with linamarin
    Hussein AS, Abdullah N, Ahmadun FR
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2013 Jun;7(2):33-41.
    PMID: 24046903
    Linamarin-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The formulated PLGA (50:50) and PLGA (85:15) NPs were spherically shaped, having an average particle size < 190 nm, drug entrapment efficiency (50-52%) and zeta potentials ranging from -25 to -30 mV. Interestingly, all formulated PLGA NPs exhibited a controlled biphasic release profile. Polymer degradation was investigated in the current research to determine the major degradation products and then the polymer biocompatibility as well as safety. The PLGA NPs degradation behaviour was investigated by measuring water uptake, mass loss, change of pH of the degradation medium, morphological changes, and lactic and glycolic acid concentrations. Gravimetrical methods, pH meter, scanning electron microscope and high-performance liquid chromatography were employed, respectively. PLGA (50:50) NPs were found to degrade faster than PLGA (85:15) NPs. With regard to water uptake, mass loss and pH change, the degradation behaviour of PLGA (50:50) NPs was significantly (rho < 0.05) different from that of PLGA (85:15) NPs. A complete degradation of PLGA (50:50) NPs was achieved after 102 days, whereas, only about 60% of PLGA (85:15) NPs were degraded within the same period. Complete degradation and release of the degradation products naturally by the body ensures safety of the delivery carrier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  15. Effect of hydrolysed cellulose nanowhiskers on properties of montmorillonite/polylactic acid nanocomposites
    Arjmandi R, Hassan A, Haafiz MK, Zakaria Z, Islam MS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2016 Jan;82:998-1010.
    PMID: 26592699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.028
    Polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites reinforced with hybrid montmorillonite/cellulose nanowhiskers [MMT/CNW(SO4)] were prepared by solution casting. The CNW(SO4) nanofiller was first isolated from microcrystalline cellulose using acid hydrolysis treatment. PLA/MMT/CNW(SO4) hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of various amounts of CNW(SO4) [1-9 parts per hundred parts of polymer (phr)] into PLA/MMT nanocomposite at 5 phr MMT content, based on highest tensile strength values as reported previously. The biodegradability, thermal, tensile, morphological, water absorption and transparency properties of PLA/MMT/CNW(SO4) hybrid nanocomposites were investigated. The Biodegradability, thermal stability and crystallinity of hybrid nanocomposites increased compared to PLA/MMT nanocomposite and neat PLA. The highest tensile strength of hybrid nanocomposites was obtained by incorporating 1 phr CNW(SO4) [∼ 36 MPa]. Interestingly, the ductility of hybrid nanocomposites increased significantly by 87% at this formulation. The Young's modulus increased linearly with increasing CNW(SO4) content. This is due to the relatively good dispersion of nanofillers in the hybrid nanocomposites, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of some polar interactions. In addition, water resistance of the hybrid nanocomposites improved and the visual transparency of neat PLA film did not affect by addition of CNW(SO4).
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  16. Fulltext Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Preparation of Biocomposites Based on Poly(lactic acid) and Durian Peel Cellulose
    Penjumras P, Rahman RA, Talib RA, Abdan K
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2015;2015:293609.
    PMID: 26167523 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293609
    Response surface methodology was used to optimize preparation of biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and durian peel cellulose. The effects of cellulose loading, mixing temperature, and mixing time on tensile strength and impact strength were investigated. A central composite design was employed to determine the optimum preparation condition of the biocomposites to obtain the highest tensile strength and impact strength. A second-order polynomial model was developed for predicting the tensile strength and impact strength based on the composite design. It was found that composites were best fit by a quadratic regression model with high coefficient of determination (R (2)) value. The selected optimum condition was 35 wt.% cellulose loading at 165°C and 15 min of mixing, leading to a desirability of 94.6%. Under the optimum condition, the tensile strength and impact strength of the biocomposites were 46.207 MPa and 2.931 kJ/m(2), respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/chemistry*
  17. Fulltext The use of methylene blue in adult patients with septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ng KT, Kwok PE, Lim WE, Teoh WY, Hasan MS, Zainal Abidin MF
    Braz J Anesthesiol, 2025;75(1):844580.
    PMID: 39615751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2024.844580
    OBJECTIVES: Methylene blue exerts its vasopressor properties by inhibiting nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation. Recent studies have advocated the use of methylene blue as a rescue therapy for patients with septic shock. The primary aim was to investigate the effect of methylene blue on the mean arterial pressure among adult patients with septic shock.

    METHODS: Databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched from their inception date until October 2023. Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) comparing methylene blue and placebo in adults with septic shock were included.

    RESULTS: Our systematic review included 5 studies (n = 257) for data analysis. As compared to the placebo, our pooled analysis showed that methylene blue significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MD: 1.34 mmHg, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.53, p = 0.03, level of evidence: very low). Patients who were given methylene blue were associated with statistically lower mortality rate (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.88, p = 0.02, level of evidence: low), reduced serum lactate levels (MD: -0.76 mmoL.L-1, 95% CI -1.22 to -0.31, p = 0.0009, level of evidence: low), reduced length of hospital stay (MD: -1.94 days, 95% CI -3.79 to -0.08, p = 0.04, level of evidence: low), and increased PaO2/FiO2 (MD: 34.78, 95% CI 8.94 to 60.61, p = 0.008, level of evidence: low).

    CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated that methylene blue administration was associated with an increased in mean arterial pressure and PaO2/FiO2 ratio, along with a reduction in mortality rates, serum lactate levels, and length of hospital stay. However, substantial degree of heterogeneity and inadequate number of studies with low level of evidence warrant future adequately powered RCTs to affirm our results.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/blood
  18. Optimizing thermal and thermal-alkaline pretreatments for polylactic acid biodegradation by Amycolatopsis orientalis and Amycolatopsis thailandensis
    Yasin NM, Polanska M, Verbeken K, Van Impe JFM, Akkermans S
    Bioresour Technol, 2025 Mar;420:132114.
    PMID: 39870143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132114
    Environmental pollution from packaging, has led to a need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the biodegradation of polylactic acid (PLA) by Amycolatopsis orientalis and Amycolatopsis thailandensis after thermal and thermal-alkaline pretreatments. The biodegradation was assessed based on weight loss, CO2 evolution, carbon balance analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis showed that pretreatment at 37 °C for 8 h provided effective enhancement of the biodegradation performance. Combining thermal pretreatment with alkaline conditions led to chemical degradation of PLA, but is less suitable as a pretreatment for biodegradation. It was also demonstrated that the mineralization rate over a two-week period was higher following thermal than thermal-alkaline pretreatment. SEM confirmed improved biodegradation as illustrated by increased surface roughness. These findings suggest that thermal pretreatment at 37 °C for 8 h is the most effective strategy for enhancing PLA biodegradation by Amycolatopsis spp., promoting a sustainable approach to plastic waste management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/metabolism
  19. Bioactive Metabolites of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities
    Mlambo LK, Abbasiliasi S, Tang HW, Ng ZJ, Parumasivam T, Hanafiah KM, et al.
    Curr Microbiol, 2022 Oct 17;79(12):359.
    PMID: 36251092 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03038-6
    This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. A total of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against MRSA ATCC 43300, a skin pathogen that is highly resistant to most antibiotics. The K014 isolate from a fermented vegetable recorded the highest inhibition against MRSA ATCC 43300 at 91.93 ± 0.36%. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the K014 isolate is closely related to L. plantarum and the sequence was subsequently deposited in the GenBank database with an accession number of MW180960, named as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. plantarum K014 had tolerance to high temperature as well as acidic pH. The bioactive metabolites, such as hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid and hyaluronic acid, were produced by L. plantarum K014. Result from ABTS assay showed higher antioxidant activity (46.28%) as compared to that obtained by DPPH assay (2.97%). The CFS had showed anti-inflammatory activity for lipoxygenase (LOX) assay at 43.66%. The bioactive metabolites of L. plantarum K014 showed very promising potential to be used topical skin pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/pharmacology
  20. Fulltext Lactobacillus plantarum strain HT-W104-B1: potential bacterium isolated from Malaysian fermented foods for control of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum
    Danial AM, Medina A, Magan N
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021 Feb 24;37(4):57.
    PMID: 33625606 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03020-7
    The objective was to screen and evaluate the anti-fungal activity of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) isolated from Malaysian fermented foods against two Trichophyton species. A total of 66 LAB strains were screened using dual culture assays. This showed that four LAB strains were very effective in inhibiting growth of T. rubrum but not T. interdigitale. More detailed studies with Lactobacillus plantarum strain HT-W104-B1 showed that the supernatant was mainly responsible for inhibiting the growth of T. rubrum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), inhibitory concentration, the 50% growth inhibition (IC50) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were 20 mg/mL, 14 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL, respectively. A total of six metabolites were found in the supernatant, with the two major metabolites being L-lactic acid (19.1 mg/g cell dry weight (CDW)) and acetic acid (2.2 mg/g CDW). A comparative study on keratin agar media showed that the natural mixture in the supernatants predominantly contained L-lactic and acetic acid, and this significantly controlled the growth of T. rubrum. The pure two individual compounds were less effective. Potential exists for application of the natural mixture of compounds for the treatment of skin infection by T. rubrum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lactic Acid/metabolism; Lactic Acid/pharmacology
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