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Carbide sludge management in acetylene producing plants by using vacuum filtration

Ramasamy P, Periathamby A, Ibrahim S

Waste Manag Res, 2002 Dec;20(6):536-40.
PMID: 12549665

Carbide sludge (10.4-11.5 tonnes day(-1)) is generated from the reaction of calcium carbide (900 kg) and water (6,000 L) in the production of acetylene (2,400 m3), in three selected acetylene manufacturing plants. The sludge (of pH 12.2 and containing Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn ions whose concentrations exceed the Department of Environment limits for industrial wastewater) was treated by vacuum filtration as a substitute for the ponding system, which is environmentally less acceptable. A similar system by flocculation was also developed. The filtration system represents an improvement over the ponding method, as shown by a pH of 7 for the clear filtrate; the solid cake, which contains 98% of the metals, can be conveniently disposed at an integrated scheduled waste treatment centre.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Enhanced nitrogen removal in an anoxic-oxic-anoxic process treating low COD/N tropical wastewater: Low-dissolved oxygen nitrification and utilization of slowly-biodegradable COD for denitrification

How SW, Chua ASM, Ngoh GC, Nittami T, Curtis TP

Sci Total Environ, 2019 Nov 25;693:133526.
PMID: 31376760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.332

Many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating in biological nitrogen removal activated sludge process in the tropics are facing the pressure of increasingly stringent effluent standards while seeking solutions to reduce the plants' energy consumption and operating cost. This study investigated the feasibility of applying low-dissolved oxygen (low-DO) nitrification and utilizing slowly-biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (sbCOD) for denitrification, which helps to reduce energy usage and operating cost in treating low soluble COD-to-nitrogen tropical wastewater. The tropical wastewater was first characterized using wastewater fractionation and respirometry batch tests. Then, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated to evaluate the long-term stability of low-DO nitrification and utilizing sbCOD for denitrification in an anoxic-oxic (AO) process treating tropical wastewater. The wastewater fractionation experiment revealed that particulate settleable solids (PSS) in the wastewater provided slowly-biodegradable COD (sbCOD), which made up the major part (51 ± 10%) of the total COD. The PSS hydrolysis rate constant at tropical temperature (30 °C) was 2.5 times higher than that at 20 °C, suggesting that sbCOD may be utilized for denitrification. During the SBR operation, high nitrification efficiency (93 ± 6%) was attained at low-DO condition (0.9 ± 0.1 mg O2/L). Utilizing sbCOD for post-anoxic denitrification in the SBR reduced the effluent nitrate concentration. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and fluorescence in-situ hybridization revealed that the genus Nitrospira was a dominant nitrifier. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing result suggested that 50% of the Nitrospira-related operational taxonomic units were affiliated with comammox, which may imply that the low-DO condition and the warm wastewater promoted their growth. The nitrogen removal in a tropical AO process was enhanced by incorporating low-DO nitrification and utilizing sbCOD for post-anoxic denitrification, which contributes to an improved energy sustainability of WWTPs.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Macro-nutrients recovery from liquid waste as a sustainable resource for production of recovered mineral fertilizer: Uncovering alternative options to sustain global food security cost-effectively

Sniatala B, Kurniawan TA, Sobotka D, Makinia J, Othman MHD

Sci Total Environ, 2023 Jan 15;856(Pt 2):159283.
PMID: 36208738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159283

Global food security, which has emerged as one of the sustainability challenges, impacts every country. As food cannot be generated without involving nutrients, research has intensified recently to recover unused nutrients from waste streams. As a finite resource, phosphorus (P) is largely wasted. This work critically reviews the technical applicability of various water technologies to recover macro-nutrients such as P, N, and K from wastewater. Struvite precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration are applied for nutrient recovery. Technological strengths and drawbacks in their applications are evaluated and compared. Their operational conditions such as pH, dose required, initial nutrient concentration, and treatment performance are presented. Cost-effectiveness of the technologies for P or N recovery is also elaborated. It is evident from a literature survey of 310 published studies (1985-2022) that no single technique can effectively and universally recover target macro-nutrients from liquid waste. Struvite precipitation is commonly used to recover over 95 % of P from sludge digestate with its concentration ranging from 200 to 4000 mg/L. The recovered precipitate can be reused as a fertilizer due to its high content of P and N. Phosphate removal of higher than 80 % can be achieved by struvite precipitation when the molar ratio of Mg2+/PO43- ranges between 1.1 and 1.3. The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to collect data on critical parameters control optimization, improve treatment effectiveness, and facilitate water utilities to upscale water treatment plants. Such infrastructure in the plants could enable the recovered materials to be reused to sustain food security. As nutrient recovery is crucial in wastewater treatment, water treatment plant operators need to consider (1) the costs of nutrient recovery techniques; (2) their applicability; (3) their benefits and implications. It is essential to note that the treatment cost of P and/or N-laden wastewater depends on the process applied and local conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Biosorption of phenol from aqueous solution by biosolids

Alam MZ

Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:216-7.
PMID: 15468895

Studies on the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions by adsorption on sewage treatment plant biosolids (BS) as low-cost adsorbent were carried out with an aim to obtain information on treating phenol-containing wastewater from different industries. A series of experiments were undertaken in a batch adsorption technique to access the effect of the process variables i.e. initial phenol concentration, contact time, initial pH and adsorbent dose. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of BS in aqueous solution increased with the decrease in initial concentration and pH, and increase in contact time and dose of adsorbent. The experimental results were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to describe the biosorption processes.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Pharmaceutical waste and antimicrobial resistance

Ahmad A, Patel I, Khan MU, Babar ZU

Lancet Infect Dis, 2017 06;17(6):578-579.
PMID: 28555576 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30268-2
Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Fulltext Biotechnological potential of Bacillus salmalaya 139SI: a novel strain for remediating water polluted with crude oil waste

Ismail S, Dadrasnia A

PLoS One, 2015;10(4):e0120931.
PMID: 25875763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120931

Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly crude oil waste from refineries, is becoming prevalent worldwide. This study investigates the bioremediation of water contaminated with crude oil waste. Bacillus salamalaya 139SI, a bacterium isolated from a private farm soil in the Kuala Selangor in Malaysia, was found to be a potential degrader of crude oil waste. When a microbial population of 108 CFU ml-1 was used, the 139SI strain degraded 79% and 88% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons after 42 days of incubation in mineral salt media containing 2% and 1% of crude oil waste, respectively, under optimum conditions. In the uninoculated medium containing 1% crude oil waste, 6% was degraded. Relative to the control, the degradation was significantly greater when a bacteria count of 99 × 108 CFU ml-1 was added to the treatments polluted with 1% oil. Thus, this isolated strain is useful for enhancing the biotreatment of oil in wastewater.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Rhodovulum sulfidophilum in the treatment and utilization of sardine processing wastewater

Azad SA, Vikineswary S, Chong VC, Ramachandran KB

Lett Appl Microbiol, 2004;38(1):13-8.
PMID: 14687209

Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was grown in settled undiluted and nonsterilized sardine processing wastewater (SPW). The aims were to evaluate the effects of inoculum size and media on the biomass production with simultaneous reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Household greywater treatment methods using natural materials and their hybrid system

Wurochekke AA, Mohamed RM, Al-Gheethi AA, Atiku H, Amir HM, Matias-Peralta HM

J Water Health, 2016 Dec;14(6):914-928.
PMID: 27959870

Discharge of household greywater into water bodies can lead to an increase in contamination levels in terms of the reduction in dissolved oxygen resources and rapid bacterial growth. Therefore, the quality of greywater has to be improved before the disposal process. The present review aimed to present a hybrid treatment system for the greywater generated from households. The hybrid system comprised a primary stage (a natural filtration unit) with a bioreactor system as the secondary treatment combined with microalgae for greywater treatment, as well as the natural flocculation process. The review discussed the efficiency of each stage in the removal of elements and nutrients. The hybrid system reviewed here represented an effective solution for the remediation of household greywater.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Pollutant in palm oil production process

Hosseini SE, Abdul Wahid M

J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 2015 Jul;65(7):773-81.
PMID: 26079550 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.873092

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a by-product of the palm industry and it releases large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water systems are also contaminated by POME if it is released into nonstandard ponds or rivers where it endangers the lives of fish and water fowl. In this paper, the environmental bottlenecks faced by palm oil production were investigated by analyzing the data collected from wet extraction palm oil mills (POMs) located in Malaysia. Strategies for reducing pollution and technologies for GHG reduction from the wet extraction POMs were also proposed. Average GHG emissions produced from processing 1 ton of crude palm oil (CPO) was 1100 kg CO2eq. This amount can be reduced to 200 kg CO2eq by capturing biogases. The amount of GHG emissions from open ponds could be decreased from 225 to 25 kg CO2eq/MT CPO by covering the ponds. Installation of biogas capturing system can decrease the average of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to about 17,100 mg/L and stabilizing ponds in the final step could decrease COD to 5220 mg/L. Using a biogas capturing system allows for the reduction of COD by 80% and simultaneously using a biogas capturing system and by stabilizing ponds can mitigate COD by 96%. Other ways to reduce the pollution caused by POME, including the installation of wet scrubber vessels and increasing the performance of biogas recovery and biogas upgrading systems, are studied in this paper.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Parenteral cytotoxic drug wastage at a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur: How much and why?

Ang ZY, Cheah KY, Abdullah NB, Samsuri SB, Lee SH, Yem AW, et al.

J Oncol Pharm Pract, 2020 Sep;26(6):1306-1317.
PMID: 31810422 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219891209

PURPOSE: To identify the cost and reasons of returned parenteral chemotherapy regimens at a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
METHODS: Data were retrospectively extracted from all the Chemotherapy Return Forms in 2016, which is a compulsory documentation accompanying each return of parenteral chemotherapy regimen. The following data were extracted: patient's diagnosis, gender, location of treatment (i.e. ward/daycare clinic), start date of chemotherapy regimen, type of cytotoxic drug returned, dose of cytotoxic drug returned, number of cytotoxic drug preparations returned and reason for return as well as whether the returned cytotoxic drug preparations could be re-dispensed. The cost of wastage was calculated based on the cost per mg (or per unit) of the particular returned cytotoxic drug.
RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-nine cases of returned chemotherapy regimen comprising of 231 parenteral cytotoxic drug preparations were analysed. The total cost of returned chemotherapy regimen for 2016 was €3632, with €756 (20.8%) worth of chemotherapy regimens returned due to preventable reasons and €2876 (79.2%) worth of chemotherapy regimens returned due to non-preventable reasons. Approximately 50% of cases returned chemotherapy regimen were due to deterioration of patient's clinical condition and another 24.5% of cases of returned chemotherapy regimen were attributed to adverse drug reactions.
CONCLUSION: Wastage associated to non-preventable reasons such as adverse drug reactions and preventable causes like refusal of patients can be further reduced by using newer healthcare innovations and establishment of written institutional protocols or standard operating procedures as references for in-charge healthcare personnel when cytotoxic drug-related issues occur. Adoption of cost-saving strategies that have been proven by studies could further improve current cost containment strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Production of bioethanol by direct bioconversion of oil-palm industrial effluent in a stirred-tank bioreactor

Alam MZ, Kabbashi NA, Hussin SN

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009 Jun;36(6):801-8.
PMID: 19294441 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0554-7

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing bioethanol from palm-oil mill effluent generated by the oil-palm industries through direct bioconversion process. The bioethanol production was carried out through the treatment of compatible mixed cultures such as Thrichoderma harzianum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Mucor hiemalis, and yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Simultaneous inoculation of T. harzianum and S. cerevisiae was found to be the mixed culture that yielded the highest ethanol production (4% v/v or 31.6 g/l). Statistical optimization was carried out to determine the operating conditions of the stirred-tank bioreactor for maximum bioethanol production by a two-level fractional factorial design with a single central point. The factors involved were oxygen saturation level (pO(2)%), temperature, and pH. A polynomial regression model was developed using the experimental data including the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Statistical analysis showed that the maximum ethanol production of 4.6% (v/v) or 36.3 g/l was achieved at a temperature of 32 degrees C, pH of 6, and pO(2) of 30%. The results of the model validation test under the developed optimum process conditions indicated that the maximum production was increased from 4.6% (v/v) to 6.5% (v/v) or 51.3 g/l with 89.1% chemical-oxygen-demand removal.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Optimization of lignin peroxidase production and stability by Phanerochaete chrysosporium using sewage-treatment-plant sludge as substrate in a stirred-tank bioreactor

Alam MZ, Mansor MF, Jalal KC

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009 May;36(5):757-64.
PMID: 19259713 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0548-5

A laboratory-scale study was carried out to produce lignin peroxidase (ligninase) by white rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) using sewage-treatment-plant (STP) sludge as the major substrate. The optimization was done using full-factorial design (FFD) with agitation and aeration as the two parameters. Nine experiments indicated by the FFD were fermented in a stirred-tank bioreactor for 3 days. A second-order quadratic model was developed using the regression analysis of the experimental results with the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of the parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (R (2)) value of 0.972, thus indicating a satisfactory fit of the quadratic model with the experimental data. Using statistical analysis, the optimum aeration and agitation rates were determined to be 2.0 vvm and 200 rpm, respectively, with a maximum activity of 225 U l(-1) in the first 3 days of fermentation. The validation experiment showed the maximum activity of lignin peroxidase was 744 U l(-1) after 5 days of fermentation. The results for the tests of the stability of lignin peroxidase showed that the activity was more than 80% of the maximum for the first 12 h of incubation at an optimum pH of 5 and temperature of 55 degrees C.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
An overview of landfill leachate treatment via activated carbon adsorption process

Foo KY, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Nov 15;171(1-3):54-60.
PMID: 19577363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.038

Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate change as the most urgent environmental issue for the 21st century. To date, the percolation landfill leachate into the groundwater tables and aquifer systems which poses a potential risk and potential hazards towards the public health and ecosystems, remains an aesthetic concern and consideration abroad the nations. Arising from the steep enrichment of globalization and metropolitan growth, numerous mitigating approaches and imperative technologies have currently drastically been addressed and confronted. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of art review of leachate treatment technologies, its fundamental background studies, and environmental implications. Moreover, the key advance of activated carbons adsorption, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbons adsorption represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the superior improvement of environmental conservation.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Ammoniacal nitrogen and COD removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using a composite adsorbent: fixed bed column adsorption performance

Halim AA, Aziz HA, Johari MA, Ariffin KS, Adlan MN

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Mar 15;175(1-3):960-4.
PMID: 19945216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.103

The performance of a carbon-mineral composite adsorbent used in a fixed bed column for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen and aggregate organic pollutant (COD), which are commonly found in landfill leachate, was evaluated. The breakthrough capacities for ammoniacal nitrogen and COD adsorption were 4.46 and 3.23 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the optimum empty bed contact time (EBCT) was 75 min. The column efficiency for ammoniacal nitrogen and COD adsorption using fresh adsorbent was 86.4% and 92.6%, respectively, and these values increased to 90.0% and 93.7%, respectively, after the regeneration process.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater

Ahmad AA, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Jan 15;173(1-3):487-93.
PMID: 19765899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.111

This study deals with the use of activated carbon prepared from bamboo waste (BMAC), as an adsorbent for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color of cotton textile mill wastewater. Bamboo waste was used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)) as chemical agent. The effects of three preparation variables activation temperature, activation time and H(3)PO(4):precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio on the color and COD removal were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD) and quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables to the color and COD. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum condition was obtained by using temperature of 556 degrees C, activation time of 2.33 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 5.24, which resulted in 93.08% of color and 73.98% of COD.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment

Fakhru'l-Razi A, Pendashteh A, Abdullah LC, Biak DR, Madaeni SS, Abidin ZZ

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Oct 30;170(2-3):530-51.
PMID: 19505758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044

Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries. It is a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the increasing volume of waste all over the world in the current decade, the outcome and effect of discharging produced water on the environment has lately become a significant issue of environmental concern. Produced water is conventionally treated through different physical, chemical, and biological methods. In offshore platforms because of space constraints, compact physical and chemical systems are used. However, current technologies cannot remove small-suspended oil particles and dissolved elements. Besides, many chemical treatments, whose initial and/or running cost are high and produce hazardous sludge. In onshore facilities, biological pretreatment of oily wastewater can be a cost-effective and environmental friendly method. As high salt concentration and variations of influent characteristics have direct influence on the turbidity of the effluent, it is appropriate to incorporate a physical treatment, e.g., membrane to refine the final effluent. For these reasons, major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Fenton-like oxidation of reactive black 5 solution using iron-Montmorillonite K10 catalyst

Daud NK, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Apr 15;176(1-3):1118-21.
PMID: 20042286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.134

Decolorization of reactive azo dye, reactive black 5 (RB5), was conducted using Fe(III) immobilized on Montmorillonite K10 (MK10) as a catalyst in the presence of H(2)O(2) using Fenton-like oxidation process. The effect of different parameters such as iron ions loading on supported catalyst, catalyst dosage, initial pH of dye solution, initial concentration of H(2)O(2) and dye and reaction temperature on the decolorization efficiency of the process were studied. The results indicated that by using 12 mM of H(2)O(2) and 3.50 g L(-1) of the 0.11 wt.% Fe(III) oxide on MK10 catalyst at pH of 2.5, 99% of decolorization efficiency was achieved within 150 min in a batch process.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell

Mohd Din AT, Hameed BH, Ahmad AL

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Jan 30;161(2-3):1522-9.
PMID: 18562090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.009

The liquid-phase adsorption of phenol onto coconut shell-based activated carbon, CS850A was investigated for its equilibrium studies and kinetic modeling. Coconut shell was converted into high quality activated carbon through physiochemical activation at 850 degrees C under the influence of CO(2) flow. Beforehand, the coconut shell was carbonized at 700 degrees C and the resulted char was impregnated with KOH at 1:1 weight ratio. In order to evaluate the performance of CS850A, a series of batch adsorption experiments were conducted with initial phenol concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg l(-1), adsorbent loading of 0.2g and the adsorption process was maintained at 30+/-1 degrees C. The adsorption isotherms were in conformation to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Chemical reaction was found to be a rate-controlling parameter to this phenol-CS850A batch adsorption system due to strong agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption capacity for CS850A was found to be 205.8 mg g(-1).

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Extraction and recovery of methylene blue from industrial wastewater using benzoic acid as an extractant

Muthuraman G, Teng TT, Leh CP, Norli I

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Apr 15;163(1):363-9.
PMID: 18782652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.122

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of methylene blue (MB) from industrial wastewater using benzoic acid (extractant) in xylene has been studied at 27 degrees C. The extraction of the dye increased with increasing extractant concentration. The extraction abilities have been studied on benzoic acid concentration in the range of 0.36-5.8x10(-2) M. The distribution ratio of the dye is reasonably high (D=49.5) even in the presence of inorganic salts. Irrespective of the concentration of dye, extraction under optimal conditions was 90-99% after 15 min of phase separation. The extracted dye in the organic phase can be back extracted into sulphuric acid solution. The resultant recovered organic phase can be reused in succeeding extraction of dye with the yield ranging from 99 to 87% after 15 times reused, depending on the concentration of the initial feed solution. Experimental parameters examined were benzoic acid concentration, effect of diluent, effect of pH, effect of initial dye concentration, effect of equilibration time, various stripping agents, aqueous to organic phase ratio in extraction, organic to aqueous phase ratio in stripping and reusability of solvent.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*
Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism of malachite green adsorption on activated carbon prepared from bamboo by K(2)CO(3) activation and subsequent gasification with CO(2)

Hameed BH, El-Khaiary MI

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Sep 15;157(2-3):344-51.
PMID: 18280648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.105

In this work, the adsorption of malachite green (MG) was studied on activated carbon prepared from bamboo by chemical activation with K(2)CO(3) and physical activation with CO(2) (BAC). Adsorption studies were conducted in the range of 25-300 mg/L initial MG concentration and at temperature of 30 degrees C. The experimental data were analyzed by the Freundlich isotherm, the Langmuir isotherm, and the multilayer adsorption isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 263.58 mg/g. The rates of adsorption were found to confirm to pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation and the overall rate of dye uptake was found to be controlled by pore diffusion throughout the entire adsorption period. The results indicate that the BAC could be used to effectively adsorb MG from aqueous solutions.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods

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