METHODS: Sub-sample of 2,229 parent-offspring pairs with parental pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring BMI and WC at 21 years were used from the MUSP (Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy cohort). Multivariable results were adjusted for maternal factors around pregnancy (e.g. gestational weight and smoking during pregnancy) and offspring factors in early life (e.g. birth weight) and at 14 years (e.g. sports participation and mealtime with family).
RESULTS: After adjustments for confounders, each unit increase in paternal and maternal BMI, the BMI of young adult offspring increased by 0.33kg/m(2) and 0.35kg/m(2) , and the WC increased by 0.76 cm and 0.62 cm, respectively. In the combination of parents' weight status, offspring at 21 years were six times the risk being overweight/obese (OW/OB) when both parents were OW/OB, compared to offspring of healthy weight parents.
CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal parental BMI are independently related to adult offspring BMI and WC.
IMPLICATIONS: Both prenatal paternal-maternal weight status are important determinants of offspring weight status in long-term. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study using multi-stage stratified sampling method. Data collection was carried out via face-to-face interview at the respondent's home from October 2017 until March 2018. A total of 1047 respondents aged 18 years and above completed the questionnaires and blood pressure measurement. A person who reported diagnosis of hypertension by a physician and had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg on three readings was categorised as hypertensive. Risk factors of hypertension were analysed using multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 49.39% (95% CI 44.27-54.51). There was no statistically significant difference in gender. Age, household income, BMI, and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. Hypertension found had inverse association with the level of education. Age was the strongest predictor of hypertension (35-44 years old; OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.39-4.09, 45-54 years old; OR=5.50, 95% CI=3.23-9.38, 55-64 years old OR=13.56, 95% CI=7.77-23.64 and 65 years old and above; OR=25.28, 95% CI=13.33-48.66). Those who had higher BMI more likely to be hypertensive as compared to respondents with normal weight (overweight, OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.18-2.86; obese, OR=4.29% CI=2.56-7.29).
CONCLUSION: The findings showed that hypertension is prevalent among adults in Malaysia. Those with older age, higher BMI, and diabetes are more likely to have hypertension. Efforts regarding lifestyle modification and education could be important in hypertension management and prevention.
DESIGN: In this repeated-measures study, 20 normally hearing adults aged between 18 and 30 years were recruited. Tone bursts (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were used to record PAMR thresholds at 3 different stimulus repetition rates (6.1/s, 11.1/s, and 17.1/s).
RESULTS: Statistically higher PAMR thresholds were found for the faster stimulus rate (17.1/s) compared with the slower stimulus rate (6.1/s) (p < 0.05). For all stimulus rates and frequencies, significant correlations were found between PAMR and pure-tone audiometry thresholds (r = 0.62 to 0.82).
CONCLUSIONS: Even though the stimulus rate effect was significant at most of the tested frequencies, the differences in PAMR thresholds between the rates were small (<5 dB). Nevertheless, based on the correlation results, we suggest the use of 11.1/s stimulus rate when recording PAMR thresholds.