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Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students

Yusoff MS, Abdul Rahim AF, Baba AA, Ismail SB, Mat Pa MN, Esa AR

Asian J Psychiatr, 2013 Apr;6(2):128-33.
PMID: 23466109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012

Many studies have reported that the prevalence of psychological distress among medical students during medical training was high. However, there are very few studies exploring on the psychological health of prospective medical students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors for stress, anxiety and depression symptoms among the prospective medical students. A cross-sectional study was done on two cohorts of applicants to a public medical school. A total of 839 applicants were invited to participate in the study. The 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale was administered to the applicants after they completed interviews. A total of 743 (92.2%) applicants took part in the study. The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe level of stress, anxiety and depression were 3.6%, 54.5% and 1.9%, respectively. Stress was significantly associated with extra-curricular activity (p<0.001) and race (p<0.001). Anxiety was associated with extra-curricular activity (p<0.001), race (p<0.001), mother education level (p=0.002) and CGPA group (p=0.034). Depression was associated with academic performance in class (p<0.001) and race (p=0.004). Prevalence of stress and depression among entering medical students was low; however prevalence of anxiety was high which could be due to worry about the interviews to enter medical course. The associated factors of psychological distress among prospective medical students were related to academic, non-academic, parent education and cultural backgrounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/epidemiology*
Subjective memory and concentration deficits in medication-free, non-elderly Asians with major depressive disorder: prevalence and their correlates

Srisurapanont M, Bautista D, Chen CH, Wang G, Udomratn P, Eurviriyanukul K

J Affect Disord, 2015 Jan 15;171:105-10.
PMID: 25303026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.007

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) in major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent and correlated with disability. This study aimed to examine the prevalence rates and correlates of subjective memory deficit (SMD) and subjective concentration deficit (SCD) in medication-free, non-elderly Asians with MDD.
METHODS: The SMD and SCD were assessed by using two items of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Other measurements of interest included the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
RESULTS: Of 515 participants from China, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand, 347 (67.4%) and 377 (73.2%) had SMD and SCD, respectively. In total, 420 participants (81.6%) had SMD alone, SCD alone, and both deficits. Severe depression and poor mental health were significant correlates of SMD. Severe depression, clinically significant disability, poor physical health, and poor mental health were significantly independent correlates of SCD. Compared with young adults (18-34 years), older adults aged 50-65 years had a significantly lower risk of SCD (OR=.33, 95% CI: .19-.57).
LIMITATIONS: Only two SCL-90-R items were used to assess the SMD and SCD. The exclusion of MDD patients treated with psychotropic medications eliminated many patients commonly seen in typical clinic settings.
CONCLUSION: SMD and SCD are prevalent in medication-free, non-elderly Asians with MDD. Both deficits are correlated with depression and mental health status. The independent correlation between SCD and disability underscores the crucial role of SCI in MDD.
KEYWORDS: Asian; Cognitive impairment; Depressive disorders; SCL-90-R; Subjective

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major/ethnology*; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology
Public knowledge and beliefs about depression among urban and rural Chinese in Malaysia

Loo PW, Furnham A

Asian J Psychiatr, 2012 Sep;5(3):236-45.
PMID: 22981052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.003

The study compared knowledge and beliefs about depression among urban and rural Chinese in a Malaysian sample. A total of 409 participants were asked to identify cases of depression varying in intensity from two vignettes and rate their beliefs regarding a list of possible causes and treatments for depression. The urban Chinese were more likely to identify depression as the problem in the vignette. Beliefs about causes of depression were factored into five components, whereas beliefs about treatment for depression factored into four components. The results indicated that the causes most strongly endorsed were stress and pressure, and standard treatments rated the highest as treatments for depression. Overall, depression literacy was moderate for Chinese Malaysians. The results are discussed in relation to Chinese cultural beliefs about depression. Limitations of this preliminary study were acknowledged.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/ethnology*; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology
A population study of the association between sexual function, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in men

Nicolosi A, Moreira ED, Villa M, Glasser DB

J Affect Disord, 2004 Oct 15;82(2):235-43.
PMID: 15488252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.008

BACKGROUND:
Depression and erectile dysfunction (ED) have a complex and bi-directional relationship. We examined the relationships between erectile dysfunction and depressive symptoms or diagnosed depression, sexual activity and sexual satisfaction.

METHODS:
A population survey of men aged 40-70 years was carried out in Brazil, Italy, Japan and Malaysia in 1997-1998. A questionnaire was used to collect life style, sexual behaviors and medical data. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. ED was classified as moderate or complete if the men reported they were "sometimes" or "never" able to achieve and maintain an erection satisfactory for sexual intercourse. Only men with a sexual partner and not taking psychoactive drugs were considered.

RESULTS:
Diagnosed depression was reported by 2.0% of the men, depressive symptoms by 21.0%. The prevalence of moderate or complete ED was 17.8%. Sexual satisfaction related to the frequency of sexual intercourse and inversely related to depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with being single (odds ratio [OR] 1.7), widowed, separated or divorced (OR 2.2), moderate or complete ED (1.8), heart disease (1.6) and smoking (1.6), and negatively associated with age, physical activity and frequency of sexual intercourse.

LIMITATIONS:
Cross-sectional studies cannot establish a temporal cause-effect relationship. However, the confirmation of known associations reassures about the validity of the original findings.

CONCLUSIONS:
The findings suggest that depressive symptoms are linked to ED by the mediation of decreased sexual activity and the dissatisfaction generated by the inability to have a healthy sexual life.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/diagnosis; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology*; Depressive Disorder/psychology
Fulltext Bibliography of clinical research in Malaysia: methods and brief results

Teng CL, Zuhanariah MN, Ng CS, Goh CC

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Aug;69 Suppl A:4-7.
PMID: 25417946

This article describes the methodology of this bibliography. A search was conducted on the following: (1) bibliographic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and other databases) using search terms that maximize the retrieval of Malaysian publications; (2) Individual journal search of Malaysian healthrelated journals; (3) A targeted search of Google and Google Scholar; (4) Searching of Malaysian institutional repositories; (5) Searching of Ministry of Health and Clinical Research Centre website. The publication years were limited to 2000- 2013. The citations were imported or manually entered into bibliographic software Refworks. After removing duplicates, and correcting data entry errors, PubMed's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were added. Clinical research is coded using the definition "patient-oriented-research or research conducted with human subjects (or on material of human origin) for which the investigator directly interacts with the human subjects at some point during the study." A bibliography of citations [n=2056] that fit the criteria of clinical research in Malaysia in selected topics within five domains was generated: Cancers [589], Cardiovascular diseases [432], Infections [795], Injuries [142], and Mental Health [582]. This is done by retrieving citations with the appropriate MESH terms, as follow: For cancers (Breast Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms), for cardiovascular diseases (Coronary Disease; Hypertension; Stroke), for infections (Dengue; Enterovirus Infections, HIV Infections; Malaria; Nipah Virus; Tuberculosis), for injuries (Accidents, Occupational; Accidents, Traffic; Child Abuse; Occupational Injuries), for mental health (Depression; Depressive Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Drug Users; Psychotic Disorders; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted; Suicidal Ideation; Substance- Related Disorders).

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder
Fulltext The Psychometric Properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for Iranian Cancer Patients

Sharif Nia H, Rezapour M, Allen KA, Pahlevan Sharif S, Jafari A, Torkmandi H, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 09 01;20(9):2803-2809.
PMID: 31554380 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.9.2803

Objectives: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was specifically created to assess
depression in cancer patients. However, to date, the CES-D has not been validated in Farsi. Therefore, this study aimed to
assess the psychometric properties of the CES-D in Iranian cancer patients. Methods: During a three-month period
(October to December, 2015), a total of 380 cancer patients completed a Farsi version of the CES-D. The construct
validity of the scale was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha
and McDonald Omega. All of the statistical procedure were run by SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results:
The construct validity of the CES-D determined three factors (somatic affect, negative affect, and positive affect),
which explained 65.60% of the total variance. The internal consistency was greater than 0.70. Conclusion: Findings
revealed that the Farsi version of the CES-D has acceptable validity and reliability, which can be used to measure
depression in Iranian cancer patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/diagnosis*; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology*; Depressive Disorder/psychology
Sexual arousal difficulties in women treated with antidepressants: a comparison between escitalopram and fluoxetine

Midi M, Kanagasundram S, Sidi H, Asmidar D, Naing L, Guan NC

Int J Psychiatry Med, 2012;43(4):405-18.
PMID: 23094470

To compare the risk of sexual arousal difficulties between two groups of depressed female patients in remission who were treated with either escitalopram or fluoxetine. Associated factors were also examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis; Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy*; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology
Hypoactive sexual desire among depressed female patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a comparison between escitalopram and fluoxetine

Sidi H, Asmidar D, Hod R, Jaafar NR, Guan NC

Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 2012 Mar;16(1):41-7.
PMID: 22122658 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2011.617457

To determine the risk of hypoactive sexual desire (HSD) in depressed female patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, comparing escitalopram and fluoxetine. The associated factors were also examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology*
Female sexual dysfunction in patients treated with antidepressant-comparison between escitalopram and fluoxetine

Sidi H, Asmidar D, Hod R, Guan NC

J Sex Med, 2012 May;9(5):1392-9.
PMID: 21477024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02256.x

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is one of the most widely used antidepressant and commonly associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD).

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy
Fulltext Sexual pain among Malaysian women receiving antidepressant: a comparison between escitalopram and fluoxetine

Sidi H, Asmidar D, Seng LH, Jaafar NR, Midi M, Guan NC

Psychopharmacol Bull, 2016 Mar 1;46(1):24-35.
PMID: 27738371

OBJECTIVES: The current study compares the risk of sexual pain in depressed female patients in remission between those who were treated with Escitalopram and Fluoxetine. The associated factors were also examined.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involved 112 depressed female patients (56 treated with Escitalopram and 56 treated with Fluoxetine) who were in remission (as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) in the past 2 months and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of ≤ 10) from the psychiatric clinic, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). They were interviewed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Hypoactive sexual desire was assessed using the Pain subscale of Malay Version of the Female Sexual Function Index (MVFSFI).
RESULTS: The results show that risk of sexual pain was relatively low (16.07% for all patients), with no statistical significant between the two groups (17.86% for fluoxetine group, 14.29% for escitalopram group). Older age (adjusted odds ratio = 1.524, 95% CI = 1.199, 1.938) was the only factor significantly associated with sexual pain disorder.
CONCLUSIONS: There should not be any barrier when continuing the use of escitalopram or fluoxetine as antidepressants amongst the female patients.
KEYWORDS: depression; escitalopram; female; fluoxetine; sexual pain

Study site: Psychiatric clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder
Molecular targets of endothelial phosphatidic acid regulating major depressive disorder

Edwards MJ, Wilson GC, Keitsch S, Soddemann M, Wilker B, Müller CP, et al.

J Neurochem, 2022 Nov;163(4):357-369.
PMID: 36227646 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15708

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe disease of unknown pathogenesis with a lifetime prevalence of ~10%. Therapy requires prolonged treatment that often fails. We have previously demonstrated that ceramide levels in the blood plasma of patients and in mice with experimental MDD are increased. Neutralization of blood plasma ceramide prevented experimental MDD in mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that blood plasma ceramide accumulated in endothelial cells of the hippocampus, inhibited phospholipase D (PLD) and thereby decreased phosphatidic acid in the hippocampus. Here, we demonstrate that phosphatidic acid binds to and controls the activity of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) in the hippocampus and thus determines tyrosine phosphorylation of a variety of cellular proteins including TrkB. Injection of PLD, phosphatidic acid, or inhibition of PTP1B abrogated MDD and normalized cellular tyrosine phosphorylation, including phosphorylation of TrkB and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Most importantly, these treatments also rapidly normalized behavior of mice with experimental MDD. Since phosphatidic acid binds to and inhibits PTP1B, the lack of phosphatidic acid results in increased activity of PTP1B and thereby in reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB and other cellular proteins. Thus, our data indicate a novel pathogenetic mechanism of and a rapidly acting targeted treatment for MDD.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major*
Fulltext Validation of Malay Version of Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale: Comparison between Depressed Patients and Healthy Subjects at an Out-Patient Clinic in Malaysia

Ng CG, Chin SC, Yee AH, Loh HS, Sulaiman AH, Sherianne Sook Kuan W, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2014 May;21(3):62-70.
PMID: 25246837

BACKGROUND: The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) is a self-assessment scale designed to evaluate anhedonia in various psychiatric disorders. In order to facilitate its use in Malaysian settings, our current study aimed to examine the validity of a Malay-translated version of the SHAPS (SHAPS-M).
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 44 depressed patients and 82 healthy subjects were recruited from a university out-patient clinic. All participants were given both the Malay and English versions of the SHAPS, Fawcett-Clark Pleasure Scale (FCPS), General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess their hedonic state, general mental health condition and levels of depression.
RESULTS: The results showed that the SHAPS-M has impressive internal consistency (α = 0.96), concurrent validity and good parallel-form reliability (intraclass coefficient, ICC = 0.65).
CONCLUSION: In addition to demonstrating good psychometric properties, the SHAPS-M is easy to administer. Therefore, it is a valid, reliable, and suitable questionnaire for assessing anhedonia among depressed patients in Malaysia.
KEYWORDS: Malaysia; anhedonia; depression; neuroscience; pleasure; psychiatry; psychology; validation
Study site: Psychiatric clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder*
Fulltext Relationship among depression, self-efficacy, and quality of life among students in medical and allied health sciences

Firdaus Mukhtar, Hairul Anuar Hashim

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(2):51-58.
MyJurnal

Introduction: This study examined a cognitive model of depression among undergraduate students of
medical and allied health sciences. Methods: Participants (N = 279) completed a series of questionnaires related to depression (Beck Depression Inventory-Malay), negative cognitions (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Malay), dysfunctional attitude (Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-Malay), stressful life events (Life Events Survey), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy) and quality of life (WHO Quality of Life- BREF). Results: Results of descriptive analysis revealed a higher percentage of severe depression among males when compared to female students. Results of structural equation modeling indicated an adequate fit of the model ( 2= 21.29, df = 15, p > .13; GFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.97; RMSEA = .04).
Conclusion: The findings also indicated the potential roles of self-efficacy in mediating depression.
The results are discussed in terms of self-regulating strategies of managing depression and the roles that university authorities may play in helping students to regulate depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major
Psychological symptoms among healthcare workers handling COVID-19 patients

Sim SK, Lau BL, Zaila SR, Hazira N, Aniqah NM, Panicker J, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2021 03;76(2):138-144.
PMID: 33742619

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers serve as the frontliners against the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) and this puts them most at risk of infection as they attend to numerous patients with unknown status. This study aimed to examine stress, anxiety, and depression among healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients in Sarawak General Hospital (SGH), Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study conducted in SGH during the pandemic with an online self-administered questionnaire composed of two parts, the socio-demographic characteristics, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS).
RESULTS: A total of 105 healthcare workers responded to this study. A questionnaire in both Bahasa Melayu and English was used. The findings showed that all healthcare workers had mild anxiety, with the majority experiencing mild stress (57.1%), and almost half of the respondents experiencing mild depression (41%). Female subjects had a significant higher mean score in anxiety level and stress level compared to male subjects (10.0±3.20 vs. 8.6±2.93, p<0.05; 14.1±4.76 vs. 10.7±3.70, p<0.05, respectively). Staff who were transferred from other units to handle COVID-19 cases experienced more psychological symptoms. There were significant correlations between the depression, anxiety and stress levels among the healthcare workers and the number of children they had (r=0.739, p=0.001; r=0.642, p=0.001; r=1, p =0.001 respectively). However, the stress level among the healthcare workers was reversely correlated with their years of working experience (r=-0.199, p=0.042).
CONCLUSION: This study identified some socio-demographic factors associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression among the healthcare workers during pandemic, which may lay ground for future interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder
Fulltext Anxiety and Depression among Patients Before and After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) at National Heart Institute (NHI)

Ho, Siew Eng, Syed Zulkifli Syed, Lexshimi RG, Raja, Hamidah Hassan, Letchmi, Santhna, Teoh, Koi Hong, et al.

Medicine & Health, 2007;2(1):26-33.
MyJurnal

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an invasive diagnostic investigation that may result in high level of anxiety and “fear of the unknown” among cardiac patients. An increment in anxiety among PCI patients will augment the level of stress and this extreme stress level will then aggravate depression. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of anxiety and depression before and after PCI. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. It measured two elements, namely, the anxiety and depression levels of patients before and after PCI. This study was conducted in the cardiology wards Anggerik and Dahlia, and Day Care of the National Heart Institute, from January to February 2006. A sample of 61 patients before and after PCI who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited in this study. Of these, 40 and 38 patients before and after PCI respectively, had low anxiety levels; while, 47 and 46 patients before and after PCI respectively, had low depression levels. Anxiety and depression levels before and after PCI were not significantly correlated to socio demographic status. However, a significant correlation (p

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder
Depression risks in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a cross-cultural comparison of Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand

Osada H, Coelho de Amorim A, Velosa A, Wan WP, Lotrakul P, Hara H

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 2013 Jun;59(4):398-400.
PMID: 22408120 DOI: 10.1177/0020764012438477

Compared with US or European countries, there are fewer mental health services for mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Latin American and/or Southeast Asian countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/epidemiology*; Depressive Disorder/psychology*
Which somatic symptoms are associated with an unfavorable course in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder?

Novick D, Montgomery WS, Aguado J, Peng X, Brugnoli R, Haro JM

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2015 Dec;7(4):427-35.
PMID: 26047023 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12189

This was an analysis of the impact of somatic symptoms on the severity and course of depression in Chinese patients treated for an acute episode of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology*; Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy
Moderating effect of intrinsic religiosity on the relationship between depression and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults

Foong HF, Hamid TA, Ibrahim R, Haron SA

Aging Ment Health, 2018 04;22(4):483-488.
PMID: 28060527 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1274376

OBJECTIVES: Research has found that depression in later life is associated with cognitive impairment. Thus, the mechanism to reduce the effect of depression on cognitive function is warranted. In this paper, we intend to examine whether intrinsic religiosity mediates the association between depression and cognitive function.
METHOD: The study included 2322 nationally representative community-dwelling elderly in Malaysia, randomly selected through a multi-stage proportional cluster random sampling from Peninsular Malaysia. The elderly were surveyed on socio-demographic information, cognitive function, depression and intrinsic religiosity. A four-step moderated hierarchical regression analysis was employed to test the moderating effect. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 15.0).
RESULTS: Bivariate analyses showed that both depression and intrinsic religiosity had significant relationships with cognitive function. In addition, four-step moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the intrinsic religiosity moderated the association between depression and cognitive function, after controlling for selected socio-demographic characteristics.
CONCLUSION: Intrinsic religiosity might reduce the negative effect of depression on cognitive function. Professionals who are working with depressed older adults should seek ways to improve their intrinsic religiosity as one of the strategies to prevent cognitive impairment.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder/epidemiology*
Fulltext Mania secondary to hyponatremia in elderly patient: a case report

Saifuddin, T.M., Harun, N.A.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;26(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Manic symptoms secondary to hyponatremia is rare or might be underreported.
Awareness of this phenomenon is important for therapeutic
considerations of patients. We present a case of late onset mania in an elderly
gentleman who was previously diagnosed to have Major Depressive Disorder.
His manic symptoms improved without medication after sodium level was
corrected.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major
Fulltext Health-related quality of life of patients with chronic depression in Malaysia

Jacob, S.A., Ab Rahman, A.F., Hasali, M.A.A.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;23(1):57-67.
MyJurnal

Objective: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with chronic depression. Methods: The study involved patients with chronic depression being followed-up at an outpatient clinic at a local hospital in Malaysia. HRQOL was assessed using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS); while symptom severity was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Results: 104 patients of Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups met the selection criteria. Mean total SDS and MADRS scores was 9.36 ± 7.92 and 13.99 ± 11.58 respectively. There were no significant differences of HRQOL scores between the different ethnicities and between males and females. Symptom severity significantly influenced total and component HRQOL scores. Conclusions: The HRQOL of patients with chronic depression was found to be significantly influenced by symptom severity. Data obtained in this study can be used in the design and implementation of therapeutic and preventive interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder

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