METHODS: Anopheles immature stages were collected from their habitats in the surveyed community and allowed to emerge before exposure adult females to discriminating doses of WHO insecticides including DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, bendiocarb and malathion. PBO synergistic bioassay was conducted for insecticides where the mosquito samples showed resistance. PCR assay was used for the detection of kdr mutation in the mosquitoes.
RESULTS: Resistance to DDT (40% and 86%) and lambda cyhalothrin (75% and 84%) in Oke-Ota and Majidun respectively. Suspected resistance to deltamethrin (94.9%) and bendiocarb (93.5%) was recorded in Oke-Ota community and the mosquitoes were susceptible to malathion in both communities. KDR mutation (L1014F) from resistance samples from both locations though with a low frequency that significantly departs from Hardy-Weinberg's probability (P> 0.01). PBO synergized bioassay was able to increase knockdown, percentage mortality and restore full susceptibility to deltamethrin and bendiocarb.
CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicates that the metabolic resistance mechanism is highly implicated in the resistance to different classes of insecticide in Ikorodu and this should be taken into consideration when implementing vector control activities in this area.
Aim: To evaluate parameters of the proximal tibia geometry amongst the Igbos of South Eastern Nigeria and discuss the clinical implications in total knee replacement.
Methods: The proximal tibia parameters of 558 adult tibiae bones, 300 right-sided and 258 left-sided, collected from the osteological unit of the department of anatomy University of Nigeria Enugu campus were measured using a Venier calipers.
Results: The values of the determined parameters are as follows: anterior posterior dimension (APD): 5.50 cm, medial lateral dimension (MLD):7.53 ± 5.56 cm, proximal length (PL): 7.32 ± 0.67 cm, proximal width (PW) CM: 4.10 ± 0.30 cm, medial tibia posterior slope (MTPS):11.36 ± 4.15° and lateral tibia posterior slope (LTPS):5.65 ± 2.72°. The correlation test between these parameters of the proximal tibia shows a strong significant correlation between LPTS and MPTS (r =0.814, P < .001). The comparison of the means of the MPTS of both sides using independent samples t test shows a mean difference that is not significant (p =0.628). A comparison of the values with other populations shows significant mean difference for MLD with that of Chinese and American populations (p < .05). The mean difference between the APD of this study and the Chinese is significant (p =0.007). A comparison of MPTS and LPTS for Malaysian, Chinese, and white Americans shows a significance difference for all the three populations (p
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immune-hematological profiles among HIV infected patients compared to HIV/malaria co-infected for ART management improvement.
METHODS: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Infectious Disease Hospital, Kano. A total of 761 consenting adults attending ART clinic were randomly selected and recruited between June and December 2015. Participants' characteristics and clinical details including two previous CD4 counts were collected. Venous blood sample (4ml) was collected in EDTA tube for malaria parasite diagnosis by rapid test and confirmed with microscopy. Hematological profiles were analyzed by Sysmex XP-300 and CD4 count by Cyflow cytometry. Data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 using Chi-Square test for association between HIV/malaria parasites co-infection with age groups, gender, ART, cotrimoxazole and usage of treated bed nets. Mean hematological profiles by HIV/malaria co-infection and HIV only were compared using independent t-test and mean CD4 count tested by mixed design repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significant difference at probability of <0.05 was considered for all variables.
RESULTS: Of the 761 HIV infected, 64% were females, with a mean age of ± (SD) 37.30 (10.4) years. Prevalence of HIV/malaria co-infection was 27.7% with Plasmodium falciparum specie accounting for 99.1%. No statistical significant difference was observed between HIV/malaria co-infection in association to age (p = 0.498) and gender (p = 0.789). A significantly (p = 0.026) higher prevalence (35.2%) of co-infection was observed among non-ART patients compared to (26%) ART patients. Prevalence of co-infection was significantly lower (20.0%) among cotrimoxazole users compared to those not on cotrimoxazole (37%). The same significantly lower co-infection prevalence (22.5%) was observed among treated bed net users compared to those not using treated bed nets (42.9%) (p = 0.001). Out of 16 hematology profiles evaluated, six showed significant difference between the two groups (i) packed cell volume (p = <0.001), (ii) mean cell volume (p = 0.005), (iii) mean cell hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.011), (iv) absolute lymphocyte count (p = 0.022), (v) neutrophil percentage count (p = 0.020) and (vi) platelets distribution width (p = <0.001). Current mean CD4 count cell/μl (349±12) was significantly higher in HIV infected only compared to co-infected (306±17), (p = 0.035). A significantly lower mean CD4 count (234.6 ± 6.9) was observed among respondents on ART compared to non-ART (372.5 ± 13.2), p<0.001, mean difference = -137.9).
CONCLUSION: The study revealed a high burden of HIV and malaria co-infection among the studied population. Co-infection was significantly lower among patients who use treated bed nets as well as cotrimoxazole chemotherapy and ART. Six hematological indices differed significantly between the two groups. Malaria and HIV co-infection significantly reduces CD4 count. In general, to achieve better management of all HIV patients in this setting, diagnosing malaria, prompt antiretroviral therapy, monitoring CD4 and some hematology indices on regular basis is critical.
Methods: For quantitative data collection, the random, purposive, and convenient sampling techniques were used and 156 respondents selected from relevant organizations operating in Bauchi state, Nigeria, and 15 respondents for Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). A Semi-structured questionnaire was the study instrument, and consent from the participants as well as ethical clearances were duly obtained.
Results: The study revealed that 87.8% of the respondents indicate un-friendly operational policies, while 88.9% of them identified lack of resources (human, money and machineries) as impediments to project sustainability. Also, 74.3% of the respondents said partnership among key stakeholders and 86.6% of them affirmed that community participation and use of available (local) resources ensure health project sustainability. The study further revealed that CSOs fund health projects, support government efforts and encourage development of project sustainability road map in the state.
Conclusion: Hence, health project sustainability plan should form part of a project right from inception through the donor period and thereafter. In addition to the above, internal income framework, community involvement, enabling policies and partnership among stakeholders, especially with the host government, should always guide project implementation, because without these in place, project sustainability will remain a mirage.