Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 183 in total

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  1. Fulltext The Effectiveness of an Empowerment Education Intervention for Substance Use Reduction among Inner-City Adolescents in Nigeria
    Ojonuba HS, Abdul Rahman H, Zaremohzzabieh Z, Mohd Zulkefli NA
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023 Feb 20;20(4).
    PMID: 36834427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043731
    (1) Background: Substance use among inner-city adolescents is at an alarming rate in Nigeria. Despite their high exposure to this risk, limited experimental tests have been conducted on prevention programs. (2) Methods: This study investigates the effectiveness of an empowerment education intervention in reducing the risk of substance use in Abuja's inner-city adolescents. Random selection placed adolescents into intervention and control conditions, and assessment was conducted at baseline, post-test, and 3-months follow-up intervention. After pre-test, the intervention group engaged in an empowerment education intervention of 11 sessions. (3) Results: In a post-test of three months, results show significant and positive changes among adolescents in substance use, including a notable reduction in positive attitudes toward drugs. In other words, the results showed adolescents reported less depression and substance use as well as higher peer support, parental support, social competence, and self-esteem at post-test and 3-month follow-ups as compared to the pre-intervention period. In addition, at both post-test and the 3-month follow-up, the intervention group performed better than the control group on peer support, parental support, social competence, and self-esteem. (4) Conclusions: This study presents a new indication that the empowerment education intervention effectively reduces substance use among Nigeria's inner-city adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  2. Fulltext Reliability and factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire-12 among university students
    Normala Ibrahim, Zubaidah Jamil Osman, Khin Ohmar Naing Noor Jan, Siti Irma Fadhilah Ismail, Phang Cheng Kar, Firdaus Mukhtar, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(2):53-60.
    MyJurnal
    The 12- item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has been translated into many languages and widely used in different settings and countries. Its reliability and psychometric properties were extensively studied in many population groups which suggested that it measures psychological distress in multidimensional construct. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and factor structure of the Bahasa Malaysia version of the GHQ-12 among university students attending a health program at a Malaysian public university. Method: The cross sectional survey was conducted on 306 undergraduate students aged between 18 to 27 years old who visited the booth set up for mental health screening at a health program. The screening was conducted using a self-administered, validated Bahasa Malaysia version of GHQ-12 questionnaire. Results: Using exploratory factor analysis, the Bahasa Malaysia version of GHQ-12 was found to have a three factor structures namely depressive symptoms, self-esteem and perceived abilities which accounted for 58% of the item variance. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be high (0.84) with each factor having acceptable inter-item consistency ranging from 0.61 to 0.82. Conclusion: The findings of the study show that the Bahasa Malaysia version GHQ-12 is reliable and has good structural characteristics. It can assess a few domains of the psychological status of university students. It also helps in providing more information
    on the domain which may become a focus target of intervention in the prevention of mental illness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  3. Fulltext Self-esteem and overvveight among malay adolescents in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
    Norhayati, M.N., Zulkifli, A., Naing, L., Rohana, J., Jamil, B.Y.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2006;6(2):13-19.
    MyJurnal
    Overweight during adolescence has many psychological consequences and low self·esteem is the immediate detrimental effect observed. Adolescents with low self»esteem are at risk for many emotional and behavioural disorders while high self-esteem adolescents experience an incremental improvement in their quality of life. The objective of this study was to compare seh'-esteem between overweight and non-overweight Malay adolescents in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January to ]une 2005 among 1364 students selected from ten co-educational government secondary schools in Kota Bharu using stratified multistage cluster sampling. A set of guided self-administered questionnaire which included a Malaysian version of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Body Mass Index measurement was used. Data was entered using SPSS 12.0 and analysed using STATA 8. O. The prevalence of overweight among secondary school students in Kota Bharu was 12.5% and there was no significant difference in self-esteem between overweight and non-overweight students. However, the findings may not be generalized to out-of-school youth and other ethnic groups in this country. Infomation on other modifers, such as parental acceptance or lack of concern regarding the child’ obesity was not elicited in this study. It is an important protective factor for self-esteem and need to be included in future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  4. Empowering Malaysian dentists to tobacco dependence treatment conduct
    Nordin AS, Kadir RA, Yahya NA, Zakaria H, Rashid RA, Habil MH
    Int Dent J, 2014 Aug;64(4):206-12.
    PMID: 24835463 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12110
    As a signatory to the World Health Organisation 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Malaysia has policies in place and funded 300 public Quit clinics. Unfortunately, government dentists are not included to run tobacco dependence treatment. A cross-sectional exploratory survey was carried out to seek Malaysian dentists' opinion on their knowledge, perception and willingness to conduct tobacco dependence treatment. Participation was voluntary from those who attended a specially designed one-day, four-module workshop on tobacco cessation intervention. Data were collected using the Audience-Response-System equipment which tracked immediate responses covering four domains namely: smoking as a public health problem, smoking as an addiction, the role of dentists in the programme and confidence in conducting smoking cessation in the clinic. Sample comprised more female dentists (73.5%), mean age 33.6 (SD 8.99) years and with more than 3 years working experience. Findings indicated that the majority agreed Malaysia has a rising problem in the prevalence of smoking (71.6%) and predicted that it will affect mostly the young (81.9%). Only half of the dentists surveyed (58.9%) routinely recorded their patients' smoking habits. The majority (71.6%) believed that dentists are effective in helping their patient to stop smoking and 76.3% agreed that dentists should discuss the smoking habit with their patients; however, 60% agreed that doing so is too time consuming. In addition, only 24.7% knew of more ways to treat a smoking habit. The majority felt comfortable giving advice to patients about changing their habits (76.5%) or discussing treatment options (60.5%): 75% would opt for a combined programme of counselling and use of medication if they have to do, 15% would choose to go on counselling only, while 8% did not want to treat. In conclusion, the findings suggest that dentists have a strong potential to contribute significantly to providing smoking cessation treatment if adequately trained.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  5. University of Malaya dental students' attitudes towards communication skills learning: implications for dental education
    Nor NA, Yusof ZY, Shahidan MN
    J Dent Educ, 2011 Dec;75(12):1611-9.
    PMID: 22184601
    The Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia has called for the implementation of a soft skills module in all public universities in Malaysia. In response to this and as part of curriculum development efforts for a new integrated program for 2011, a study was undertaken to improve the University of Malaya (UM) Faculty of Dentistry's communication skills course. One of the study objectives was to investigate dental students' attitudes towards communication skills learning and the association between their attitudes and demographic and education-related characteristics. A cross-sectional survey--using a self-administered twenty-four-item adapted Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) that contained both positive (PAS) and negative (NAS) attitude subscales--was carried out targeting all final-year dental students at the UM and the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). A total of 148 students completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 88.1 percent. Overall, UKM students had significantly more positive attitudes towards communication skills learning (PAS score: mean=48.69, SD=4.48, p<0.001) than UM students (mean=46.03, SD=4.22). There was no statistically significant difference in negative attitudes between the two groups. UKM students with more positive attitudes tended to be female (p<0.05). UM students with more negative attitudes perceived themselves as poor communicators (p<0.05), and UKM students with more negative attitudes tended to have poor English proficiency (p<0.05). This study found that both UM and UKM final-year dental students have positive and negative attitudes towards learning communication skills. These attitudes were significantly associated with certain background and education-related attributes. Outcomes of this study served as a valuable guide in strengthening the communication skills course for the UM's new, integrated dental curriculum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  6. Fulltext Physical activity and health related quality of life among non-academic staff of a university
    Nor Azwani Mohamed, Nor Syamimi Omar, Siti Nor Ismalina Isa, Rituparna Ghoshal, Mohd Zul Amin Kamaruddin, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2015;13(2):69-75.
    MyJurnal
    Literature data on association between physical activity (PA) and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in non-clinical
    adults population are still limited. Thereby, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between PA and
    HRQoL among the non-academic staff serving the Faculty of Health Sciences (FSK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),
    Kuala Lumpur (KL). In this cross sectional study, 105 non-academic staffs aged between 18 to 60 years were recruited.
    Self-administered questionnaires (Malay version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and World Health
    Organisation Quality of Life-Brief Version) were administered among the participants. Mann Whitney test and Spearman’s
    rho correlation were employed for the statistical analysis using SPSS version 22.0 Majority of participants (72.4%)
    demonstrated high PA scores of ≥ 3000 MET-minutes/week. PA scores between genders was not statistically significant
    (p = 0.137). However, total PA score of support staffs (median = 9039.0, IQR = 15811.00) was significantly higher compared
    to staffs in management and professional group (median = 4329.0, IQR = 4189.00). The mean(SD) self-perceived HRQoL
    score was 3.4 (0.76). There were no significant correlation between PA and all domains of HRQoL such as physical health,
    psychological, social relationship and environmental domains (Correlation coefficient, ρ = -0.108, 0.003, -0.023, 0.026
    respectively) with p = 0.273, 0.978, 0.818, 0.794 respectively. Majority of non-academic staffs of FSK, UKM engaged in
    high physical activity. The PA levels of support staffs were significantly higher than management and professional staffs.
    However, there was no statistically significant correlation observed between PA and domains of HRQoL.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  7. Fulltext Body weight satisfaction: association with weight control practices among type 2 diabetic patients
    Noor SZ, Lua PL, Nik MM
    Malays J Nutr, 2011 Apr;17(1):55-66.
    PMID: 22135865 MyJurnal
    The recommendation to lose weight has been the guiding principle in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. However, to facilitate this process, it is vital to understand factors associated with personal feelings about body weight and related behaviour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
  8. Perceived health status and daily activity participation of older Malaysians
    Ng ST, Tengku-Aizan H, Tey NP
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2011 Jul;23(4):470-84.
    PMID: 20685663 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510374751
    This article investigates the influence of perceived health status on the daily activity participation of older Malaysians. Data from the Survey on Perceptions of Needs and Problems of the Elderly, which was conducted in 1999, were used. The negative binomial regression results show that older persons with good perceived health status reported more varieties of daily activity participation, especially among the uneducated and those with below-average self-esteem. The multinomial logistic regression model suggests that older persons with good perceived health status tended to engage daily in paid work only or with leisure activities, whereas those perceived to have poor health were more likely to engage in leisure activities only or leisure and family role activities. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle at a younger age encourages every person to monitor and take responsibility for their own health, which is a necessary strategy to ensure active participation at an older age, and thus improve their well-being.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  9. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale among adults in Hong Kong
    Ng SK, Barron D, Swami V
    Body Image, 2015 Mar;13:1-8.
    PMID: 25523745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.009
    Previous research has suggested that the factor structure of Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), a widely-used measure of positive body image, may not be cross-culturally equivalent. Here, we used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the conceptual equivalence of a Chinese (Cantonese) translation of the BAS among women (n=1319) and men (n=1084) in Hong Kong. Results showed that neither the one-dimensional nor proposed two-dimensional factor structures had adequate fit. Instead, a modified two-dimensional structure, which retained 9 of the 13 BAS items in two factors, had the best fit. However, only one of these factors, reflective of General Body Appreciation, had adequate internal consistency. This factor also had good patterns of construct validity, as indicated through significant correlations with participant body mass index, self-esteem, and (among women) actual-ideal weight discrepancy. The present results suggest that there may be cultural differences in the concept and experience of body appreciation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
  10. Association of co-occurring psychosocial health conditions and HIV infection among MSM in Malaysia: Implication of a syndemic effect
    Ng RX, Guadamuz TE, Akbar M, Kamarulzaman A, Lim SH
    Int J STD AIDS, 2020 05;31(6):568-578.
    PMID: 32299293 DOI: 10.1177/0956462420913444
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  11. Fulltext Health as a domain of family well-being
    Narimah Awin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):1-1.
    MyJurnal
    The keynote addresses the topic of “Health as a domain of family well-being” to provide an overarching perspective to the conference’s theme, “Health intervention towards community wellness”. “Well-being” is taken as the big-ger focus of living a healthy life, and “health” as one of several domains towards achieving well-being. The WHO definition (1948) links health explicitly to well-being. Well-being can be viewed from 2 perspectives (i) Objective well-being (basic human needs, e.g. food, shelter, health). (ii) Subjective well-being, (self-perception of well-being, e.g. satisfaction with life). The National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), Malaysia, conducts surveys to measure the Family Well-being Index. In this index, family well-being has eight domains: health, family relationships, economy, family and community, safety, housing and environment, religion/spirituality, and use of communication technology. The health domain measures health level, health practice and stress management. Two surveys have been conducted, i.e. in 2011 and 2016, and the third one is currently ongoing. The Family Well-being Index is a figure between 0 and 10. In 2011, the national Family Well-being Index was 7.55, and in 2016 it was 7.33. Both scores were in the range of moderate level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  12. Fulltext SELF – ESTEEM AND PERFECTIONISM AS PREDICTORS OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    NIK RUSELINDA YUSOFF, MADIHAH SHUKRI
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(4):115-122.
    MyJurnal
    This study examined the predictive effect of self – esteem and perfectionism on eating disorders among university students. A total of 327 respondents (15.4% male and 84.6% female) participated in this research, recruited using simple random sampling method. Self – esteem was measured using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, perfectionism was measured using Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and eating disorder was measured using Eating Attitudes Test. There was a significant gender difference in eating disorders, t(376) = -2.909, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  13. Fulltext Self-perception and quality of life among overweight and obese rural housewives in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Muda WA, Kuate D, Jalil RA, Nik WS, Awang SA
    Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2015;13:19.
    PMID: 25879187 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0210-z
    Obesity, in the past was perceived to be the problem of the rich, but recent studies have reported that the problem of obesity is a worldwide problem and rural population is no less affected. Self-perceived health and weight appropriateness is an important component of weight-loss and eating behaviors and may be mediated by local, social and cultural patterning. In addition to the quality of life assessment, it should therefore be an important focal point for the design and implementation of clinical and public health policies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
  14. A novel antidoping and medical care delivery model at the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games (2014), Nanjing China
    Mountjoy M, Akef N, Budgett R, Greinig S, Li G, Manikavasagam J, et al.
    Br J Sports Med, 2015 Jul;49(13):887-92.
    PMID: 25833900 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094424
    Antidoping and medical care delivery programmes are required at all large international multisport events.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  15. Fulltext Effectiveness of chemotherapy counselling on self-esteem and psychological affects among cancer patients in Malaysia: Randomized controlled trial
    Mohd-Sidik S, Akhtari-Zavare M, Periasamy U, Rampal L, Fadhilah SI, Mahmud R
    Patient Educ Couns, 2018 05;101(5):862-871.
    PMID: 29336859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.01.004
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate the outcomes of chemotherapy counselling based on the "Managing Patients on Chemotherapy" module on self-esteem and psychological affect (anxiety, depression) of cancer patients by pharmacists in ten selected government hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.

    METHODS: A randomized control trial was conducted among 2120 cancer patients from April 2016 to January 2017 in ten selected government hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia. Cancer patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received chemotherapy counselling by pharmacists based on the "Managing Patients on Chemotherapy" module. The outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-ups after counselling. In the course of data analysis; independent sample t-test, chi-square and two-way repeated measures ANOVA were conducted.

    RESULTS: Mean scores of self-esteem in the intervention group had significant difference in comparison with those of the control group in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-ups after counselling (P self-esteem and psychological affect of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Peninsular Malaysia.

    PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This module can be used for all Malaysian cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy to improving self-esteem and psychological affect.

    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  16. Fulltext Self-esteem and its associated factors among secondary school students in Klang District, Selangor
    Mohd Sidik S, Rampal L, Loh JW, Chan CL, Teh PC, Tan PO
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Mar;63(1):26-30.
    PMID: 18935727
    Self-esteem is an important determinant of psychological well-being that is particularly problematic during adolescent life stage. There is a correlation between low self-esteem and other social problems among today's adolescents. This study was conducted to determine the mean self-esteem score, and to determine the association between self-esteem and age, sex, race, religion, number of siblings, ranking among siblings, family function, parental marital status and smoking among adolescents aged 12 to 20-years-old. A cross sectional study design using random cluster sampling method was done. Four out of a total of 35 secondary schools in Klang District, Selangor were selected. Respondents consisted of individual students in selected classes from the four selected schools. Data was collected using a self-administered, structured, pre-tested questionnaire and was analyzed using the SPSS version 12.0. Out of 1089 respondents, 793 completed the questionnaire (response rate 73.82%). The overall mean self-esteem score was 27.65. The mean self-esteem score for males (27.99) was slightly higher than females (27.31). The differences in the mean scores by race were statistically significant. There was a statistically significant relationship between mean self-esteem scores and sex, age, race, religion, number of siblings, smoking and family function. There was no statistically significant difference between mean self-esteem score with parental marital status and with ranking among siblings. The overall mean self-esteem score was 27.65. Self-esteem was associated with sex, age, race, religion, number of siblings, smoking and family function.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
  17. Emotional Health and Self-esteem Among Adolescents in Malaysian Orphanages
    Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Kadir Shahar H, Ismail S
    Community Ment Health J, 2018 01;54(1):117-125.
    PMID: 28315972 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0128-5
    This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, stress and low self-esteem among institutional Malaysian adolescents. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 287 adolescents aged 12-18 years living in six selected orphan homes. Study's instruments included Socio-demographic questionnaire, validated Malay version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The findings revealed that 85.2, 80.1 and 84.7% of participants had depression, anxiety and stress respectively. Females were more likely to be depressed. Furthermore, anxiety was significantly associated with race and age but no significant associations between stress and the demographic factors were found. The study also showed that 70.8% of males and 69.2% of females had low self-esteem and the self-esteem was associated with depression, anxiety and stress.Therefore, mental health problems are very common among adolescents in Malaysian orphanages. Results reveal the urgency of immediate actions to reduce the mental health problems among Malaysian institutional adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept*
  18. Fulltext Improving emotional health and self-esteem of Malaysian adolescents living in orphanages through Life Skills Education program: A multi-centre randomized control trial
    Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Ismail S, Kadir Shahar H
    PLoS One, 2019;14(12):e0226333.
    PMID: 31877163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226333
    Generally speaking, institutionalised children and adolescents are at greatly increased risk of serious mental and behavioural problems, up to seven times more than their peers. Life skills- based interventions using peer enforcement have been introduced as effective program to improve adolescents' emotional and behavioral health. Therefore, the current randomized control study aimed to determine, if a life skills-based intervention could improve the emotional health and self-esteem among Malaysian adolescents in orphanages. Overall, 271 male and female adolescents (13-18 years old) from 8 orphanages in Klang valley, Malaysia participated in the study. Comparing the intervention to control group within 3 points of time, the finding of the study showed that immediately after finishing the interventional sessions (post-test), the mean scores of depression (F = 33.80, P<0.001, η2 = 0.11), anxiety (F = 6.28, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.02), stress (F = 32.05, P<0.001, η2 = 0.11) and self-esteem (F = 54.68, P<0.001, η2 = 0.17) were significantly decreased compared to the pre-test values. However, there was no significant difference between two groups in the depression mean scores (F = 2.33, P = 0.13). Regarding to the interaction between group and test a significant change was seen in the mean score of all 4 variables including depression (F = 31.04, P<0.001, η2 = 0.10), anxiety (F = 14.21, P<0.001, η2 = 0.05), stress (F = 15.67, P<0.001, η2 = 0.06) and self-esteem (F = 13.29, P<0.001, η2 = 0.05). Furthermore, except depression (Δmean = -1.37, P<0.001), no significant difference was seen between study variables' mean scores between post- and follow-up test (p>0.001). These results provide preliminary approve for LSE to enhance emotional health and self-esteem in orphanages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  19. Kesan kelompok bimbingan ke atas konsep kendiri, penilaian konsep kendiri-rakan sebaya, daya tahan dan kelangsangan remaja pertengahan yang sederhana rendah konsep kendiri
    Mohammad Aziz Shah MA, Yusooff F
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2010;olume 24:31-47.
    The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the effectiveness of smalla dn big group guidance on the self-concept of the adolescence, using cognitive behaviour therapy and multidimentional self-concept model. The effectiveness of this interventions is measured by looking at the improvement of self concept and the evaluation of self concept by peer group, resiliency and decrease of aggressiveness in the experiment group. This research was carried out among the form four student of two secondary schools in Selangor. The measurement used in this study are questionnaire about personal information, Multi dimentional self concept scale. resiliency scale and aggressiveness scale. A total of 104 subject were selected for this research and they were divided into two groups: controlled and experimental group. The subject in experimental group are given about eight sessions of group guidance within eight weeks. The data were analysed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, MANCOVA and post hoc test. The result showed that the treatment used in the intervention were effective in improving the self concept and the evaluation of the self concept. The finding implies that the small and big group guidance using cognitive behaviour therapy and multi dimentional self concept model has an effect on the self concept of the student.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
  20. Analysis of factors associated with seatbelt wearing among rear passengers in Malaysia
    Mohamed N, Mohd Yusoff MF, Isah N, Othman I, Syed Rahim SA, Paiman N
    Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2011 Mar;18(1):3-10.
    PMID: 20496187 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2010.487153
    A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 793 rear passengers in Malaysia. Logistic regression was performed to analyse the association of rear seatbelt wearing with 12 independent variables. Seven factors were significantly associated with rear seatbelt wearing. Experience of being stopped by an enforcement officer for not wearing rear seatbelt yielded the highest odds ratio 2.3 (p = 0.002) followed by self-consciousness (odds ratio 1.7; p = 0.004), attitude (odds ratio 1.5, p = 0.001), and knowledge (odds ratio 1.4, p = 0.004). Age of participants and their perception of being caught by an enforcement officer were also significantly associated with rear seatbelt wearing, odds ratios were 1.03 (p = 0.004) and 1.1 (p = 0.004), respectively. In contrast, level of education was negatively associated with rear seatbelt wearing (odds ratio 0.59, p = 0.003). It was concluded that enforcement activities, knowledge and attitude on seatbelt wearing play a very important role in improving the rate of rear seatbelt wearing. Thus, efforts to increase these factors should be the special focus in designing education and social marketing activities to advocate rear seatbelt wearing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Self Concept
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