MyMedR

Genetic variation among Malaysian isolates of Salmonella typhi as detected by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns

Pang T, Altwegg M, Martinetti G, Koh CL, Puthucheary S

Microbiol. Immunol., 1992;36(5):539-43.

Genetic variation among Malaysian isolates of Salmonella typhi was determined by analysis of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns. Of the 20 isolates analyzed, eight different pattern combinations were detected. The amount of variation observed was also dependent upon the restriction endonuclease used; PstI produced more different patterns than did SmaI. The results suggested that disease activity was due to a number of different clones circulating simultaneously rather than a single strain. Further implications of the data are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/microbiology

Typhoid fever--important issues still remain

Pang T, Levine MM, Ivanoff B, Wain J, Finlay BB

Trends Microbiol., 1998 Apr;6(4):131-3.

PMID: 9587187

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/prevention & control

Significance and value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area

Pang T, Puthucheary SD

J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr;36(4):471-5.

PMID: 6833514

The diagnostic value of the Widal test was assessed in an endemic area. The test was done on 300 normal individuals, 297 non-typhoidal fevers and 275 bacteriologically proven cases of typhoid. Of 300 normal individuals, 2% had an H agglutinin titre of 1/160 and 5% had an O agglutinin titre of 1/160. On the basis of these criteria a significant H and/or O agglutinin titre of 1/320 or more was observed in 93-97% of typhoid cases and in only 3% of patients with non-typhoidal fever. Of the sera from typhoid cases which gave a significant Widal reaction, the majority (79.9%) showed increases in both H and O agglutinins and 51 of 234 (21.8%) of these sera were collected in the first week of illness. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*; Typhoid Fever/immunology

Fulltext Haemophagocytosis in typhoid fever

Ramanathan M, Karim N

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):240-3.

PMID: 8350805

This report deals with a young man who developed features of haemophogocytosis during the course of typhoid fever. The pertinent clinical and laboratory features of typhoid-associated haemophagocytosis are discussed. The need for blood component replacement therapy in addition to specific anti-microbials to treat haemophagocytosis complicating typhoid fever is stressed.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis

Fulltext Unusual hepatic manifestations in typhoid fever

Ramanathan M

Singapore Med J, 1991 Oct;32(5):335-7.

PMID: 1788579

This paper deals with two patients with typhoid fever in whom hepatic manifestations were the dominant and presenting features of the illness. The ability of typhoid hepatitis to simulate other common infectious diseases in this region is highlighted. It is recommended that typhoid hepatitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever and jaundice particularly in the tropics.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*

Extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan

Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Babar ZU, Ahmed SI

Lancet Infect Dis, 2019 03;19(3):242-243.

PMID: 30833059 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30051-9

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Criteria for confirming typhoid fever

Ross I, Abraham T

Med J Malaysia, 1986 Mar;41(1):51-2.

PMID: 3796350

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*

Predicting enteric fever without bacteriological culture results

Ross IN, Abraham T

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987;81(3):374-7.

PMID: 3686631

We used Bayes' theorem to calculate the probability of enteric fever in 260 patients presenting with undiagnosed fever, without recourse to blood or stool culture results. These individuals were divided into 110 patients with enteric fever (63 culture positive, 47 culture negative) and 150 patients with other causes of fever. Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of 19 clinical and laboratory events, said to be helpful in the diagnosis of enteric fever, in the two groups revealed that only 8 events were significantly more frequent in enteric fever. These were: a positive Widal test at a screening dilution of 1:40; a peak temperature greater than = 39 degrees C; previous treatment for the fever; a white blood cell count less than 9 X 10(6)/litre; a polymorphonuclear leucocyte count less than 3.5 X 10(6)/litre; splenomegaly; fever duration greater than 7 d; and hepatomegaly. When the probability of enteric fever was determined prospectively in 110 patients, using only 6 of these discriminating events, the probability of patients with a positive prediction having enteric fever (diagnostic specificity) was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.91) and the probability of those with a negative prediction not having enteric fever (diagnostic sensitivity) was 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99). Using all 19 events did not alter the diagnostic specificity or diagnostic sensitivity. This study shows that a small number of clinical and laboratory features can objectively discriminate enteric fever from other causes of fever in the majority of patients. Calculating the probability of enteric fever can aid in diagnosis, when culturing for salmonella is either unavailable or is negative.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*

Travellers take heed: Outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid fever in Pakistan and a warning from the US CDC

Saleem Z, Hassali MA

Travel Med Infect Dis, 2018 10 16;27:127.

PMID: 30339826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.10.013

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/transmission

An outbreak of typhoid fever in Malacca: epidemiology and aetiology

San SF

Med J Malaya, 1971 Sep;26(1):25-9.

PMID: 4258571

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/etiology*; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Spatial analysis of environmental factors influencing typhoid endemicity in Kelantan, Malaysia

Shamsul Azhar Shah, Suzuki H, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Saito R, Nazarudin Safian, Shaharudin Idrus

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:911-919.

The determination of the high-risk area and clusters of typhoid cases is critical in typhoid control. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the epidemiology and spatial distribution of typhoid in four selected districts in Kelantan using GIS (geographical information system). A total of 1215 (99%) of the cases were coordinated with GPS (global positioning system) and mapping was done using ArcGIS 9.2. Spatial analysis was performed to determine the cluster and high-risk area of typhoid. Results showed that typhoid incidence was not associated with race and sex. Most affected were from the age group of 5-14 followed by 15-24 year olds. Nine sub-districts were categorized as highly endemic. In addition typhoid has shown a significant tendency to cluster and a total of 22 hotspots were found in Kota Bharu, Bachok and Tumpat with a few sub districts identified as high risk for typhoid. No significant relationships between the treated water ratio and flood risk area were found with the cluster of cases. The cluster of typhoid cases in the endemic area did not appear to be related to environmental risk factors. Understanding the characteristics of these clusters would enable the prevention of typhoid disease in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Paper review of factors, surveillance and burden of food borne disease outbreak in Malaysia

Sharifa Ezat, W.P., Netty, D., Sangaran, G.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2013;13(2):98-105.

MyJurnal

Food borne diseases like cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, dysentery and food poisoning occur as the results of ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated with microorganisms or chemical. The true incidence of food borne disease in Malaysia is unknown, however the incidence is low ranging from 1.56 to 0.14 cases per 100,000 population and the food poisoning cases is on the rise as the evident by the incident rate of 62.47 cases per 100,000 population in 2008 and 36.17 in 2009. The rapid population growth and demographic shift toward ageing population, changing eating habit such as consumption of raw or lightly cooked food, long storage of such food, lack of education on basic rules of hygienic food preparation and food trading without appropriate microbiological safety procedure become contributing factors for food borne diseases. Food borne disease in Malaysia is in the rise and the direct and indirect cost management of FBD will become one of the most common issues to face by the government. The world is spending millions and millions in cost of treatment due to food borne diseases. The information on this paper was collected via findings of previous journals, data and statistics from the MOH of Malaysia and WHO websites. As a result, authors found that the prevention and management of the food borne disease outbreak needs to be addressed seriously.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

An ensemble model for forecasting infectious diseases in India

Shashvat K, Basu R, Bhondekar PA, Kaur A

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):822-832.

PMID: 33597454

Time series modelling and forecasting plays an important role in various domains. The objective of this paper is to construct a simple average ensemble method to forecast the number of cases for infectious diseases like dengue and typhoid and compare it by applying models for forecasting. In this paper we have also evaluated the correlation between the number of typhoid and dengue cases with the ecological variables. The monthly data of dengue and typhoid cases from 2014 to 2017 were taken from integrated diseases surveillance programme, Government of India. This data was analysed by three models namely support vector regression, neural network and linear regression. The proposed simple average ensemble model was constructed by ensemble of three applied regression models i.e. SVR, NN and LR. We combine the regression models based upon the error metrics such as Mean Square Error, Root Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Error. It was found that proposed ensemble method performed better in terms of forecast measures. The finding demonstrates that the proposed model outperforms as compared to already available applied models on the basis of forecast accuracy.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology

Non-radioisotopic glucose turnover in children with falciparum malaria and enteric fever

Singh B, Choo KE, Ibrahim J, Johnston W, Davis TM

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1998 12 23;92(5):532-7.

PMID: 9861371

To determine whether glucose turnover is increased in acute falciparum malaria compared to enteric fever in children, steady-state 6,6-D2-glucose turnover was measured in 9 Malaysian children with uncomplicated malaria (6 males and 3 females; median age 10 years, body weight 22 kg) and in 12 with uncomplicated enteric fever (8 males and 4 females; median age 10 years, body weight 24 kg) in acute illness, after quinine (5 malaria patients) and in convalescence. Baseline plasma glucose concentrations in malaria and enteric fever were similar (all values are medians [ranges in brackets]) 5.6 [3.2-11.3] vs. 5.5 [4.2-8.0] mmol/L), as were serum insulin levels (5.6 [0.4-26.5] vs. 6.8 [1.1-22.5] milliunits/L; P > 0.4). Glucose turnover in the malaria patients was higher than in patients with enteric fever (6.27 [2.71-6.87] vs. 5.20 [4.50-6.08] mg/kg.min; P = 0.02) and in convalescence (4.74 [3.35-6.79] mg/kg.min; P = 0.05 vs. acute malaria study), and fell after quinine together with a rise in serum insulin (P = 0.03). Basal plasma lactate concentrations were higher in enteric fever than in malaria (3.4 [1.8-6.4] vs. 0.8 [0.3-3.8] mmol/L; P < 0.0001) and correlated inversely with glucose turnover in this group (rs = -0.60; n = 12; P = 0.02). These data suggest that glucose turnover is 20% greater in malaria than in enteric fever. This might reflect increased non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake in falciparum malaria and/or impaired gluconeogenesis in enteric fever, and may have implications for metabolic complications and their clinical management in both infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/metabolism*

Some observations of the typhoid outbreak in Sungai Padang, Perlis

Singh N, Menon V

Med J Malaysia, 1975 Dec;30(2):93-7.

PMID: 1228388

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Typhoid diet

Smith CE

Malayan Medical Journal, 1933;8:206.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Acute renal failure and hepatitis: a rare manifestation of typhoid Fever - a case report

Sulaiman W, Gunavathy M, Othman M

Malays J Med Sci, 2007 Jan;14(1):65-6.

PMID: 22593655 MyJurnal

Hepatitis complicating typhoid fever has been previously reported widely. Occurrence of acute renal failure and hepatitis together is exremenly rare. A case report of complicated acute renal failure and hepatitis in a tyhoid patient is reported and discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Typhoid and malaria co-infection - an interesting finding in the investigation of a tropical Fever

Sulaiman W

Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jul;13(2):64-5.

PMID: 22589607 MyJurnal

Malaysia is endemic for both these diseases and one should not be too surprised when faced with a diagnosis of co-infection of typhoid and malaria, as have been described in India and Canada. Here we describe one such case of Salmonella typhi and Plasmodium vivax infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever

Fulltext Risk factors for typhoid outbreak in Sungai Congkak Recreational Park, Selangor 2009

Suleiman A, Amir KM, Fadzilah K, Ahamad J, Noorhaida U, Marina K, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Feb;67(1):12-6.

PMID: 22582542 MyJurnal

Typhoid fever continues to pose public health problems in Selangor where cases are found sporadically with occasional outbreaks reported. In February 2009, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (HTAR) reported a cluster of typhoid fever among four children in the pediatric ward. We investigated the source of the outbreak, risk factors for the infection to propose control measures. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors for the outbreak. A case was defined as a person with S. typhi isolated from blood, urine or stool and had visited Sungai Congkak recreational park on 27th January 2010. Controls were healthy household members of cases who have similar exposure but no isolation of S. typhi in blood, urine or stool. Cases were identified from routine surveillance system, medical record searching from the nearest clinic and contact tracing other than family members including food handlers and construction workers in the recreational park. Immediate control measures were initiated and followed up. Twelve (12) cases were identified from routine surveillance with 75 household controls. The Case-control study showed cases were 17 times more likely to be 12 years or younger (95% CI: 2.10, 137.86) and 13 times more likely to have ingested river water accidentally during swimming (95% CI: 3.07, 58.71). River water was found contaminated with sewage disposal from two public toilets which effluent grew salmonella spp. The typhoid outbreak in Sungai Congkak recreational park resulted from contaminated river water due to poor sanitation. Children who accidentally ingested river water were highly susceptible. Immediate closure and upgrading of public toilet has stopped the outbreak.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/etiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997-2014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy

Suryapranata FS, Prins M, Sonder GJ

BMC Infect Dis, 2016 12 01;16(1):731.

PMID: 27905890

BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever mainly occurs in (sub) tropical regions where sanitary conditions remain poor. In other regions it occurs mainly among returning travelers or their direct contacts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current Dutch guidelines for typhoid vaccination.

METHOD: Crude annual attack rates (AR) per 100,000 Dutch travelers were calculated during the period 1997 to 2014 by dividing the number of typhoid fever cases by the estimated total number of travelers to a specific country or region. Regions of exposure and possible risk factors were evaluated.

RESULTS: During the study period 607 cases of typhoid fever were reported. Most cases were imported from Asia (60%). Almost half of the cases were ethnically related to typhoid risk regions and 37% were cases visiting friends and relatives. The overall ARs for travelers to all regions declined significantly. Countries with the highest ARs were India (29 per 100,000), Indonesia (8 per 100,000), and Morocco (10 per 100,000). There was a significant decline in ARs among travelers to popular travel destinations such as Morocco, Turkey, and Indonesia. ARs among travelers to intermediate-risk areas according to the Dutch guidelines such as Latin America or Sub-Saharan Africa remained very low, despite the restricted vaccination policy for these areas compared to many other guidelines.

CONCLUSION: The overall AR of typhoid fever among travelers returning to the Netherlands is very low and has declined in the past 20 years. The Dutch vaccination policy not to vaccinate short-term travelers to Latin-America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand and Malaysia seems to be justified, because the ARs for these destinations remain very low. These results suggest that further restriction of the Dutch vaccination policy is justified.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/prevention & control

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