Encapsulating fish oil by spray drying with an adequate wall material was investigated to determine if stable powders containing emulsified fish-oil-droplets can be formed. In particular, the dextrose equivalent (DE) of maltodextrin (MD) affects the powder structure, surface-oil ratio, and oxidative stability of fish oil. The carrier solution was prepared using MD with different DEs (DE = 11, 19, and 25) and sodium caseinate as the wall material and the emulsifier, respectively. The percentage of microcapsules having a vacuole was 73, 39, and 38% for MD with DE = 11, 19, and 25, respectively. Peroxide values (PVs) were measured for the microcapsules incubated at 60 °C. The microcapsules prepared with MD of DE = 25 and 19 had lower PVs than those prepared with MD of DE = 11. The difference in PV can be ascribed to the difference in the surface-oil ratio of the spray-dried microcapsules.
The optimization of pink guava was executed using central composite face-centred design to optimize the spray drying parameters of inlet temperature, maltodextrin concentration (MDC) and feed flow (FF). The experimental results were significantly (p<0.01) fitted into second-order polynomial models to describe and predict the response quality in terms of the final moisture, particle size and lycopene with R2 of 0.9749, 0.9616, and 0.9505, respectively. The final moisture content significantly (p<0.01) decreased with increasing inlet temperature and MDC, whereas the particle size increased. In contrast, the lycopene content significantly (p<0.01) decreased with the higher temperature and increased with increasing MDC. However, according to multiple response optimization, the optimum conditions of 150°C inlet temperature, 17.12% (w/v) MDC and 350 mL/h FF-predicted 3.10% moisture content, 11.23 μm particle size and 58.71 mg/100 g lycopene content. The experimental observation satisfied the predicted model within the acceptable range of the responses.
Many algae are rich sources of sulfated polysaccharides with biological activities. The physicochemical/rheological properties and biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides are affected by the pattern and number of sulfate moieties. Sulfation of carbohydrates is catalyzed by carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) while modification of sulfate moieties on sulfated polysaccharides was presumably catalyzed by sulfatases including formylglycine-dependent sulfatases (FGly-SULFs). Post-translationally modification of Cys to FGly in FGly-SULFs by sulfatase modifiying factors (SUMFs) is necessary for the activity of this enzyme. The aims of this study are to mine for sequences encoding algal CHSTs, FGly-SULFs and putative SUMFs from the fully sequenced algal genomes and to infer their phylogenetic relationships to their well characterized counterparts from other organisms. Algal sequences encoding CHSTs, FGly-SULFs, SUMFs, and SUMF-like proteins were successfully identified from green and brown algae. However, red algal FGly-SULFs and SUMFs were not identified. In addition, a group of SUMF-like sequences with different gene structure and possibly different functions were identified for green, brown and red algae. The phylogeny of these putative genes contributes to the corpus of knowledge of an unexplored area. The analyses of these putative genes contribute toward future production of existing and new sulfated carbohydrate polymers through enzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering.
Membrane distillation (MD) frequently deals with membrane biofouling caused by deposition of algal organic matter (AOM) from algal blooms, hampering the treatment efficiency. In this study, AOMs, which are soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS), bounded EPS (bEPS), and internal organic matter (IOM) from three benthic species (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Navicula incerta) were exposed to a temperature range to resemble the MD process. Results showed that EPS had higher polysaccharide fraction than protein with 85.71%, 68.26%, and 71.91% for A. coffeaeformis, N. incerta, and C. fusiformis, respectively. Both the EPS polysaccharide and protein concentration linearly increase with temperature, but the opposite was true for IOM and high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide. At 80°C, 5812.94 μg/g out of 6304.28 μg/g polysaccharide in A. coffeaeformis was of low molecular weight (LMW); hence, these findings suggested that they were the major foulants to clog the narrow pores within virgin hydrophobic membrane, forming a conditioning layer followed by deposition of HMW and hydrophilic polysaccharides onto the macropores to cause irreversible fouling. Cell lysis occurring at higher temperature increases the total protein content about 25% within the EPS matrix, inducing membrane plugging via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. Overall, the AOM composition at different temperatures will likely dictate the fouling severity in MD. PRACTITIONER POINTS: EPS production of three benthic diatoms was the highest at 80°C. EPS from diatoms consists of at least 75.29% of polysaccharides. Small molecular weight carbohydrates (<12 kDa) were potential foulants. Proteins of internal organic matter (>56%) give irreversible attachment towards membranes. A. coffeaeformis was considered as the most fouling diatoms with highest EPS amount of 6304.28 μg/g.
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (=Cordyceps sinensis) has been known for its various medicinal properties, in particular immunomodulatory activities associated with its polysaccharides. In this study, the fruiting body of O. sinensis cultivar OCS02® was investigated for its chemical composition and monosaccharide profile. Cold water extract (CWE) obtained from this fruiting body was fractionated by molecular weight (MW) into high (HMW), medium (MMW), and low (LMW) fractions. Polysaccharides in the extract and fractions were identified as heteroglycans containing mostly glucose and mannose with small amounts of galactose, fucose, arabinose, and xylose. The immunomodulatory potential of these heteroglycans was evaluated by induction of cytokine/chemokine secretion using murine macrophage RAW 264.7. All treatments showed significant modulation of IL-6, IL-9, MIP-2, and TIMP-1, especially for CWE, HMW, and MMW, which might be due to their high ratios of glucose and the presence of protein. Further investigation on the structure-function relationship of these fruiting body polysaccharide fractions is needed to delineate the underlying mechanism of their immunomodulatory effect both in vitro and in vivo.
The impacts on both rheological parameters; Casson yield stress and Casson viscosity were determined. The interactions among blend’s components; xanthan gum (XG), corn starch (CS), glycerin (GL) and their relationship with both flow parameters were also investigated by using D-Optimal mixture design. Three levels of cocoa butter substitution assigned in chocolate production were at 5%, 10% and 15% level with random proportions of each component generated by Design Expert software. An appropriate mathematical model was applied to evaluate each response as a function of the proportions of the components enabling in prediction of future response by using any blend of components. As the incorporation of the blends (XG/CS/GL) in chocolate production was elevated from 5% to 15%, both parameters; viscosity and yield stress of chocolate were gradually increased, as in range 7.819 to 10.529 Pa, and 2.372 to 3.727 Pa.s, respectively. Neither binary nor ternary component-component interaction exhibited synergistic effect. Nevertheless, strongest antagonistic effect on both rheological parameters of substituted chocolate at 5% level and 10% level were respectively observed at ternary interaction region for the former, and at binary interaction area of CS:GL, closer to CS corner as for the latter. This study somehow provides ideas on how component-component interactions influence experimented response.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of hydrocolloids (guar gum, xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the physical properties and sensory evaluation of ice cream produced in order to investigate the potential of applying fermented glutinous rice (tapai pulut) as a value-added ingredient. The addition of 25% fermented glutinous rice was the most reliable amount to enhance the physical and sensory properties of ice cream when incorporating hydrocolloids. The addition of hydrocolloids significantly (p < 0.05) increased the pH, firmness, overrun, and melting rate of fermented glutinous rice ice cream. The addition of guar gum scored the highest firmness value (5403 g) followed by CMC (4630 g) and xanthan gum (3481g). Fermented glutinous rice ice cream with xanthan gum added, induced a noticeable change in overrun value (62%) while the addition of CMC decreased the melting rate compared to the control. The FTIR spectrum of fermented glutinous rice ice cream with different hydrocolloids containing carboxyl, amide and carbonyl group was appeared at 3362-3379 cm-1 , 1639-1640 cm-1 and 1026-1064 cm-1, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of xanthan gum presented great potential to improve the quality of fermented glutinous rice ice cream produced in terms of its firmness, overrun and melting rate.
Tamarind and pineapple fruit pulps and powders were assessed based on their physicochemical properties such as crude protein, crude fibre, fat, ash, moisture content, water activity (Aw), particle shape, particle size distribution, and density. Both of the fruit powders were subjected to a similar spray-drying process with the addition of 10% w/v of maltodextrin. The nutritional value in terms of crude protein (0.33 - 0.60%), moisture content (4.80% - 25.31%), crude fiber (16.92 - 79.92%), and fat (0.40 - 0.63%) for both fruit pulp and powders shows a significant difference at p
This paper presents the enzymatic liquefaction process for honey jackfruit optimized with Pectinex® Ultra SP-L and Celluclast® 1.5 L individually or in combinations at different concentrations (0-2.5% v/w) and incubation time (0-2.5 h). Treatment with combinations of enzymes showed a greater effect in the reduction of viscosity (83.9-98.8%) as compared to single enzyme treatment (64.8-87.3%). The best parameter for enzymatic liquefaction was obtained with 1.0% (v/w) Pectinex® Ultra SP-L and 0.5% (v/w) Celluclast® 1.5 L for 1.5 h. Spray drying process was carried out using different inlet temperatures (140-180 °C) and maltodextrin concentrations (10-30% w/w). Results indicated that the spray-dried honey jackfruit powder produced at 160 °C with 30% w/w maltodextrin gave the highest product yield (66.90%) with good powder qualities in terms of water activity, solubility, moisture content, hygroscopicity, color and bulk density. The spray-dried honey jackfruit powder could potentially be incorporated into various food products.
The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) (3.5%) solution and polysaccharides, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) and gum arabic (5, 10 and 15%), on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristics of bitter gourd juice were investigated. An increase in the concentration of CMC and gum arabic significantly was observed to increase the lightness (L value) and the viscosity (mPas) of bitter gourd juice at all levels. Increased concentrations of gum arabic significantly increased the total soluble solids. The bitter gourd fruit treated with NaCl solution produced the highest lightness (L value) and scavenging activity of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of bitter gourd juice. Increased concentration of gum arabic up to 15% significantly increased the total phenolic content. The addition of 5% gum arabic effectively reduced the bitterness of the bitter gourd juice. Viscosity of the juice resulted in negative correlation for bitterness.
The Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a large iconic tree indigenous to Africa where it is found in many countries. The Baobab tree has various uses, as it produces food and non-food products such as medicines, fuel, timber and fodder. This research is focused on the characterization of the Baobab fruit shells in terms of lignin (54.08%), cellulose (24.87%) and hemicellulose (21.05%) content, as well as proximate analysis such as ash content (5.17%), moisture content (6.48%), volatile matter (86.73%) and carbon content (1.22%). This assessment will play a vital role in exploring the benefits of utilizing baobab fruit shells in the production of activated carbon as well as set a foundation for future research.
Impacts and relationships on physicochemical properties in dark chocolate produced from different substitution for cocoa butter by Xanthan gum (XG) and Guar gum (GG) blends were determined using D-optimal mixture design. This study involved three levels of substitution which are 5%, 10% and 15% with constrained cocoa butter content and random blend of gums. Linear design models were applied to analyze parameters including texture (hardness) measurement and melting profile of fat crystal. Products experienced undesirable raises of hardness jointly with the increment of gums incorporation across the level of cocoa butter replacement from 5% to 15%. Similar trend was also agreed with the melting behavior of products as their melting point increased with the gradual diminution of cocoa butter. After all, the replacement of cocoa butter using hydrocolloids was deemed possible as there were products whose melting point and hardness fell in the acceptable range.
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most planted trees in Malaysia for the palm oil production. Thus, solid biomass had been generated from this industry such as empty fruit bunch, shell, mesocarp fibre, frond and trunk produced that causes problematic to the nation and expected to escalate up to 85-110 million tonnes by 2020. Besides that, palm oil mill effluent and excessive steam also generated from the production of palm oil. In situ hydrothermal pretreatment means the utilisation of excessive steam produced by the oil palm mill and at the same time, generating value added product as well as reducing the biomass. Oil palm biomass is rich in lignocellulosic materials which comprised of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Refinement of lignocellulosic from oil palm biomass can be utilised to form fermentable sugar, bioethanol and other potential chemicals. Recalcitrant property of lignocellulosic reduces the ability of enzymes to penetrate, thus pretreatment is required prior to hydrolysis process. Pretreatment can be either physical, chemical, biological or combined. In this review paper, three types of hydrothermal pretreatment were discussed as suitable in situ pretreatment process for oil palm biomass; in palm oil mill. The suitability was measured based on the availability of excess steam and energy in the mill. Furthermore, physicochemical pretreatment also facilitate the saccharification process, whereby it loosened the lignocellulose structure and increase the surface area. The effects and factors in choosing right pretreatment are highlighted in this paper.
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of glycerol concentration on mechanical
and physical properties of gellan gum (GG) biofilm. The biofilm was prepared using solvent
casting method and the effective glycerol concentration was found to be within 30-50%
w/w (based on GG weight). At 60 and 70 w/w% of glycerol, the films started to distort
because the films was flexible and brittle. As glycerol concentration was increased the tensile
strength (TS) and Youngs modulus (E) of films decreased. Somehow, elongation at break
(EAB), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and swelling of films was increased. Glycerol
plasticized GG biofilm was thermally stable and flexible, proposed its can be exploited as
film-forming material and with optimized glycerol concentration it has good mechanical and
physical properties for edible biofilm.
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCs) were extracted from sugar palm fibres (SPS) in two separate stages; delignification and mercerization to remove lignin and hemicellulose, respectively. Subsequently, the obtained cellulose fibres were then mechanically extracted into nanofibres using high pressurized homogenization (HPH). The diameter distribution sizes of the isolated nanofibres were dependent on the cycle number of HPH treatment. TEM micro-images displayed the decreasing trend of NFCs diameter, from 21.37 to 5.5 nm when the number of cycle HPH was increased from 5 to 15 cycles, meanwhile TGA and XRD analysis showed that the degradation temperature and crystallinity of the NFCs were slightly increased from 347 to 347.3 °C and 75.38 to 81.19% respectively, when the number of cycles increased. Others analysis also were carried on such as FT-IR, FESEM, AFM, physical properties, zeta potential and yield analysis. The isolated NFCs may be potentially applied in various application, such as tissue engineering scaffolds, bio-nanocomposites, filtration media, bio-packaging and etc.
Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 hyphal-wall protein 1 (HWP1) are involved in hyphae formation and pathogenesis. The transcriptional agglutinin-like sequence 3 (ALS3) genes in both species are responsible for the development of biofilm and colonization on tooth surfaces. Therefore, we investigated the expression of HWP1 and ALS3 quantitatively in C. albicans and C. parapsilosis and examined the biofilm structure upon exposure to various nicotine concentrations. In vitro, biofilms of Candida species were developed directly on slides using the Lab-Tek Chamber Slide System and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure HWP1 and ALS3 expression in C. albicans ATCC 14053 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019. The results indicated that nicotine multiplied the number of yeast cells and increased the extracellular polysaccharides of Candida species. We also found that 1-2 mg/mL nicotine could enhance the formation of biofilm. The findings also revealed that the expression of HWP1 and ALS3 in Candida species were increased as the nicotine concentration increased. Therefore, nicotine influences the biofilm development of oral-associated C. albicans ATCC 14053 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019.
A sonication of graphite in polysaccharide (pullulan, chitosan and alginate) is one of the viable methods for the preparation of few-layer graphene. However, the effect of these adsorbed polysaccharides on the electrical performance of the produced graphene so far is not yet clear. In order to investigate the present effect of pullulan, chitosan and alginate on the electrical characteristic of resulted graphene, we have produced few-layer graphene using bath sonication of graphite in pullulan, chitosan and alginate medium for the application as electrical conductive ink in strain-sensitive. Data from the TEM reveals the appearance of folded few-layer graphene flakes after sonication for 150 min while the XPS data shows that the chitosan-based graphene possesses the highest carbon-oxygen ratio of 7.2 as compared to that of the pullulan and alginate-based graphene. By subjecting the produced graphene as the ink for paper-based strain sensor, we have discovered that the chitosan-graphene has the best resistivity value (1.66 × 10-3 Ω⋅cm) and demonstrate the highest sensitivity towards strain (GF: 18.6). This result interestingly implies the potential of the reported chitosan-based conductive ink as a strain-sensitive material for future food packaging.
Surface engineering of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) favor the tagging of any molecule or compound onto it, encapsulating them with a biopolymer make them biocompatible and favor slow release of loaded molecules. Recovery of SPIONs is easier as they obey to external magnetic field. In this study, SPIONS were used for mosquito larvicidal activity after surface engineered with oleic acid to favor the tagging of Cyfluthrin (mosquito larvicidal agent), it was then encapsulated with gum polysaccharide derived from Azadirachta indica and Araucaria heterophylla. Every stage of coreshell formation was microscopically and spectroscopically characterized. The coreshell SPIONs produced using Azadirachta indica and Araucaria heterophylla gum derived polysaccharide encapsulation were found to be the size around 80 nm. Thus, prepared coreshell SPIONs was subjected for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex sp. The coreshell SPIONs was efficiently killing the mosquito larva and its impact was studied by percentage mortality studies.
Ganoderma lucidum has been recognized as a precious fungus in both Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine for
centuries. It contains many bioactive ingredients such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. The present study used
supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2
) fractionation to fractionate Ganoderma lucidum extract into four fractions (R,
F1, F2, & F3) and evaluate the correlation between the content of functional components and their antioxidant ability.
Relatively high concentrations of the three types of bioactive constituents were simultaneously partitioned into different
fractionation collecting vessels. The free radical scavenging ability was greatest in F1. The IC50 of DPPH scavenging ability
was 0.90 mg/mL and that of ABTS radicals scavenging activity was 0.45 mg/mL. The correlation analysis of antioxidant
ability with total triterpenoids and total polyphenols showed a positive relationship. In conclusion, this study showed
that fractionation of Ganoderma lucidum extract using SC-CO2 fractionation technology was able to effectively partition
its bioactive components including triterpenoids, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds and also to increase the
antioxidant activities of the fractions.
Xylem is an essential conductive tissue in vascular plants, and secondary cell wall polymers found in xylem vessel elements, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are promising sustainable bioresources. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying xylem vessel element differentiation is an important step towards increasing woody biomass and crop yields. Establishing in vitro induction systems, in which vessel element differentiation is induced by phytohormonal stimuli or by overexpression of specific transcription factors, has been vital to this research. In this review, we present an overview of these in vitro induction systems, and describe two recently developed in vitro induction systems, VISUAL (Vascular cell Induction culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves) and the KDB system. Furthermore, we discuss the potentials and limitations of each of these new in vitro induction systems for advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving xylem vessel element differentiation.