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  1. Fulltext Profile of extracranial cerebrovascular disease in Kelantan: a study by continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography
    Pratap RC, Mafauzy M
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Mar;48(1):51-5.
    PMID: 8341172
    The present study outlines the clinical profile and patterns of extracranial vascular abnormalities detected by continuous wave doppler ultrasonography (CWDU) in 100 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency states. Males outnumbered females (65:35); completed stroke (CS) was a more common mode of presentation than transient ischaemic attacks (TIA); carotid strokes were more common than vertebro-basilar ones; and hypertension was the most common predisposing factor. The CWDU evaluation revealed extracranial vascular disease in 73% of patients. Vascular occlusions were more common in patients with TIA. Overall, 33% of the patients had evidence of proximal obstruction of the cerebral vessels below the neck. The clinical prediction of vascular territory (carotid or vertebro-basilar) matched with the findings on CWDU, but evidence of subclinical multiple-vessel involvement could be detected in 48% of the patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  2. Fulltext Risk factor awareness and expectations of outpatients attending the Cardiology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    Yusoff K, Roslawati J, Almashoor SH
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):194-9.
    PMID: 1491645
    One hundred consecutive patients attending the UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Cardiology Clinic completed a questionnaire enquiring about their own assessment of their knowledge about their illness, their awareness of cardiac risk factors and their expectations in their management. Only 11% of our patients had graduated from tertiary education. 59% of our patients were being treated for ischaemic heart disease. Although only 28% of our patients considered having considerable knowledge of their illness, a majority of our patients were aware of cardiac risk factors. This was independent of the formal education achieved. However this awareness did not necessarily result in appropriate behaviour; 32% of patients admitted to smoking despite being aware of the harmful effects of smoking. 74% of our patients expected a cure from their doctors; only 37% of our patients thought they required medication indefinitely. Thus, patients could be made aware of their illness regardless of their formal educational status. However this may not necessarily result in appropriate behaviour. The high expectations which the patients have of their doctors is unrealistic and may be detrimental to appropriate long-term management of their chronic illness.

    Study site: Cardiology Clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  3. Duration of oxygen therapy and exchange transfusion as risk factors associated with retinopathy of prematurity in very low birthweight infants
    Teoh SL, Boo NY, Ong LC, Nyein MK, Lye MS, Au MK
    Eye (Lond), 1995;9 ( Pt 6):733-7.
    PMID: 8849541
    One hundred and thirteen consecutive infants with a very low birthweight of less than 1500 g were followed prospectively for 6 months to determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and associated risk factors. Of this group, 36 (31.9%) infants developed ROP (13 infants had stage 1 ROP, nine had stage 2, six had stage 3, six had stage 4, and two had cicatricial stage ROP). Stepwise logistic regression analysis of various potential risk factors (birthweight, gestation, duration of oxygen therapy, duration of ventilation, highest documented PaO2 and exchange transfusion) showed that only two risk factors were significantly associated with the development of ROP. These risk factors were: the duration of oxygen therapy (p = 0.0005) and exchange transfusion during the neonatal period (odds ratio 5.754, 95% confidence interval 1.002 to 32.997, p = 0.049). The equation of the regression model is: log (odds of developing ROP) = -0.8395 + 0.1447 (OXY)- 0.8750 (ET), where OXY is the duration of oxygen therapy in days, ET = -1 when there was a history of exchange transfusion, and ET = 1 when there was no history of exchange transfusion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  4. An overview of inhalant abuse in selected countries of Asia and the Pacific Region
    Kin F, Navaratnam V
    NIDA Res. Monogr., 1995;148:29-49.
    PMID: 8929883
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  5. Fulltext Hepatitis C: an update
    Merican MI
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):158-69.
    PMID: 1283440
    The identification of the Hepatitis C virus using molecular cloning techniques, besides making the term Non-A Non-B Hepatitis obsolete, enables the development of specific assays for the detection of antibodies in HCV-infected individuals, thus making it possible to obtain sero-epidemiological data of the disease. The carriage of Hepatitis C antibody varies worldwide. The disease is most prevalent in intravenous drug abusers or haemophiliacs. Parenteral transmission is the most important route of transmission. Sexual, intra-familial and perinatal transmissions are uncommon. About 40% could be community-acquired (sporadic). Diagnostic tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbant (ELISA) anti-HCV assay, recombinant immunoblot assay, HCV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction and HCV-Ag. More than 50% of acute cases becomes chronic and runs a benign and indolent course. About 20% progress to cirrhosis and some of these develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Several published trials have consistently shown that treatment with interferon in some patients is useful. There is however a relapse rate of 50%. Further trials with interferon and other anti-viral agents like ribavirin are awaited for more effective treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  6. Multiplicative effect of smoking and age on hearing impairment
    Noorhassim I, Rampal KG
    Am J Otolaryngol, 1998 8 6;19(4):240-3.
    PMID: 9692632
    PURPOSE: To determine the combined effect of smoking and age on hearing impairment.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pure tone audiometry test was conducted on 263 residents of a rural village who were not exposed to noise. The pack-years of smoking were computed from the subjects' smoking history. The association between pack-years and hearing impairment was assessed. The combined effect of smoking and age on hearing impairment was determined based on prevalence rate ratio.

    RESULTS: There was a statistically significant trend in the number of pack-years of smoking and age as risk factors for hearing impairment. The prevalence rates of hearing impairment for nonsmokers aged 40 years and younger, smokers aged 40 years and younger, nonsmokers older than 40 years of age, and smokers older than 40 years of age were 6.9%, 11.9%, 29.7%, and 51.3%, respectively. The prevalence rate ratio for nonsmokers aged 40 years and younger, smokers aged 40 years and younger, nonsmokers older than 40 years of age, and smokers older than 40 years of age (nonsmokers aged 40 years and younger as a reference group) was 1, 1.7, 4.3, and 7.5, respectively. The prevalence rate ratios showed a multiplicative effect of smoking and age on hearing impairment.

    CONCLUSION: Age and smoking are risk factors for hearing impairment. It is clear that smoking and age have multiplicative adverse effects on hearing impairment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  7. HIV/AIDS in Malaysia
    Ismail R
    AIDS, 1998;12 Suppl B:S33-41.
    PMID: 9679627
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  8. Fulltext Family characteristics of suicides in Cameron Highlands: a controlled study
    Maniam T
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Sep;49(3):247-51.
    PMID: 7845274
    Cameron Highlands has one of the highest suicide rates in the world, especially among Indians. Forty Indian families (19 suicides; 21 controls) were studied to compare family characteristics such as income, overcrowding, birth order of index cases of suicide, family history of suicidal behaviour or mental illness, marital disharmony, presence of alcohol abuse, availability of, and knowledge about, weedicides/insecticides, talk/threat of suicide among family members and experience of significant losses in the past year. Controls were matched for age, sex and educational level with the index cases of suicide. A significant difference was only found for one of the above factors, namely increased experience of significant losses in the past year in the family of index cases of suicide. More than 75% in both groups had alcohol related problems. About equal proportions in each group had a family history of suicidal behaviour and mental illness. There was more marital disharmony in families of suicides but this failed to reach significance. These results and methodological limitations of this study are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  9. Global programme on AIDS. AIDS surveillance in the WHO Western Pacific Region
    Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 1993 Dec 10;68(50):371-5.
    PMID: 8305295
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  10. A prevalence survey of mental disorders among children in a rural Malaysian village
    Kasmini K, Kyaw O, Krishnaswamy S, Ramli H, Hassan S
    Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1993 Apr;87(4):253-7.
    PMID: 8488745
    This is the first epidemiological survey of mental disorders among children in a Malaysian village. The WHO Research Questionnaire for Children (RQC) was used for initial screening followed by a semistructured interview, the Follow-up Interview for Children (FIC) at its second stage. Diagnosis was obtained by using Rutter's multi-axial classification. The prevalence rates obtained for the diagnostic categories were described in 3 age groups, in accordance with the age of attending school in Malaysia. Of 507 children screened aged 1-15, 6.1% were classified as having a mental disorder.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  11. Biosocial variances and infant survival: a path analysis approach
    Frisch AS, Kallen DJ, Griffore RJ, Dolanski EA
    J Biosoc Sci, 1992 Apr;24(2):175-83.
    PMID: 1583032
    This study used path analysis to assess the chances of survival of babies in a neonatal intensive care unit in Lansing, Michigan, USA. Two paths to neonatal survival were identified and the variables accounted for 20% of the variance in gestational age. The first path showed that prior infant losses were negatively correlated with gestational age while in the second path, gestational age showed negative relationships with pre-pregnancy weight and household job worries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  12. Plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in a population of Orang Asli ('aborigines') from West Malaysia
    Candlish JK, Saha N, Mak JW
    Atherosclerosis, 1997 Feb 28;129(1):49-51.
    PMID: 9069516
    Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and apolipoproteins Al (apo Al) and B (apo B) were measured in a sample of subjects from the Semai tribe of Orang Asli in peninsular Malaysia. They appeared to exhibit the lowest TC ever recorded (1.6 for males and 1.9 mmol/l for females) and relatively high TG (1.4 mmol/l for males and 1.5 mmol/l for females)(means for the whole sample). There was little apparent aging gradient in any of the plasma analytes. but the group of men aged 21-40 had lower HDLC than the corresponding female group. Both low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) (calculated) and HDLC as well as their corresponding apolipoproteins were correspondingly very low. There was a significant correlation between apo AI and HDLC in both sexes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  13. Fulltext Serum lipids and their relationship with other coronary risk factors in healthy subjects in a city clinic
    Khoo KL, Tan H, Liew YM
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):38-52.
    PMID: 10968052
    Over a thousand subjects who visited a city private medical clinic for health screening and advice were examined for their lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk factors. The mean TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C were 5.43, 1.45, 3.61 and 1.15 mmol/l. Their derived ratios viz, TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C were 5.11 and 3.43 respectively. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia was moderately high. Of the subjects studied 58.5% had elevated serum cholesterol, 14.8% had raised triglycerides, 64.9% had raised LDL-C and 20.8% had low HDL-C. Male subjects generally showed higher mean values and abnormality frequency in TC, TG, LDL-C, TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C as compared to female subjects. Although significant ethnic differences were not detected for certain lipid parameters (e.g. TC, TG and HDL-C), the Indians appeared to have higher mean lipid values (except HDL-C), and higher percentage abnormality for all the lipid parameters as compared to the Chinese and the Malays. In correlation studies, the following lipid parameters:- TC versus TG, LDL-C, TC:HDL-C; TG versus TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C; LDL-C versus TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C; were positively correlated. On the other hand, TC versus HDL-C, TG versus HDL-C, LDL-C and HDL-C, and HDL-C versus TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C were negatively correlated. The coronary risk factors which generally showed positive correlations with lipid parameters were BMI and blood pressure. Positive correlations were also recorded between fasting blood glucose and TG; uric acid with TG, TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C. In contrast, risk factors of negative correlations were observed between HDL-C and the coronary risk factors of BMI, diastolic blood pressure and uric acid. Smoking showed raised per cent lipid abnormality for TG, HDL-C, TC:HDL-C and LDL:HDL-C. Alcohol consumption also increased the mean level and abnormality frequency for TG. The implication of this investigation is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  14. Breast cancer in Singapore: trends in incidence 1968-1992
    Seow A, Duffy SW, McGee MA, Lee J, Lee HP
    Int J Epidemiol, 1996 Feb;25(1):40-5.
    PMID: 8666502
    BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women in Singapore, a country which has experienced significant changes in lifestyle over the past three decades. The increase in incidence of the disease is a matter of some concern.

    METHODS: Data from the population-based Singapore Cancer Registry for 1968-1992 were used to determine time trends, inter-ethnic differences and the contributions of age, period and cohort effects to the incidence of the disease.

    RESULTS: Our results revealed an average annual increase of 3.6% over the 25-year period for all women, form 20.2 per 100,000 women in the period 1968-1972 to 38.8 per 100,000 in 1988-1992. There was a statistically significant difference between the three major ethnic groups, the rate of increase being highest in Malays (4.4%) and lowest in Indians (1.4%). The overall increase was attributable to a strong cohort effect that remained significant when adjusted for time period for Chinese women and for all ethnic groups combined. The risk was observed to increase in successive birth cohorts from the 1890s to 1960s.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that breast cancer incidence rates are likely to continue to increase more sharply in the future as women born after the mid-20th century reach the high-risk age groups. They also suggest the pattern by which important aetiological factors for the disease in our population have exerted their effects, and provide support for the role of demographic and lifestyle changes as possible risk factors.

    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  15. Fulltext Endemic goiter in the Lemanak and Ai river villages of Sarawak
    Foo LC, Zainab T, Letchuman GR, Nafikudin M, Azriman R, Doraisingam P, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):575-8.
    PMID: 7777929
    In a survey of 974 villagers (408 males, 566 females; ages = 11-82 years) of the Ai (n = 496; 212 males, 284 females) and Lemanak (n = 478; 196 males, 282 females) rivers in the district of Lubuk Antu in Sarawak's Sri Aman Division during July 1993, goiter was found in 31.8% of the subjects. The goiter prevalence was higher in the more interior Ai river area than in the Lemanak river area (36.9% vs 26.5%). In females aged 15 years and above, the goiter prevalence was 75.4% and 49.1%, respectively, in the Ai and Lemanak river areas. The difference in goiter prevalence between the two areas was related to the degree of iodine deficiency in the two areas. The median urinary iodine excretion in the Ai river villagers was 22.1 micrograms/l compared to 72.9 micrograms/l in the Lemanak river villagers (p < 0.0001). Goitrous subjects tended to have lower urinary iodine concentration than non-goitrous subjects. In the males, smoking of tobacco was associated with a two-fold increase in goiter frequency. Despite on-going distribution of iodized salt by the medical and health services in the State, only 23% of the 135 salt samples obtained from the households in the areas contained detectable iodine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  16. Fulltext Disease and risk factor perception among patients with coronary artery disease in Kuala Terengganu
    Khalid Y, Malina O, Rofiah A, Latinah M, Thahirahtul AZ, Zaridah MS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Sep;49(3):205-8.
    PMID: 7845266
    One hundred consecutive patients with coronary heart disease attending the Physician Clinic, Kuala Terengganu General Hospital self-completed a questionnaire on their awareness of the coronary risk factors and their perception of their disease. Seventy-one subjects were males. Twenty-seven subjects had never had formal education and only 6 had completed tertiary education. Whilst 52% considered themselves as having less than 25% knowledge about their disease, many were aware of hypercholesterolaemia, emotional stress, inadequate exercise and smoking as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Diabetes and family history were less known as coronary risk factors. Despite their awareness of the risk factors, though, the subjects failed to control these. For example, smoking was prevalent and their awareness of the harmful effects of smoking did not seem to deter them from this habit. Further, formal education did not seem to influence positive health behaviour. In terms of disease perception, the subjects tended to believe that their illness could be cured. Eighty subjects expected a cure from their doctors. Sixty-three subjects wanted more explanation of their illness from their doctors. These findings suggest that efforts should be made to translate patients' awareness of their illness to appropriate health behaviour, and perhaps doctors could achieve this by spending more time explaining to the patients, and educating them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  17. Fulltext Prevalence of asthma and risk factors among Chinese, Malay, and Indian adults in Singapore
    Ng TP, Hui KP, Tan WC
    Thorax, 1994 Apr;49(4):347-51.
    PMID: 8202905
    BACKGROUND: The prevalence and morbidity of asthma vary greatly among different ethnic communities and geographical locations, but the roles of environmental and genetic factors are not fully understood. The differences in prevalence of adult asthma among Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnic groups in Singapore were examined, and the extent to which these could be explained by personal and environmental factors were investigated.
    METHODS: A stratified disproportionate random sample (n = 2868) of Chinese (n = 1018), Malays (n = 967), and Indians (n = 883) of both sexes was drawn from households in five public housing estates, and an interviewer administered questionnaire was used to determine cumulative and current prevalence of "physician diagnosed asthma" (symptoms with a physician diagnosis of asthma).
    RESULTS: Lifetime cumulative prevalence (standardised to the general population) of "physician diagnosed asthma" was 4.7% in men and 4.3% in women; 12 month period prevalences were 2.4% and 2.0%, respectively. Cumulative prevalence of asthma was significantly higher in Indians (6.6%) and Malays (6.0%) than in Chinese (3.0%); period prevalences of asthma were 4.5% in Indians, 3.3% in Malays, and 0.9% in Chinese. Ownership of cats or dogs was more frequent in Malays (15.4%) and Indians (11.2%) than in Chinese (8.8%). Rugs and carpets were also more frequently used by Malays (52.2%) and Indians (40.7%) than by Chinese (8.9%). Current smoking prevalences were higher in Malays (27.3%) than in Indians (19.4%) and Chinese (23.0%). Malays and Indians did not have higher rates of atopy (11.1% and 15.2%, respectively) than Chinese (15.4%). Adjustment for these factors in multivariate analyses reduced the greater odds of asthma in Malays and Indians, but not to a significant extent.
    CONCLUSIONS: There are ethnic differences in the prevalence of asthma in Singapore which are not entirely explained by differences in smoking, atopy, or other risk factors. Other unmeasured environmental factors or genetic influences are likely to account for residual differences in the prevalence of asthma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  18. Smoking behavior, knowledge and opinion of medical students
    Yaacob I, Abdullah ZA
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1994;7(2):88-91.
    PMID: 7946655 DOI: 10.1177/101053959400700202
    A questionnaire survey on smoking was conducted among 395 medical students (40% males, 60% females) at the School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia at Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Thirty-five students (9%), all of them males, were current smokers. Twenty-eight percent of the smokers smoked more than ten cigarettes per day and 88% began smoking before entering the medical school. Social influence and cigarette advertisements were the main reasons given for starting smoking. Both smokers and nonsmokers were adequately informed of the common adverse effects of smoking. Ninety percent of smokers had tried to give up smoking but failed. Among the ex-smokers and nonsmokers, the main reasons given for not smoking was that smoking was useless. Among the female students, one-third felt that cigarette smoking was socially unacceptable among females. This was one of the three main reasons for not smoking. Very few of the students (4.6%) considered that doctors' advice would play an important role in smoking prevention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  19. Factors associated with clinically significant perinatal asphyxia in the Malaysian neonates: a case-control study
    Boo NY, Lye MS
    J Trop Pediatr, 1992 12;38(6):284-9.
    PMID: 1844086 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/38.6.284
    A 2-month prospective study was carried out in a Kuala Lumpur maternity hospital to determine the antenatal and intrapartum factors associated with perinatal asphyxia in the Malaysian neonates. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was 18.7 per 1000 livebirths. Of the 75 asphyxiated neonates born during this period, 70 (93.3 per cent) were of term or post-term gestation. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was more common in the neonates with one of the following characteristics: low birth weight (< 2500 g), breech delivery, or delivery by instrumentation or lower segment Caesarean section (P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis of the asphyxiated and the control neonates in a nested case-control study (after controlling for sex, race, birth weight, modes of delivery, and maternal gravida) showed that there were two associated factors which were of statistical significance. These were: small-for-gestation neonates and the presence of intrapartum problems. Our study suggests that to reduce the incidence of perinatal asphyxia, the common causes of small-for-gestation neonates and the common types of intrapartum problems should be identified to enable appropriate preventive measures to be carried out.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  20. Fulltext Coronary risk factors among Malaysian male executives in two urban areas
    Teo PH, Chong YH, Abdul Rahman MZ
    Med J Malaysia, 1988 Jun;43(2):125-33.
    PMID: 3237128
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
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