Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 928 in total

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  1. Fulltext Design of new competitive dengue NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitors-a computational approach
    Frimayanti N, Chee CF, Zain SM, Rahman NA
    Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(2):1089-100.
    PMID: 21541045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021089
    Dengue is a serious disease which has become a global health burden in the last decade. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies to combat the disease. The increasing spread and severity of the dengue virus infection emphasizes the importance of drug discovery strategies that could efficiently and cost-effectively identify antiviral drug leads for development into potent drugs. To this effect, several computational approaches were applied in this work. Initially molecular docking studies of reference ligands to the DEN2 NS2B/NS3 serine protease were carried out. These reference ligands consist of reported competitive inhibitors extracted from Boesenbergia rotunda (i.e., 4-hydroxypanduratin A and panduratin A) and three other synthesized panduratin A derivative compounds (i.e., 246DA, 2446DA and 20H46DA). The design of new lead inhibitors was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the enzyme complexed to the reference ligands was minimized and their complexation energies (i.e., sum of interaction energy and binding energy) were computed. New compounds as potential dengue inhibitors were then designed by putting various substituents successively on the benzyl ring A of the reference molecule. These substituted benzyl compounds were then computed for their enzyme-ligand complexation energies. New enzyme-ligand complexes, exhibiting the lowest complexation energies and closest to the computed energy for the reference compounds, were then chosen for the next stage manipulation and design, which involved substituting positions 4 and 5 of the benzyl ring A (positions 3 and 4 for 2446DA) with various substituents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  2. A 35 kDa antigenic protein from Shigella flexneri: in silico structural and functional studies
    Yung-Hung RL, Ismail A, Lim TS, Choong YS
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011 Nov 18;415(2):229-34.
    PMID: 21982766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.116
    Shigella flexneri serotype 2a is a major public health concern in the developing and under-developed countries which contributes to shigellosis endemic and mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need for a rapid diagnostic test for effective therapy and disease management. Previous study showed that a ∼35 kDa antigenic protein from S. flexneri is a potential biomarker. We therefore modelled the three-dimensional structure of the antigen to probe its functionality which could aid in the development of an antigen-based diagnostic. Results showed that the antigen is a transmembrane protein consists of OmpA and OmpA-like domains. The OmpA domain is a beta-barrel embedded in the outer membrane with four surface-exposed extracellular loops. The OmpA-like domain is linked to the OmpA domain with a 17 amino acids linker and located in the periplasmic. Docking of peptidoglycan into the groove of OmpA-like domain might help in catalyzing the bacterial cell wall formation. Both domains are expected to be involved in the virulence, structural stability, pathogenesis and survival of Shigella thus made the 35 kDa protein a suitable shigellosis diagnostic biomarker. This structural elucidation will also enable a better identification of the epitope regions for the development of specific binders to the 35 kDa antigen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  3. Fulltext Genotype v Japanese encephalitis virus is emerging
    Li MH, Fu SH, Chen WX, Wang HY, Guo YH, Liu QY, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2011 Jul;5(7):e1231.
    PMID: 21750744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001231
    Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a global public health issue that has spread widely to more than 20 countries in Asia and has extended its geographic range to the south Pacific region including Australia. JE has become the most important cause of viral encephalitis in the world. Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) are divided into five genotypes, based on the nucleotide sequence of the envelope (E) gene. The Muar strain, isolated from patient in Malaya in 1952, is the sole example of genotype V JEV. Here, the XZ0934 strain of JEV was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus, collected in China. The complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of XZ0934 strain have been determined. The nucleotide divergence ranged from 20.3% to 21.4% and amino acid divergence ranged from 8.4% to 10.0% when compared with the 62 known JEV isolates that belong to genotype I-IV. It reveals low similarity between XZ0934 and genotype I-IV JEVs. Phylogenetic analysis using both complete genome and structural gene nucleotide sequences demonstrates that XZ0934 belongs to genotype V. This, in turn, suggests that genotype V JEV is emerging in JEV endemic areas. Thus, increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype V JEV is an issue of great concern to nations in which JEV is endemic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  4. A review of fish-derived antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides: their production, assessment, and applications
    Najafian L, Babji AS
    Peptides, 2012 Jan;33(1):178-85.
    PMID: 22138166 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.013
    Fishes are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the existence of peptides with biological activities and proteins derived from foods that might have beneficial effects for humans. Antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides isolated from fish sources may be used as functional ingredients in food formulations to promote consumer health and improve the shelf life of food products. This paper presents an overview of the antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides derived from various fishes. In addition, we discuss the extraction of fish proteins, enzymatic production, and the techniques used to isolate and characterize these compounds. Furthermore, we review the methods used to assay the bioactivities and their applications in food and nutraceuticals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  5. Evolutionary relationship of the L- and M-class genome segments of bat-borne fusogenic orthoreoviruses in Malaysia and Australia
    Voon K, Chua KB, Yu M, Crameri G, Barr JA, Malik Y, et al.
    J Gen Virol, 2011 Dec;92(Pt 12):2930-2936.
    PMID: 21849518 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033498-0
    We previously described three new Malaysian orthoreoviruses designated Pulau virus, Melaka virus and Kampar virus. Melaka and Kampar viruses were shown to cause respiratory disease in humans. These viruses, together with Nelson Bay virus, isolated from Australian bats, are tentatively classified as different strains within the species Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), formerly known as Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, based on the small (S) genome segments. Here we report the sequences of the large (L) and medium (M) segments, thus completing the whole-genome characterization of the four PRVs. All L and M segments were highly conserved in size and sequence. Conserved functional motifs previously identified in other orthoreovirus gene products were also found in the deduced proteins encoded by the cognate segments of these viruses. Detailed sequence analysis identified two genetic lineages divided into the Australian and Malaysian PRVs, and potential genetic reassortment among the M and S segments of the three Malaysian viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  6. Genome analysis of Betanodavirus from cultured marine fish species in Malaysia
    Ransangan J, Manin BO
    Vet Microbiol, 2012 Apr 23;156(1-2):16-44.
    PMID: 22051446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.002
    Betanodavirus is the causative agent of the viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy disease in marine fish. This disease is responsible for most of the mass mortalities that occurred in marine fish hatcheries in Malaysia. The genome of this virus consists of two positive-sense RNA molecules which are the RNA1 and RNA2. The RNA1 molecule contains the RdRp gene which encodes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the RNA2 molecule contains the Cp gene which encodes for the viral coat protein. In this study, total RNAs were extracted from 32 fish specimens representing the four most cultured marine fish species in Malaysia. The fish specimens were collected from different hatcheries and aquaculture farms in Malaysia. The RNA1 was successfully amplified using three pairs of overlapping PCR primers whereas the RNA2 was amplified using a pair of primers. The nucleotide analysis of RdRp gene revealed that the Betanodavirus in Malaysia were 94.5-99.7% similar to the RGNNV genotype, 79.8-82.1% similar to SJNNV genotype, 81.5-82.4% similar to BFNNV genotype and 79.8-80.7% similar to TPNNV genotype. However, they showed lower similarities to FHV (9.4-14.2%) and BBV (7.2-15.7%), respectively. Similarly, the Cp gene revealed that the viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to RGNNV (95.9-99.8%), SJNNV (72.2-77.4%), BFNNV (80.9-83.5%), TPNNV (77.2-78.1%) and TNV (75.1-76.5%). However, as in the RdRp gene, the coat protein gene was highly dissimilar to FHV (3.0%) and BBV (2.6-4.1%), respectively. Based on the genome analysis, the Betanodavirus infecting cultured marine fish species in Malaysia belong to the RGNNV genotype. However, the phylogenetic analysis of the genes revealed that the viruses can be further divided into nine sub-groups. This has been expected since various marine fish species of different origins are cultured in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  7. Genetic variability and evolutionary analyses of the coat protein gene of Tomato mosaic virus
    Rangel EA, Alfaro-Fernández A, Font-San-Ambrosio MI, Luis-Arteaga M, Rubio L
    Virus Genes, 2011 Dec;43(3):435-8.
    PMID: 21881940 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0651-3
    Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus, infects several ornamental and horticultural crops worldwide. In this study, the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene of worldwide ToMV isolates were analyzed to estimate the genetic structure and diversity of this virus and the involved evolutionary forces. The phylogenetic analysis showed three clades with high bootstrap support: Clade I contained three ToMV isolates from Brazil collected from pepper, Clade II comprised one Brazilian ToMV isolate from pepper, and Clade III was composed of ToMV isolates collected from different plant hosts (pepper, tomato, eggplant, lilac, camellia, dogwood, red spruce, etc.) and water (from melting ice, lakes and streams) from different countries: USA, Brazil, Korea, Germany, Spain, Denmark (Greenland), China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Iran, and Kazakhstan. With the exception of Brazil, nucleotide diversity within and between different geographic regions was very low, although statistical analyses suggested some gene flow between most of these regions. Our analyses also suggested a strong negative selection which could have contributed to the genetic stability of ToMV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  8. Multilocus analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of rainforest bird populations in Southeast Asia
    Lim HC, Sheldon FH
    Mol Ecol, 2011 Aug;20(16):3414-38.
    PMID: 21777318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05190.x
    Sundaland has a dynamic geographic history because its landmasses were periodically interconnected when sea levels fell during glacial periods. Superimposed on this geographic dynamism were environmental changes related to climatic oscillations. To investigate how tropical taxa responded to such changes, we studied the divergence and demographic history of two co-distributed rainforest passerine species, Arachnothera longirostra and Malacocincla malaccensis. We sampled birds primarily from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, which straddle the now-submerged Sunda shelf, and analysed multilocus DNA data with a variety of coalescent and gene genealogy methods. Cross-shelf divergence in both species occurred well before the last glacial maximum, i.e., before the most recent land connection. However, post-divergence gene flow occurred, and it was more pronounced in A. longirostra (a highly vagile nectarivore/insectivore) than in M. malaccensis (an understory insectivore). Despite current habitat continuity on Borneo, the population of M. malaccensis in northeastern Borneo is substantially divergent from that on the rest of the island. The NE population experienced dramatic demographic fluctuations, probably because of competition with the other population, which expanded from western Borneo after the mid-Pleistocene. In contrast, the Borneo population of A. longirostra has little structure and appears to have experienced demographic expansion 16 kya, long after it had diverged from the Malay Peninsula population (630-690 kya). Malay Peninsula populations of both species have remained relatively stable. Overall, the most recent glacial period was not the chief determinant of the evolutionary dynamics of our study species, and in this respect, they are different from temperate species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  9. Fulltext Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in an endangered palm, Johannesteijsmannia lanceolata (Arecaceae)
    Ang CC, Lee SL, Lee CT, Tnah LH, Zakaria RM, Ng CC
    Am J Bot, 2011 May;98(5):e117-9.
    PMID: 21613176 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000494
    Microsatellite markers were developed for Johannesteijsmannia lanceolata to assess the genetic diversity and mating system of this alarmingly endangered species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  10. Fulltext Microsatellite markers of an important medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia (Simaroubaceae), for DNA profiling
    Tnah LH, Lee CT, Lee SL, Ng KK, Ng CH, Hwang SS
    Am J Bot, 2011 May;98(5):e130-2.
    PMID: 21613180 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000469
    Microsatellite markers of an important medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia (Simaroubaceae), were developed for DNA profiling and genetic diversity studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  11. Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking of feruloylated arabinan from sugar beet
    Zaidel DN, Arnous A, Holck J, Meyer AS
    J Agric Food Chem, 2011 Nov 9;59(21):11598-607.
    PMID: 21954887 DOI: 10.1021/jf203138u
    Ferulic acid (FA) groups esterified to the arabinan side chains of pectic polysaccharides can be oxidatively cross-linked in vitro by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalysis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to form ferulic acid dehydrodimers (diFAs). The present work investigated whether the kinetics of HRP catalyzed cross-linking of FA esterified to α-(1,5)-linked arabinans are affected by the length of the arabinan chains carrying the feruloyl substitutions. The kinetics of the HRP-catalyzed cross-linking of four sets of arabinan samples from sugar beet pulp, having different molecular weights and hence different degrees of polymerization, were monitored by the disappearance of FA absorbance at 316 nm. MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis confirmed that the sugar beet arabinans were feruloyl-substituted, and HPLC analysis verified that the amounts of diFAs increased when FA levels decreased as a result of the enzymatic oxidation treatment with HRP and H(2)O(2). At equimolar levels of FA (0.0025-0.05 mM) in the arabinan samples, the initial rates of the HRP-catalyzed cross-linking of the longer chain arabinans were slower than those of the shorter chain arabinans. The lower initial rates may be the result of the slower movement of larger molecules coupled with steric phenomena, making the required initial reaction of two FAs on longer chain arabinans slower than on shorter arabinans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  12. Fulltext Expression of an organic solvent stable lipase from Staphylococcus epidermidis AT2
    Rahman RN, Kamarudin NH, Yunus J, Salleh AB, Basri M
    Int J Mol Sci, 2010;11(9):3195-208.
    PMID: 20957088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093195
    An organic solvent tolerant lipase gene from Staphylococcus epidermidis AT2 was successfully cloned and expressed with pTrcHis2 in E. coli TOP10. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,933 bp in length which coded for a polypeptide of 643 amino acid residues. The polypeptide comprised of a signal peptide (37 amino acids), pro-peptide and a mature protein of 390 amino acids. Expression of AT2 lipase resulted in an 18-fold increase in activity, upon the induction of 0.6 mM IPTG after a 10 h incubation period. Interestingly, this lipase was stable in various organic solvents (25% (v/v), mainly toluene, octanol, p-xylene and n-hexane). Literature shows that most of the organic solvent stable bacterial lipases were produced by Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., but very few from Staphylococcus sp. This lipase demonstrates great potential to be employed in various industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  13. Fulltext Molecular characterization of Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yemen
    Mahdy MA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Lim YA, Bin Shuaib NO, Azazy AA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2010 Sep 20;5(9).
    PMID: 20862227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012879
    BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic in the tropics and subtropics with a global yearly incidence of 1.5 million. Although CL is the most common form of leishmaniasis, which is responsible for 60% of DALYs lost due to tropical-cluster diseases prevalent in Yemen, available information is very limited.

    METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study was conducted to determine the molecular characterization of Leishmania species isolated from human cutaneous lesions in Yemen. Dermal scrapes were collected and examined for Leishmania amastigotes using the Giemsa staining technique. Amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS-1) gene was carried out using nested PCR and subsequent sequencing. The sequences from Leishmania isolates were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The trees identified Leishmania tropica from 16 isolates which were represented by two sequence types.

    CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The predominance of the anthroponotic species (i.e. L. tropica) indicates the probability of anthroponotic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yemen. These findings will help public health authorities to build an effective control strategy taking into consideration person-to-person transmission as the main dynamic of transmission of CL.

    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  14. Another chloromyxid lineage: molecular phylogeny and redescription of Chloromyxum careni from the Asian horned frog Megophrys nasuta
    Jirků M, Bartošová P, Kodádková A, Mutschmann F
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2011 Jan-Feb;58(1):50-9.
    PMID: 21182559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00521.x
    Infection with Chloromyxum careni Mutschmann, 1999 was found in the Asian horned frog Megophrys nasuta from Malaysia and Indonesia. Kidney was the only organ infected. Coelozoic plasmodia up to 300 μm were localized in Bowman's space, embracing the glomerulus from all sides, or rarely in lumina of renal tubules. Plasmodia are polysporic, containing disporic pansporoblasts. Myxospores observed by light microscopy are colorless, variable in shape and size, measuring 6.0-8.5 × 5.0-6.5 μm, composed of two symmetrical valves joined by a meridian suture, containing four pyriform polar capsules 3.0-4.0 × 2.5-3.0 μm and a single sporoplasm. Each valve possesses 14-24 (median 21) fine longitudinal ridges clearly visible only in scanning electron microscopy. Rarely, atypical spores with a markedly pointed posterior pole and only 6-10 surface ridges are present in plasmodia together with typical spores. Both small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequences possess extremely long GU-rich inserts. In all SSU and LSU rDNA-based phylogenetic analyses, C. careni clustered as a distinct basal branch to the Myxobolus+Myxidium lieberkuehni clade, out of the marine Chloromyxum clade containing Chloromyxum leydigi, the type species of the genus. These morphological and phylogenetic data suggest erection of a new genus for the C. careni lineage, but we conservatively treat it as a Chloromyxum sensu lato until more information is available.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  15. Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Brazil: possible origins inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences
    Martins C, Fontes LR, Bueno OC, Martins VG
    Genome, 2010 Sep;53(9):651-7.
    PMID: 20924414 DOI: 10.1139/g10-044
    The Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi, originally from northeast India through Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Indonesian archipelago, is a major termite pest introduced in several countries around the world, including Brazil. We sequenced the mitochondrial COII gene from individuals representing 23 populations. Phylogenetic analysis of COII gene sequences from this and other studies resulted in two main groups: (1) populations of Cleveland (USA) and four populations of Malaysia and (2) populations of Brazil, four populations of Malaysia, and one population from each of Thailand, Puerto Rico, and Key West (USA). Three new localities are reported here, considerably enlarging the distribution of C. gestroi in Brazil: Campo Grande (state of Mato Grosso do Sul), Itajaí (state of Santa Catarina), and Porto Alegre (state of Rio Grande do Sul).
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  16. Description of Sinodiplectanotrema malayanum n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), with comments on the taxonomic position of the genus
    Lim LH, Tan WB, Gibson DI
    Syst Parasitol, 2010 Jun;76(2):145-57.
    PMID: 20437220 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-010-9242-2
    Monogeneans identified as Sinodiplectanotrema malayanum n. sp. were collected from the fish Pennahia anea (Sciaenidae) off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The new species is recognised on the basis of morphometrical differences in the anchors, marginal hooks and eggs and apparent differences in the 28S rDNA sequence data. The new species possesses features (ovary looping the intestinal caecum, body spines, a vagina and haptoral reservoirs) not noted in the original description of the type and only other species of the genus, S. argyrosomus Zhang, 2001, necessitating the re-assignment of the genus to the Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903, a move which is supported by 28S rDNA evidence. Sinodiplectanotrema is redefined on the basis of the observation of several features not included in the original diagnosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  17. Fulltext Identification of genes involved in the 4-aminobenzenesulfonate degradation pathway of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC via transposon mutagenesis
    Gan HM, Ibrahim Z, Shahir S, Yahya A
    FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2011 May;318(2):108-14.
    PMID: 21323982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02245.x
    Genes involved in the 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) degradation pathway of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC were identified using transposon mutagenesis. The screening of 10,000 mutants for incomplete 4-ABS biotransformation identified four mutants with single transposon insertion. Genes with insertions that impaired the ability to utilize 4-ABS for growth included (1) 4-sulfocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase β-subunit (pcaH2) and 3-sulfomuconate cycloisomerase involved in the modified β-ketoadipate pathway; (2) 4-aminobenzenesulfonate 3,4-dioxygenase component (sadA) involved in aromatic ring hydroxylation; and (3) transposase gene homolog with a putative cis-diol dehydrogenase gene located downstream. The pcaH2 mutant strain accumulated brown metabolite during growth on 4-ABS which was identified as 4-sulfocatechol through thin layer chromatography and HPLC analyses. Supplementation of wild-type sadA gene in trans restored the 4-ABS degradation ability of the sadA mutant, thus supporting the annotation of its disrupted gene.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  18. First characterization of bla(VIM-11) cassette-containing integron in metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Malaysia
    Khosravi Y, Tay ST, Vadivelu J
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2010 Nov;14(11):999-1000.
    PMID: 21284350
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  19. Identification of a novel second-generation circulating recombinant form (CRF48_01B) in Malaysia: a descendant of the previously identified CRF33_01B
    Li Y, Tee KK, Liao H, Hase S, Uenishi R, Li XJ, et al.
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2010 Jun;54(2):129-36.
    PMID: 20386110 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d82ce5
    A molecular epidemiological investigation conducted among injecting drug users in eastern Peninsular Malaysia in 2007 identified a cluster of sequences (n = 3) located outside any known HIV-1 genotype. Analyses of near full-length nucleotide sequences of these strains from individuals with no recognizable linkage revealed that they have an identical subtype structure comprised of CRF01_AE and subtype B', distinct from any known circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). This novel CRF, designated CRF48_01B, is closely related to CRF33_01B, previously identified in Kuala Lumpur. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple CRF48_01B genome regions showed that CRF48_01B forms a monophyletic cluster within CRF33_01B, suggesting that this new recombinant is very likely a descendant of CRF33_01B. CRF48_01B thus represents one of the first examples of a "second-generation" CRF, generated by additional crossover with pre-existing CRFs. Corroborating these results, Bayesian molecular clock analyses indicated that CRF48_01B emerged in approximately 2001, approximately approximately 8 years after the emergence of CRF33_01B.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
  20. Fulltext Molecular epidemiology of chikungunya virus in Malaysia since its first emergence in 1998
    Chem YK, Zainah S, Berendam SJ, Rogayah TA, Khairul AH, Chua KB
    Med J Malaysia, 2010 Mar;65(1):31-5.
    PMID: 21265245 MyJurnal
    Malaysia experienced the first outbreak of chikungunya (CHIK) in Klang in late 1998 due to CHIK virus of Asian genotype. The CHIK virus of Asian genotype reemerged causing outbreak in Bangan Panchor, Perak in March 2006. CHIK virus of Central/East African genotype was first detected from a patient who returned from India in August 2006. In December 2006, CHIK virus of Central/East African genotype was re-introduced into Malaysia from India and caused an outbreak in Kinta district, Perak but was successfully controlled following an early detection and institution of intensive vector control measures. In late April 2008, CHIK virus of Central/East African genotype was laboratory confirmed as the cause of CHIK outbreak in Johore which spread to other parts of Malaysia by August 2008. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 254-bp fragment of the virus envelope protein gene as the genetic marker showed that three different strains of CHIK virus of Central/East African genotype were introduced into Malaysia on three separate occasions from 2006 to 2008. The strain that was introduced into Johor state was responsible for its subsequent spread to other parts of Malaysia, inclusive of Sarawak.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Sequence Data
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