Displaying publications 1401 - 1420 of 4699 in total

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  1. Preliminary Assessment of Cyanobacteria Diversity and Toxic Potential in Ten Freshwater Lakes in Selangor, Malaysia
    Sinang SC, Poh KB, Shamsudin S, Sinden A
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2015 Oct;95(4):542-7.
    PMID: 26248788 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1620-7
    Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are increasing in magnitude and frequency worldwide. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to better understand eutrophication levels, cyanobacteria diversity, and microcystin concentrations in ten Malaysian freshwater lakes. The results revealed that most lakes were eutrophic, with total phosphorus and total chlorophyll-a concentrations ranging from 15 to 4270 µg L(-1) and 1.1 to 903.1 µg L(-1), respectively. Cyanobacteria were detected in all lakes, and identified as Microcystis spp., Planktothrix spp., Phormidium spp., Oscillatoria spp., and Lyngbya spp. Microcystis spp. was the most commonly observed and most abundant cyanobacteria recorded. Semi-quantitative microcystin analysis indicated the presence of microcystin in all lakes. These findings illustrate the potential health risk of cyanobacteria in Malaysia freshwater lakes, thus magnifying the importance of cyanobacteria monitoring and management in Malaysian waterways.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cyanobacteria/isolation & purification*; Microcystis/isolation & purification
  2. Enzymatic Production of Bioxylitol from Sawdust Hydrolysate: Screening of Process Parameters
    Rafiqul IS, Sakinah AM, Zularisam AW
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Jun;176(4):1071-83.
    PMID: 25904039 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1630-2
    Xylose-rich sawdust hydrolysate can be an economic substrate for the enzymatic production of xylitol, a specialty product. It is important to identify the process factors influencing xylitol production. This research aimed to screen the parameters significantly affecting bioxylitol synthesis from wood sawdust by xylose reductase (XR). Enzymatic bioxylitol production was conducted to estimate the effect of different variables reaction time (2-18 h), temperature (20-70 °C), pH (4.0-9.0), NADPH (1.17-5.32 g/L), and enzyme concentration (2-6 %) on the yield of xylitol. Fractional factorial design was followed to identify the key process factors. The screening design identified that time, temperature, and pH are the most significant factors influencing bioxylitol production among the variables with the values of 12 h, 35 °C, and 7.0, respectively. These conditions led to a xylitol yield of 71 % (w/w). This is the first report on the statistical screening of process variables influencing enzyme-based bioxylitol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aldehyde Reductase/isolation & purification; Fungal Proteins/isolation & purification
  3. Fulltext The in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activities of a standardized quassinoids composition from Eurycoma longifolia on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells
    Tong KL, Chan KL, AbuBakar S, Low BS, Ma HQ, Wong PF
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0121752.
    PMID: 25826409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121752
    Quassinoids are a group of diterpenoids found in plants from the Simaroubaceae family. They are also the major bioactive compounds found in Eurycoma longifolia which is commonly used as traditional medicine in South East Asia to treat various ailments including sexual dysfunction and infertility. These uses are attributed to its ability to improve testosterone level in men. Chronic consumption of E. longifolia extracts has been reported to increase testosterone level in men and animal model but its effect on prostate growth remains unknown. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of a standardized total quassinoids composition (SQ40) containing 40% of the total quassinoids found in E. longifolia on LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. SQ40 inhibited LNCaP cell growth at IC50 value of 5.97 μg/mL while the IC50 on RWPE-1 human prostate normal cells was 59.26 μg/mL. SQ40 also inhibited 5α-dihydrotestosterone-stimulated growth in LNCaP cells dose-dependently. The inhibitory effect of SQ40 in anchorage-independent growth of LNCaP cells was also demonstrated using soft agar assay. SQ40 suppressed LNCaP cell growth via G0/G1 phase arrest which was accompanied by the down-regulation of CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 and up-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 protein levels. SQ40 at higher concentrations or longer treatment duration can cause G2M growth arrest leading to apoptotic cell death as demonstrated by the detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in LNCaP cells. Moreover, SQ40 also inhibited androgen receptor translocation to nucleus which is important for the transactivation of its target gene, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and resulted in a significant reduction of PSA secretion after the treatment. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg of SQ40 also significantly suppressed the LNCaP tumor growth on mouse xenograft model. Results from the present study suggest that the standardized total quassinoids composition from E. longifolia promotes anti-prostate cancer activities in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification; Quassins/isolation & purification
  4. Serum antigen 85 levels in adjunct testing for active mycobacterial infections in orangutans
    Kilbourn AM, Godfrey HP, Cook RA, Calle PP, Bosi EJ, Bentley-Hibbert SI, et al.
    J. Wildl. Dis., 2001 Jan;37(1):65-71.
    PMID: 11272506
    Diagnosis of active mycobacterial disease in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) has been impeded by high levels of non-specific intradermal skin test reactivity to mycobacterial antigens. This may be due in part to cross reactivity between antigens, tuberculin concentrations used or other species-specific factors. Antigen 85 (Ag85) complex proteins are major secretory products of actively growing mycobacteria, and measurement of serum Ag85 could provide a method for determining active mycobacterial infections that was not dependent on host immunity. Serum Ag85 was measured by dot-immunobinding assay using monoclonal anti-Ag85, purified Ag85 standard and enhanced chemiluminescence technology in coded serum samples from 14 captive orangutans from a zoo in Colorado, 15 semi-captive orangutans in Malaysia, and 19 free-ranging wild orangutans in Malaysia. Orangutans from Colorado (USA) were culture negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium, although all had laboratory suspicion or evidence of mycobacterial infection; median serum Ag85 was 10 microU/ml (range, <0.25-630 microU/ml). Of the semi-captive orangutans, six were skin test reactive and two were culture positive for M. avium on necropsy. Median serum Ag85 for this group was 1,880 microU/ml (0.75-7,000 microU/ml), significantly higher than that of Colorado zoo or free-ranging Malaysian orangutans. Median serum Ag85 in the latter group was 125 microU/ml (range, 0.75-2,500 microU/ml). These data suggest that suggest that additional studies using more specific reagents and more samples from animals of known status are appropriate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycobacterium avium/isolation & purification; Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification
  5. Fulltext A retrospective review of mucocutaneous infections by human herpesvirus 1 and 2 in an urban population in Malaysia
    Hooi PS, Chua BH, Karunakaran R, Lam SK, Chua KB
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Mar;57(1):80-7.
    PMID: 14569722 MyJurnal
    This is a 10-year retrospective review of mucocutaneous infection by human herpesvirus 1 (HHV1) and human herpesvirus 2 (HHV2) carried out by the virus diagnostic unit of University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). A total of 504 specimens from UMMC and a private clinic in the same city (KLSC) were tested; 198 samples from patients with oral lesions and 306 from patients with genital lesions. HHV1 was found to be responsible for 98.4% of oral lesions whereas HHV2 was the cause of 83.6% of all genital lesions. Detailed analysis showed no statistical difference by age group, race or gender among the patients with oral and genital lesions. Two laboratory methods were used in this study. Of the total 504 specimens tested, 18.0% specimens were positive by direct immunofluorescence (IF), 55.0% by virus isolation and 56.5% when both methods were used in combination. Although IF can provide a more rapid diagnosis, it is, however, less sensitive and can be attributed partly to inadequate collection of specimens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification*; Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification*
  6. Isolation of subgenus B adenovirus during a fatal outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sibu, Sarawak
    Cardosa MJ, Krishnan S, Tio PH, Perera D, Wong SC
    Lancet, 1999 Sep 18;354(9183):987-91.
    PMID: 10501361
    In mid-1997, several children died in Sarawak, Malaysia, during an epidemic of enterovirus-71 (EV71) hand, foot, and mouth disease. The children who died had a febrile illness that rapidly progressed to cardiopulmonary failure and the cause was not satisfactorily resolved. We describe the isolation and identification of a subgenus B adenovirus from the children who died.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adenoviridae/isolation & purification*; Enterovirus/isolation & purification
  7. Some nematodes and acanthocephalans from exotic ornamental freshwater fishes imported into Germany
    Moravec F, Wolter J, Körting W
    Folia Parasitol., 1999;46(4):296-310.
    PMID: 10730202
    Five species of adult nematodes, unidentifiable nematode larvae, and three species of acanthocephalans, were found in freshwater ornamental fishes newly imported into Germany from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The following species were identified: Adult Nematoda: Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, Capillariidae gen. sp., Dichelyne hartwichi sp. n., Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pintoi and Spinitectus allaeri; Acanthocephala: Pseudogorgorhynchus arii gen. et sp. n., Neoechinorhynchus sp. and Pallisentis sp. The nematode Dichelyne hartwichi sp. n. (male only) from the intestine of Chelonodon fluviatilis (Hamilton) from Thailand is characterised mainly by the presence of minute cuticular spines on the tail tip, length of spicules (510 microns) and arrangement of caudal papillae. The acanthocephalan Pseudogorgorhynchus arii sp. n. from the intestine of Ariopsis seemanni (Günther) from Colombia represents a new genus Pseudogorgorhynchus gen. n., differing from other genera of the Rhadinorhynchidae mainly in possessing a small proboscis armed with markedly few (18) hooks arranged in six spiral rows. Spinitectus macheirus Boomker et Puylaert, 1994 and Spinitectus moraveci Boomker et Puylaert, 1994 are considered junior synonyms of Spinitectus allaeri Campana-Rouget, 1961.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acanthocephala/isolation & purification; Nematoda/isolation & purification
  8. Cytotoxic 3,4-secoapotirucallanes from Aaglaia argentea bark
    Mohamad K, Martin MT, Najdar H, Gaspard C, Sévenet T, Awang K, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 1999 Jun;62(6):868-72.
    PMID: 10395505
    Nine 3,4-secoapotirucallanes, argentinic acids A-I, were isolated from the bark of Aglaia argentea and transformed to their methyl esters 1-9. The structures were determined by spectral and chemical means. Compounds 1-8 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against KB cells (IC50 1.0-3.5 microg/mL).
    Matched MeSH terms: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification*; Triterpenes/isolation & purification*
  9. Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia
    Mok SL, Yoganathan K, Lim TM, Kam TS
    J Nat Prod, 1998 Mar;61(3):328-32.
    PMID: 9544563
    Intravenous injection of the aspidofractinine alkaloid, kopsingine (1, 0.2-10.0 mg/kg) from Kopsia teoi, produced dose-related decreases in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, which were similar to those seen in normotensive controls. Minor modifications in the molecular structure of kopsingine, as in kopsaporine (2, the 12-demethoxy derivative of kopsingine) and 14,15-dihydrokopsingine (4), did not significantly alter the hypotensive responses, whereas a more drastic change in the structure, as in the heptacyclic kopsidine A (3) and the 3-to-17 oxo-bridged compound 5, resulted in an increase in blood pressure. The antihypertensive effects of kopsingine (1) and its congeners (2 and 4) along with the pressor effects produced by the heptacyclic oxo-bridged compounds (5 and 3) could be ascribed to central as well as peripheral actions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification*; Antihypertensive Agents/isolation & purification*
  10. Filaria vector competence of some Anopheles species
    Zahedi M, White GB
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1994 Mar;45(1):27-32.
    PMID: 8066378
    The filaria vector competence of Anopheles stephensi was compared with Brugia-susceptible Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain, An. gambiae Badagry Lagos strain and An. dirus Perlis Malaysia strain. An. stephensi ingested more Brugia pahangi microfilariae, had the highest infectivity rate and yielded more infective mosquitoes than the other two anopheline species. The overall vector competence of An. stephensi was 0.13 times that of Ae. aegypti, 0.62 times that of An. gambiae and 2.17 times that of An. dirus. However, heavy mortality among infected An. stephensi in the present investigation indicates that the filaria vectorial capacity of the mosquito might be limited epidemiologically. The relationship between filaria vector competence and mosquito foregut armature is discussed. It was observed that the relative vector competence of the three anopheline species tested was in the same order as their relative degrees of armature elaboration. The converse would be expected if foregut armatures really give partial protection to the mosquitoes against filarial infection. It is suggested that high host microfilariae density favours larval survival proportional to the degree of armature development in Anopheles (Cellia) species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microfilaria/isolation & purification; Brugia pahangi/isolation & purification
  11. Young Malaysian children with lower respiratory tract infections show low incidence of chlamydial infection
    Ngeow YF, Weil AF, Khairullah NS, Yusof MY, Luam L, Gaydos C, et al.
    J Paediatr Child Health, 1997 Oct;33(5):422-5.
    PMID: 9401887
    OBJECTIVE: The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection was studied among infants and young children admitted to hospital for the management of lower respiratory tract infections, over a 12 month period.

    METHODOLOGY: Respiratory secretions were examined for chlamydiae by cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay. Sera were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for chlamydial IgG, IgM and IgA. Other bacterial and viral pathogens were also looked for by standard cultural and serological methods.

    RESULTS: Of 87 patients aged 2 months-3 years, an aetiologic diagnosis was made in 41 (47.1%). C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis were each detected in 1 (1.2%) of the patients. Among common bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae (13.8%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.1%) were the most frequently identified. Respiratory viruses and elevated Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies were found in 10.3% and 9.1% of patients, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Chlamydiae are infrequent causes of community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and very young children in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chlamydia trachomatis/isolation & purification; Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolation & purification
  12. Antimitotic and cytotoxic flavonols from Zieridium pseudobtusifolium and Acronychia porteri
    Lichius JJ, Thoison O, Montagnac A, Païs M, Guéritte-Voegelein F, Sévenet T, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 1994 Jul;57(7):1012-6.
    PMID: 7964782
    Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts of Zieridium pseudobtusifolium and Acronychia porteri led to the isolation of 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone [1], which showed activity against (KB) human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (IC50 0.04 micrograms/ml) and inhibited tubulin assembly into microtubules (IC50 12 microM). Two other known flavonols, digicitrin [2] and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone [5], were also isolated together with three new ones, 3-O-demethyldigicitrin [3], 3,5,3'-trihydroxy-6,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone [4], and 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone [6]. All of these flavonols showed cytotoxic activity against KB cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification*; Flavonoids/isolation & purification*
  13. Immunological characterization of rice tungro spherical virus coat proteins and differentiation of isolates from the Philippines and India
    Druka A, Burns T, Zhang S, Hull R
    J Gen Virol, 1996 Aug;77 ( Pt 8):1975-83.
    PMID: 8760450
    Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) has an RNA genome of more than 12 kb with various features which classify it as a plant picornavirus. The capsid comprises three coat protein (CP) species, CP1, CP2 and CP3, with predicted molecular masses of 22.5, 22.0 and 33 kDa, respectively, which are cleaved from a polyprotein. In order to obtain information on the properties of these proteins, each was expressed in E. coli, purified as a fusion to the maltose-binding protein and used for raising a polyclonal antiserum. CP1, CP2 and CP3 with the expected molecular masses were detected specifically in virus preparations. CP3 is probably the major antigenic determinant on the surface of RTSV particles, as was shown by ELISA, Western blotting and immunogold electron microscopy using antisera obtained against whole virus particles and to each CP separately. In some cases, especially in crude extracts, CP3 antiserum detected several other proteins (40-42 kDa), which could be products of CP3 post-translational modification. No serological differences were detected between the three CPs from isolates from the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and India. The CP3-related 40-42 kDa proteins of the Indian RTSV isolate have a slightly higher electrophoretic mobility (42-44 kDa) and a different response to cellulolytic enzyme preparations, which allows them to be differentiated from south-east Asian isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Viruses/isolation & purification; RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
  14. A ferulic acid ester of sucrose and other constituents of Bhesa paniculata
    Harrison LJ, Sia GL, Sim KY, Tan HT, Connolly JD, Lavaud C, et al.
    Phytochemistry, 1995 Apr;38(6):1497-500.
    PMID: 7786481
    A novel derivative of sucrose, beta-(3,6-di-O-feruloyl)-fructofuranosyl-alpha-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-ac etyl)- glucopyranoside, was isolated from the wood of Bhesa paniculata. Its structure was determined by a combination of 2D 1H-1H and 1H-13C correlation NMR spectroscopy. The known compounds, glycerol 1-9',12'-octadecadienoate, beta-sitosterol, (+/-)-pinoresinol, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, anofinic acid and 2-(1'-methylethenyl)-benzofuran-5-carboxylic acid were also isolated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coumaric Acids/isolation & purification; Sucrose/isolation & purification
  15. The bacteriology of brain abscess: a local experience in Malaysia
    Puthucheary SD, Parasakthi N
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1990 7 1;84(4):589-92.
    PMID: 2091359
    31 cases of intracranial abscess seen over a period of 10 years showed a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life with a male preponderance. Tetralogy of Fallot and other congenital cyanotic heart diseases were the predominant associated factors (32%). The commonest site of infection was the frontal lobe. Gram-stained smears of pus proved to be extremely useful. The majority of the organisms (82%) were either microaerophilic or anaerobic bacteria with Streptococcus milleri being the most frequent isolate. With the exception of Corynebacterium species, all isolates were susceptible to penicillin or chloramphenicol, most being susceptible to both.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/isolation & purification; Streptococcus/isolation & purification
  16. Purification and characterization of two acidic phospholipase A2 enzymes from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) snake venom
    Tan NH, Saifuddin MN
    Int. J. Biochem., 1990;22(5):481-7.
    PMID: 2347427
    1. The two major phospholipase A2 enzymes (OHPLA-DE1 and OHPLA-DE2) of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. 2. The isoelectric points of OHPLA-DE1 and OHPLA-DE2 were 3.81 and 3.89, respectively and the Mws were 14,000 and 15,000, respectively, as estimated by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography; and 14,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE. 3. The enzymes were not lethal to mice at a dosage of 10 micrograms/g body wt by i.v. route. Both phospholipase A2 enzymes, however, exhibited moderate edema-inducing and anti-coagulant activities. 4. Bromophenacylation of the enzymes reduced the enzymatic activity drastically but did not affect the edema-inducing activity of the enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Phospholipases/isolation & purification*; Phospholipases A/isolation & purification*
  17. Cardiotoxins from the venom of Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix)
    Tan NH
    Arch Biochem Biophys, 1982 Oct 01;218(1):51-8.
    PMID: 7149742
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins/isolation & purification*; Elapid Venoms/isolation & purification*
  18. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed
    Runnie I, Salleh MN, Mohamed S, Head RJ, Abeywardena MY
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2004 Jun;92(2-3):311-6.
    PMID: 15138017
    In this study, the vasodilatory actions of nine edible tropical plant extracts were investigated. Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato leaf), Piper betle (betel leaf), Anacardium occidentale (cashew leaf), Gynandropsis gynandra (maman leaf), Carica papaya (papaya leaf), and Mentha arvensis (mint leaf) extracts exhibited more than 50% relaxing effect on aortic ring preparations, while Piper betle and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass stalk) showed comparable vasorelaxation on isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparation. The vascular effect on the aortic ring preparations were mainly endothelium-dependent, and mediated by nitric oxide (NO) as supported by the inhibition of action in the presence of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA), an nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, or by the removal of endothelium. In contrast, vasodilatory actions in resistance vessels (perfused mesenteric vascular beds) appear to involve several biochemical mediators, including NO, prostanoids, and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities varied among different extracts and found to be independent of vascular relaxation effects. This study demonstrates that many edible plants common in Asian diets to possess potential health benefits, affording protection at the vascular endothelium level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Vasodilator Agents/isolation & purification
  19. Evaluation of antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of selected Malaysian medicinal plants
    Saha K, Lajis NH, Israf DA, Hamzah AS, Khozirah S, Khamis S, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2004 Jun;92(2-3):263-7.
    PMID: 15138010
    Methanol extracts of seven Malaysian medicinal plants were screened for antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibitory activities. Antioxidant activity was measured by using FTC, TBA and DPPH free radical scavenging methods and Griess assay was used for the measurement of nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity comparable to or higher than that of alpha-tocopherol, BHT and quercetin in FTC and TBA methods. The extracts from Leea indica and Spermacoce articularis showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity comparable with quercetin, BHT and Vit C. Spermacoce exilis showed only moderate activity but other species were weak as compared to the standards. In the Griess assay Lasianthus oblongus, Chasalia chartacea, Hedyotis verticillata, Spermacoce articularis and Leea indica showed strong inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production in LPS and IFN-gamma-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Extracts from Psychotria rostrata and Spermacoce exilis also inhibited NO production but this was due to their cytotoxic effects upon cells during culture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antioxidants/isolation & purification; Free Radical Scavengers/isolation & purification
  20. Emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats
    Mackenzie JS, Field HE
    Arch. Virol. Suppl., 2004.
    PMID: 15119765
    Three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus Pteropus (order Chiroptera, suborder Megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. These are: Hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in Brisbane, Australia, in 1994; Australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and Nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and pulmonary disease in domestic pigs and people in peninsula Malaysia in 1999. Hendra and Nipah viruses have been shown to be the first two members of a new genus, Henipavirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, whereas Australian bat lyssavirus is closely related antigenically to classical rabies virus in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, although it can be distinguished on genetic grounds. Hendra and Nipah viruses have neurological and pneumonic tropisms. The first humans and equids with Hendra virus infections died from acute respiratory disease, whereas the second human patient died from an encephalitis. With Nipah virus, the predominant clinical syndrome in humans was encephalitic rather than respiratory, whereas in pigs, the infection was characterised by acute fever with respiratory involvement with or without neurological signs. Two human infections with Australian bat lyssavirus have been reported, the clinical signs of which were consistent with classical rabies infection and included a diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Many important questions remain to be answered regarding modes of transmission, pathogenesis, and geographic range of these viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lyssavirus/isolation & purification; Henipavirus/isolation & purification
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