A study to evaluate the effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais adult mortality, F1 progeny production, weight loss and rice grain damaged was conducted. The plant powders used were made from seed of Annona muricata, Jatropha curcas, Azadirachta indica and from leaf of J. curcas at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% (w/w) concentrations. Probit analysis showed that J. curcas seed powder was highly toxic (LC50 = 0.28%) to S. zeamais adult followed by A. muricata seed (LC50 = 0.33%), J. curcas leaf (LC50 = 1.15%) and A. indica seed (LC50= 3.63%). The Annona muricata and J. curcas seed had caused the highest mean mortality (100 and 98.85%) at 2% concentration, while the A. indica seed and J. curcas leaf powder had only caused 32.32 and 77.84%, respectively at 2.5% concentration. There was no progeny produced, no weight loss recorded and no rice grain damaged on treated rice grain with A. muricata and J. curcas seed at 1% concentration. In contrast, J. curcas leaf and A. indica seed powder had the least toxicity effect on the weevil as shown by number of progeny produced (167 and 228), total of weight loss (10.04 and 10.49%) and rice grain damaged (19.35 and 21.14%) even at the highest powder concentration (2.5%)
tested. Results of this study revealed the potential of J. curcas and A. muricata seed powder to be used in controlling S. zeamais on stored rice grain.
The effects of zeolite and zinc foliar applications on the biochemical characteristics of canola cultivars under different moisture regimes were investigated in a study conducted during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The study was completed using a factorial split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. The treatments were: irrigation (I): complete (I1) and restricted (I2); zeolite (Z): 0 (Z1) and 15 ton ha-1 (Z2) and Zn: 0, 0.1 and 0.2% concentrations of zinc sulfate (Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3) at the pod formation stage. These treatments were applied during the pod formation stage to the Licord, RGS003 and Opera cultivars. This study showed that although applying Z and Zn had positive effects on the quality of canola, the highest performance and the best results were obtained using a combination of Z and Zn. The combined application of Z and Zn decreased the proline and carbohydrate contents to 44.35 and 34.42%, respectively. Therefore, with the low cost of natural Z and moderate Zn intake, these treatments can be used to enhance the performance of canola, especially in regions frequently subjected to water stress.
Phaleria macrocarpa seeds are rapidly killed with desiccation to moisture content (MC) below 20%. Desiccation tolerance of their embryonic axes was studied for storage and germplasm conservation purposes. Embryonic axes were extracted aseptically from fresh seeds obtained from fully ripe fruits in a horizontal laminar air flow cabinet. They were then desiccated under aseptic condition for periods ranging from 0-8 h. For each desiccation treatment, embryonic axes were drawn randomly for the determination of MC according to ISTA, electrolyte leakage and proliferation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The results obtained from this study indicated that the embryonic axes could tolerate dehydration down to 13.6% with desiccation for 8 h while retaining relatively high viability of 76.7%. This was supported by only gradual increment of electrolyte leakage with the desiccated embryonic axes. All non-desiccated embryonic axes with MC of 52.5% were capable to grow into normal plantlets in vitro but dehydration to MC of 36.0% and further down to 13.6% generally resulted in callus formation with up to 16.7% of the embryonic axes while at least 60.0% of the other embryonic axes were still capable to proliferate as normal plantlets in vitro.
Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main pharmacologically active compound found in the seeds oil of Nigella
Sativa. Various studies had been investigated on the therapeutic effects of TQ against several diseases such as
anticancer research, antibacterial, and so on. As a result, a considerable amount of information has been
generated from these researches thus providing a better understanding of the promising effects of this
compound. However, research studies on the potential role of this compound on opioid addiction studies are
still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential role of TQ as a non-opioid
substitution therapy in opioid addiction and the chances of this compound to be explored further with special
attention to opioid substitution therapy.
Seeds, which are high in protein and essential nutrients, must go through a hydration process before consumption. The ability to rapidly increase water absorption can significantly reduce the soaking time as well as the amount of energy needed for cooking seeds. Many studies in the literature employ high-power (102 W) low-frequency (104 Hz) ultrasound; although their results are very promising where more than 100% increase in water content can be obtained between the treated and untreated seeds, the high-power and low-frequency ultrasound often causes acoustic cavitation under high intensity, which can severely disrupt the cell walls and damage the seeds. In our study, however, we demonstrate that treating the seeds via a miniature surface acoustic wave device, which operates at low-power (100 W) and high-frequency (107 Hz) range, gives rise to a higher water absorption rate without the acoustic cavitations. By comparing the water content between the treated and untreated seeds, an increase of up to 2600% (for chickpeas) and 6350% (for mung bean) can be obtained after 60 min. A significantly higher water absorption in mung beans can be attributed to the larger pore size when compared with the acoustic wavelength in water, enabling an efficient transmission of acoustic wave inside the pores. Our results also indicate that the germination time can be reduced by half for treated seeds as compared to the untreated seeds.
Phenotypic selection of individuals is the first step in a selective breeding program for elite hybrid seed production. In
this study, a total of 295 Jatropha curcas individuals raised from cuttings representing 21 accessions, collected from eight
different countries were evaluated for growth performance. The evaluation was done at the Biodiesel Research Station
of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Pilah from December 2012 to December 2013. Individual plants from each
accession were observed on several agronomic and yield related traits and all the data were recorded periodically.
Performance of each accession was analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4. Four traits which were plant
height (PH), number of flowers per inflorescence (NFI), number of female flowers per inflorescence (NFFPI) and hundred
seed weight (HSW) showed significant differences among the accessions after one year of planting. Maximum values for
each trait were 115.5 cm for PH, 6 for number of branches per plant (BPP), 9 for number of inflorescences per plant
(NIPP), 25 for number of fruits per plant (NFPP), 5 for number of fruits per inflorescence (NFPI), 191 for NFI, 10 for
NFFPI, 81.0 g for HSW and 70 for number of seeds per plant (NSPP). Accession number 1 from Thailand showed the best
performance for most traits. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between NFPP and NSPP. Based on
superior trait values for NIPP, NFPP, NFPI, NFI, NFFPI and HSW, five plants from accession UKMJC 01, 04, 05, 13 and 14
have been selected for generating elite intraspecific hybrids.
In a laboratory trial three chickpea varieties viz, Karak-I, Karak-III and Shenghar were tested against the phytotoxicity of five weed species: Parthenium hysterophorus L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., Datura alba L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Convolvulus arvensis L.in January 2013. The weed extracts were prepared at the rate of 120 g/L (w/v) after shade dry. The results indicated highly significant inhibitory effect of all the tested weed species on the chickpea varieties. The results also showed that the chickpea variety Karak-III was more susceptible to the phytotoxcity of the tested weed extracts. Among the extract, C. arvensis proved much toxic in term of inhibition of germination by giving only 43.33% germination in comparison with control where 97.50% germination was recorded. On the other hand, the effect of P. australis extract was found a little stimulator by speeding the seed germination in all varieties and giving a low (2.21) mean germination time (MGT) value. From the current results it can be concluded that the infestation of C. arvensis can pollute the soil by accumulating toxic chemicals that leads to the germination failure and growth suppression in chickpea. Therefore, the prevention and removal of C. arvensis in the chickpea growing areas could be recommended. In addition, P. australis must be tested against chickpea weeds (chickpea varieties withstand against its phytotoxcity), so that it can be popularized as bioherbicide in chickpea if it gave promising results in controlling chickpea weeds.
The main focus of this study was to examine the morphology of Mimosa pigra, an invasive weed in response to artificial biotic and abiotic stressors. Seedlings of M. pigra were subjected to stressors such as seed sowing density, leaf defoliation and water regime. Comparatively, morphological performance related to different sowing practices differed significantly (p<0.05), as seedlings that grew from high density populations had lean and outstanding apical growth. A comparison between the four different levels of defoliation on the morphological changes revealed that the increase in leaf defoliation significantly decreased the plant morphological traits (i.e. height, stem diameter and flower bud productivity) and biomass allocation. Relatively low growth performance was found in plants subjected to 100% defoliation, with markedly lower flower bud productivity in comparison with 0%, 25% and 50% (no flower buds compared to 27, 13 and 6 flower buds, respectively). For water stress treatment, M. pigra showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in morphological performance under different levels of water regime. However, seedlings that received low water (LW) treatment showed better growth performance than seedlings that received high water (HW) treatment, which had the lowest morphological traits and biomass allocation.
Pueraria javanica Benth. is one of the most common leguminous cover crop used in oil palm plantations of Malaysia. A study was conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of this plant, using the aqueous extract, sandwich and dish-pack methods, with the seed and leaf (of P. javanica) on three bioassay weed species namely, Eleusine indica, Cyperus iria and Chromolaena odorata. The aqueous extract experiment was conducted using 0 (control), 16.7, 33.3 and 66.7 g/L of the aqueous leaf and seed extracts while the sandwich method was carried out using 10 and 50 mg of each of the donour plant parts. Meanwhile, the dish-pack method was done using four different distances (41, 58, 82 and 92 mm) away from the donour plant. All experiments were replicated five times using the complete randomized design (CRD). The leaf extract exhibited 100% reduction on the fresh weight of E. indica and C. odorata while the seed extract exhibited 100% reduction on all parameters for E. indica and on the fresh weight of C. iria at 66.7 g/L concentration. The seed and leaf at 10 and 50 mg significantly reduced the radicle length of all the bioassay species. The dish-pack experiment also showed a reduction effect on the germination percentage and seedling growth parameters of all the bioassay species. However, the reduction effect was not totally in accordance to the distance from the donor species. More studies need to be conducted to determine the type of reduction mechanism involved in the allelopathic activity especially with respect to molecular and biochemical aspects.
Due to the increasing production and use of nanoparticles in various sectors such as electronic industries and healthcare,
concerns about the unknown effects caused by the presence of these materials in the natural environment and agricultural
systems were on the rise. Because of the growing trend of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) which is one of the most widely
used nanoparticles being released into the environment, it has attracted the attention for more studies to be done on
the effects of this nanoparticle on organisms. This study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxicity effect of nZnO
on groundnut seedlings in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The experimental treatments of this study include eight
concentrations of nZnO (10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000 & 2000 mg.L-1) added to MS medium and MS medium without
nanoparticles have been used as control treatment. For the first 6 days after sowing, germination percent and germination
rate index were calculated by counting the germinated seeds every day. Groundnut seedlings were incubated for 3 weeks
in optimum condition and after that, seedling characteristics such as length, wet and dry weight of radicle and plumule
were measured. The water content of radicle and plumule were also calculated. The results of this study showed that
radicle and plumule length of groundnut seedlings were affected by nZnO exposure, in a way that length of radicles in 50
mg.L-1 nZnO and higher concentrations was significantly lower than that of control treatment and the shortest plumule
length was observed in 2000 mg.L-1 nZnO concentration treatment. Both the radicle and plumule wet weight were also
decreased as the nanoparticle concentration was increased. However, despite the decreasing in radicle and plumule dry
weight with increasing in nZnO concentration, this increase was not significant. However radicle dry weight in 10 mg.L-1
nZnO was significantly higher than nZnOtreatments with 200 mg.L-1 concentration and higher concentrations. Moreover,
observations of this study did not show any significant difference between the water content of nZnO concentration
treatments and control treatment.
The transesterification of Thevetia peruviana seed oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for preparing biodiesel has been studied using as an active catalyst potassium-methoxide (KOCH3). The effects of reaction conditions: Molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to Thevetia peruviana seed oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and agitation speed on dimethyl esters (DMC-Tp-BioDs) yield were investigated. The highest DMC-Tp-BioDs yield could reach 97.1% at refluxing temperature for 90 min with molar ratio of DMC-to-oil 5:1 and 2.0% w/w KOCH3 (based on oil weight). The fuel properties of the produced DMC-Tp-BioDs were compared with the ASTM D6751-02 biodiesel standard.
Boron is considered important to improve the drought resistance, yield and protein contents of pulses. Two years of field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of boron application and water stress given at vegetative and flowering stages on growth, yield and protein contents of mungbean during spring 2014 and 2015. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement giving more emphasis to boron. The experiment comprised three water stress levels (normal irrigation, water stress at vegetative stage and water stress at reproductive phase) and four boron levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg ha-1). Final seed yield was significantly increased by different levels of boron application both under normal and water stressed conditions. The increase in yield was mainly due to greater plant height, number of pods bearing branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-grain weight. Boron application at 4 kg ha-1 caused 17%, 10% and 4% increase in grain yield under normal irrigation, stress at vegetative stage and water stress at reproductive phase, respectively. Protein contents were also increased (9-16%) at same boron treatment. Most parameters showed a marked decrease at higher dose (6 kg ha-1) of boron. In conclusion, the boron application at rate of 4 kg ha-1 in clay-loam soil performed the best to enhance mungbean growth, yield and seed protein both under normal and water stressed conditions.
The implementation of this research consists of 2 (two) aspects: the making and testing of bio-briquettes called technological aspects and economic analysis called economic aspects. Bio-briquettes is made from cashew nutshell waste obtained from Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is followed by pyrolysis, which is carried out in a simple batch type reactor by heating using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The bio-briquettes product has a calorific value of 29.49 MJ/kg, moisture content of 5.3%, ash content of 4.96%, volatile substances content of 17.16%, and carbon content of 72.62%, which meets the universally accepted bio-briquettes standard (SNI 016235-2000), Japanese, English and ISO 17225. The bio-briquettes product is suitable as an energy source. The economic analysis of the cashew nutshell was analyzed to determine its economic feasibility. For the bio-briquettes production capacity in 2,000 tons/year, cashew nut shell-briquettes products can be sold at 1,052,878 USD/year. The total production cost is USD842,304/year. The net profit is of USD147,402/year. The cost of LPG for 2,000 tons/year production capacity is USD954,358/years. The replacement of LPG with cashew seed bio-briquettes tends to help the average household of Muna Regency community to reduce the annual cost by 37.00%. In conclusion, bio-briquettes production's economic feasibility as analyzed from the investment rate is 23.55%, payout time is 3.42 years, and break-even point is 50.09%.
Kaempferia parviflora is an ethnomedicinally important plant. Conventional propagation of K. parviflora is hindered by slow growth rate, long dormancy periods and dual use of rhizomes for seeds as well as marketable produce. In our study, we developed a promising dual-phase micropropagation protocol to increase number of plantlets, survivability, biomass and quality plantlets for mass production. Multiple shoot regeneration was found most successful on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 35.52 μM N6-benzyladenine (BA) in terms of highest number of shoots (22.4 ± 1.84), leaves (29.27 ± 1.30), and roots (17.8 ± 1.72) per explant. High survivability was observed with an acclimatisation percentage of 100% in sterile perlite medium. This method was shown to be preferable compared to conventional propagation in terms of propagation time and number of plantlets. Regenerated in vitro plantlets were then successfully induced to form microrhizomes in MS media with an optimal concentration of 6% (w/v) sucrose. Increase in microrhizome biomass (35.7 ± 2.59 g per flask), number of microrhizomes (5.2 ± 0.78), shoots (8.5 ± 1.58) and roots (8.5 ± 1.58) were observed for this treatment. This investigation successfully highlights the manipulation of single factors in short time frame to produce a simple and efficient alternative propagation method for K. parviflora.
The present study examines the effect of human monoamine oxidase active anthraquinones emodin, alaternin (=7-hydroxyemodin), aloe-emodin, and questin from Cassia obtusifolia Linn seeds in modulating human dopamine (hD1R, hD3R, and hD4R), serotonin (h5-HT1AR), and vasopressin (hV1AR) receptors that were predicted as prime targets from proteocheminformatics modeling via in vitro cell-based functional assays, and explores the possible mechanisms of action via in silico modeling. Emodin and alaternin showed a concentration-dependent agonist effect on hD3R with EC50 values of 21.85 ± 2.66 and 56.85 ± 4.59 μM, respectively. On hV1AR, emodin and alaternin showed an antagonist effect with IC50 values of 10.25 ± 1.97 and 11.51 ± 1.08 μM, respectively. Interestingly, questin and aloe-emodin did not have any observable effect on hV1AR. Only alaternin was effective in antagonizing h5-HT1AR (IC50: 84.23 ± 4.12 μM). In silico studies revealed that a hydroxyl group at C1, C3, and C8 and a methyl group at C6 of anthraquinone structure are essential for hD3R agonist and hV1AR antagonist effects, as well as for the H-bond interaction of 1-OH group with Ser192 at a proximity of 2.0 Å. Thus, based on in silico and in vitro results, hV1AR, hD3R, and h5-HT1AR appear to be prime targets of the tested anthraquinones.
Infection on plant caused by Aspergillus niger leads to the destruction of quantity and quality of crop yields. Normally, this disease is solved by the chemical fungicides. Therefore, this study was carried out to seek a potential natural fungicide from fruit waste which is safer and economical to inhibit Aspergillus niger. Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) seeds and Punica granatum (pomegaranate) peels were extracted using maceration method with 80% ethanol. Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BLSA) was used to test the presence of bioactive components in the extracts at concentration of 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL and they are expressed in terms of LC50 (Median Lethal Concentration) respectively. The study revealed that Cucurbita maxima extract was inactive, while Punica granatum extract and the mixture of both extracts at ratio 1:1 were active at 1000 µg/mL. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of Cucurbita maxima extract, Punica granatum extract, and mixture of both extracts were further tested using well-diffusion method against A. niger at 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/mL, 75 mg/ml and 100 mg/mL respectively. The findings revealed the mixture of both extracts were exerted effectively against A. niger at the lowest concentration with 20.67±2.52 mm and this gave significant zone of inhibition. The result of the study indicates that the mixture extraction of pomegranate peels and pumpkin seeds at 25 mg/mL has a great potential to be formulated as commercial bio-fungicide.
The increase in wastes generated from jackfruit seeds has been largely under-utilized in Malaysia. Due to the high nutritional and medicinal content embedded in the cellulosic structure of jackfruit wastes, a need then arises for their physicochemical elucidations. In this study, the extraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed was carefully investigated using Taguchi orthogonal optimization design. Complete functional group characteristics and chemical profile of the A. heterophyllus seed extracts were obtained using different physicochemical characterization. The optimal conditions of the microwave extraction parameters were determined at 5 min of irradiation time, 450 W of power and 50 °C of temperature. Under this condition, the optimal yield of 17.34 (mg/g) % was achieved at an SNR ratio of 24.78. The mass spectrometry analysis tentatively identified a total of 90 and 148 secondary metabolites at positive and negative ESI modes, respectively. The chemical profile obtained provided a baseline reference for further investigation on the food and medicinal bioactive from Artocarpus heterophyllus seed oleoresins. The FT-infrared emission spectrum shows the presence of some specific carbohydrates and amide protein functional groups directly linked to C-O (1008 cm-1) the carbonyl (C=O) groups, respectively. Moreover, the morphological characteristics of the jackfruit raw and crude extracts conspicuously revealed large-sized globules which suggest the carbohydrates and protein contents. The result of this study indicates that the use of microwave extraction technology produced high-quality extracts with lower degradation of the thermal labile constituents. This will assist in determining the suitable conditions necessary for the total recovery of medicinal and nutritional constituents and conversion of agricultural waste products into useful products.
The mating system of Dryobalanops aromatica in three different forest types and a seed orchard was quantified by allozyme analysis of progeny arrays using a mixed-mating model. The primary forest (Bukit Sai) had the highest multilocus outcrossing rate (tm=0.923 +/- 0.035), followed by logged forest (Lesong; tm=0.766 +/- 0.056) and artificial forest (FRIM; tm=0.661 +/- 0.066) with seed orchard showing the lowest (Tampin; tm=0.551 +/- 0.095). Deviations from the mixed mating model were evident from differences in pollen and ovule allele frequencies, and heterogeneity of pollen pools in all three different forest types and the seed orchard. A high rate of outcrossing in primary forest (tm=0.92) may indicate that the species is self-incompatible, but a lower value in the seed orchard (tm=0.55) might suggest further that the self-incompatibility system is weak. The outcrossing rate was greater in the primary forest (tm=0.92) than in logged forest (tm=0.77). It is argued that this might be a consequence of the lower density of flowering trees and alteration of pollinator foraging behaviour in logged forest. Higher values of correlated mating (rp) and biparental mating (tm - ts) in primary forest (0.08 and 0.39, respectively) in comparison with logged forest (0.03 and 0.11, respectively) demonstrate that logging activities might reduce the seeds produced through consanguineous mating. Compared with primary forest, it is argued that lower rates of outcrossing in artificial forest (tm=0.67) and seed orchard (tm=0. 55) might be attributed to lack of flowering synchrony and insufficient number of pollinators. The high level of correlated mating (rp=0.43) and biparental mating (tm - ts=0.12) in the seed orchard may further suggest that the seed orchard was established using related seed sources.
Development of biofertilizer seed treatments for okra seeds were carried out by mixing phosphate
solubilising bacteria (AP 3) and plant growth promoter (AP 2) with adhesives. The seeds were
coated with inoculums and four types of adhesives namely, Gum Arabic; Polyethylene Glycol
(PEG); Sodium Alginate and Methycellulose respectively. From eight seed treatments, all seed
treatments significantly increased seed germinations except treatment T4 (Gum Arabic and AP3).
In general, maximum germination rates and log of viable cells were observed when treated with
polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) mixed with AP2 (T7) and AP3 (T8). These results show that using
PEG as adhesive enhanced the germination rates and log of viable cells of AP2 and AP3. Thus,
PEG could be a good adhesive for seed treatment. In greenhouse experiment, okra seeds treatment
with AP2 and PEG (T1) showed the highest dry weight compared to other treatments. Seeds
treatment with AP3 and PEG (T2) showed higher contribution of N compare to seeds treatment
(T1). There were no significant different within seed treatments and urea treatment in okra yield.
All treatments significantly increased yields compared with control
This study was conducted to compare the total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from the different parts of papaya tree including their ripe and unripe fruit, seeds and the young leaves. Two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging activity and ß-carotene bleaching assay were used to determine the TAA, whereas TPC was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method while TFC by aluminium trichloride (AlCl3). For these purposes, methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity through ß-carotene bleaching assay was observed in unripe fruit (90.67 ± 0.29%) followed by young leave, ripe fruit and the seed. In other hand, young leaves exhibited a significant higher scavenging effect compared to others and the dose required in reducing the absorbance of DPPH control solution by 50% (EC50) was calculated at 1.0 ± 0.08mg/ml. The EC50 values were 4.3 ± 0.01mg/ml, 6.5 ± 0.01mg/ml and 7.8 ± 0.06mg/ml for unripe fruit, ripe fruit and seeds respectively. Interestingly, both TPC and TFC also showed that young leaves had the highest antioxidant content (424.89 ± 0.22mg GAE/ 100 g dry weight and 333.14 ± 1.03mg rutin equivalent/ 100 g dry weight, respectively). Statistically, Pearson correlation showed there were positive correlations between TPC and TFC with antioxidant activity assayed by DPPH radical scavenging assay (r=0.846 and r=0.873, respectively). However there was no correlation between TPC and TFC with ß-carotene bleaching activity. In brief, taken into account all the parameters measured, antioxidants were highly remarkable in the sequence of young leaves > unripe fruit > ripe fruit > seed. Nevertheless, further investigation for isolation and identification of the phytoconstituents responsible for antioxidant activity is desirable.